Metallurgy Commons^™

Modeling Corrosion In Oxygen Controlled Lbe Systems With Coupling Of Chemical Kinetics And Hydrodynamics-Task V: Fourth Quarterly Report 09/01/2003-11/30/2003, Samir Moujaes, Yitung Chen

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The Lead-Bismuth eutectic (LBE) has been determined from previous experimental studies by the Russians and the European scientific community to be a potential material that can be used as a spallation target and coolant for the TRP proposed application. Properly controlling the oxygen content in LBE can drastically reduce the LBE corrosion to structural steels. However, existing knowledge of material corrosion performance was obtained from point-wise testing with only very sparse experimental data. Scientists have noticed that the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the liquid alloy could control the corrosion rate of steels exposed to Pb or Pb-Bi. At high …

Riser Design For Green Sand And Ductile Iron Castings, K. Michael Kuebler

Graduate Research Papers

Shrinkage defects in ductile iron riser contacts has long been one of the most frustrating defects to eliminate for the foundry engineer. While process variation can definitively contribute to the occurrence of these defects most can be prevented if the risers are properly designed and/or applied to the castings to be fed. There are several proven methods for the designing risers some of which go back over 40 years ago. There are also new methods available today with the advancements of simulation software. Four of these riser design methods were evaluated for their ability to produce an internally sound casting …

Environment-Induced Degradation And Crack-Growth Studies Of Candidate Target Materials: Quarterly Progress Report (June 1 – August 31, 2003), Ajit K. Roy, Brendan O'Toole

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

As indicated in the original proposal, the primary objective of this task is to evaluate the effect of hydrogen on environment-assisted cracking of candidate target materials for applications in spallationneutron- target (SNT) systems such as accelerator production of tritium (APT) and accelerator transmutation of waste (ATW). The materials selected for evaluation and characterization are martensitic stainless steels including Alloy HT-9, Alloy EP 823 and Type 422 stainless steel. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of these materials are being evaluated in aqueous environments of interest using tensile specimens under constant load and slow-strain-rate (SSR) conditions. …

Development Of A Mechanistic Understanding Of High-Temperature Deformation Of Alloy Ep-823 For Transmutation Applications: Quarterly Progress Report (June 01 – Aug 31, 2003), Ajit K. Roy, Brendan O'Toole

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the elevated temperature tensile properties of Alloy EP-823, a leading target material for accelerator-driven waste transmutation applications. This Alloy has been proven to be an excellent structural material to contain the lead-bismuth-eutectic (LBE) nuclear coolant needed for fast spectrum operations. Very little data exist in the open literature on the tensile properties of this Alloy. The test material will be thermally treated prior to the evaluation of its tensile properties at temperatures relevant to the transmutation applications. The deformation characteristics of tensile specimens, upon completion of testing, will be evaluated by surface …

Use Of Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy For Stress-Strain Measurements: Quarterly Progress Report (June 01 – August 31, 2003), Ajit K. Roy

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The purpose of this collaborative research project involving the University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), the Idaho State University (ISU), and the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is to evaluate the feasibility of determining residual stresses in cold-worked, plastically-deformed (bent), and welded materials using a nondestructive method based on positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). This technique uses γ-rays from a small MeV electron Linac to generate positrons inside the sample via pair production. This method is known to have capabilities of characterizing defects in thick specimens that could not be accomplished by conventional positron technique or other nondestructive methods. The generated …

Development Of A Mechanistic Understanding Of High-Temperature Deformation Of Alloy Ep-823 For Transmutation Applications: Annual Progress Report (September 2002 – August 2003), Ajit K. Roy, Brendan O'Toole

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the elevated temperature tensile properties of Alloy EP-823, a leading structural target material for accelerator-driven waste transmutation applications. This alloy has been proven to be an excellent structural material to contain the molten lead-bismuth-eutectic (LBE) nuclear coolant needed for fast spectrum operations. Very little data exist in the open literature on the tensile properties of this martensitic alloy. Three different heats of this material, produced by vacuum induction melting, were thermally treated to produce fully-tempered martensitic microstructure without any retained austenite (Table I). Cylindrical specimens were fabricated from the heat-treated round bars …

Modeling, Fabrication, And Optimization Of Niobium Cavities: Phase Iii Quarterly Report, Robert A. Schill Jr., Mohamed Trabia

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

Niobium cavities are important parts of the integrated NC/SC high-power linacs. Over the years, researchers in several countries have tested various cavity shapes. They concluded that elliptically shaped cells are the most appropriate shape for superconducting cavities. The need for very clean surfaces lead to the use of a buffered chemical polishing produce for surface cleaning to get good performance of the cavities. The third phase concludes the experimental a fluid flow study and optimization study. The first quarter and second quarter of phase three also begins the experimental set-up of secondary emission studies from niobium in superconducting mode. This …

Identification Of Dynamic Properties Of Materials For The Nuclear Waste Package, Brendan O'Toole, Mohamed Trabia, Amy J. Smiecinski

Publications (YM)

Stainless steel 316L, titanium alloy grade 7, and alloy C22 are currently under consideration as candidate materials for use in various components associated with the spent nuclear fuel package, which must be designed to withstand structural deformation caused by static, thermal, and handling loads. In addition, it has to maintain its integrity in case of accidents, where it may be subjected to high loads over a very short period of time. Mechanical characteristics of these three materials under dynamic loading are not well documented. This paper describes the procedures and results obtained from experiments performed over a range of slow …

Corrosion And Mass Transport Processes In Carbon Steel Miniature Waste Packages, James Cizdziel, Kaveh Zarrabi, Susan Lestrange, Amy J. Smiecinski

Publications (YM)

In this study, we have systematically investigated corrosion and mass transport processes in carbon steel miniature waste packages (MWP) in dynamic systems (water in, water out) under varying chemical conditions. The MWP were fabricated to have similar configuration to the DOE Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) waste package and that individual components to be in scale with each other compare to the SNF waste package. Two MWP configurations were studied: a "bathtub" model and a "flow-through" model. By slowly dripping 4 different solutions (groundwater obtained from well water J-13 located near Yucca Mountain, and J-13 water adjusted to low-pH, high-salinity, and …

Task 32 Delayed Hydride Cracking Of Spent Fuel Cladding Under Repository Conditions, Ajit K. Roy, Anthony Hechanova, Amy J. Smiecinski

Publications (YM)

The objective of this quality-affecting task is to evaluate the susceptibility of spent nuclear fuel cladding materials (zirconium alloys) to stress corrosion cracking (SCC), delayed hydride cracking (DHC) and localized corrosion (pitting/crevice) in simulated repository environments. During the first year of this project, major efforts were focused on developing the infrastructure for performing the desired testing involving two highly corrosion-resistant alloys namely, zircaloy-2 (Zr-2) and zircaloy-4 (Zr-4) in simulated concentrated acidic water (SAW) and modified SAW (SAWM). Modification of the SAW chemistry was done by adding hydrochloric acid (HC1) to achieve lower pH. The construction of the "Materials Performance Laboratory …

Modeling Corrosion In Oxygen Controlled Lbe Systems With Coupling Of Chemical Kinetics And Hydrodynamics-Task V: Fourth Quarterly Report 06/01/2003-08/30/2003, Samir Moujaes, Yitung Chen

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The Lead-Bismuth eutectic (LBE) has been determined from previous experimental studies by the Russians and the European scientific community to be a potential material that can be used as a spallation target and coolant for the TRP proposed application. Properly controlling the oxygen content in LBE can drastically reduce the LBE corrosion to structural steels. However, existing knowledge of material corrosion performance was obtained from point-wise testing with only very sparse experimental data. Scientists have noticed that the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the liquid alloy could control the corrosion rate of steels exposed to Pb or Pb-Bi. At high …

Modeling Corrosion In Oxygen Controlled Lbe Systems With Coupling Of Chemical Kinetics And Hydrodynamics-Task V: Annual Report -Phase Ii 09/01/2002-08/30/2003, Samir Moujaes, Yitung Chen

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The Lead-Bismuth eutectic (LBE) has been determined from previous experimental studies by the Russians and the European scientific community to be a potential material that can be used as a spallation target and coolant for the TRP proposed application. Properly controlling the oxygen content in LBE can drastically reduce the LBE corrosion to structural steels. However, existing knowledge of material corrosion performance was obtained from point-wise testing with only very sparse experimental data. Scientists have noticed that the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the liquid alloy could control the corrosion rate of steels exposed to Pb or Pb-Bi. At high …

Design And Analysis For Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides: Quarterly Progress Report 5/16/03- 8/15/03, Yitung Chen, Randy Clarksean, Darrell Pepper

Fuels Campaign (TRP)

The analysis of mold filling and solidification continues with progress being made for the consideration of these two features within one model. Analysis of the induction heating process of an Induction Skull Melter (ISM) is under study. Efforts are underway to validate the modeling procedure and specific comparisons are being made to previously published work. Few detailed modeling results have been reported by other researchers, making the validations an important part of the overall modeling process. Skin heating depths, power deposition rates, and other process parameters are being evaluated for use in upcoming furnace design simulations. Efforts are beginning on …

Mapping Of Ecosystems In Mount Bromo Using Remote Sensing Technology, Bangun Muljo Sukojo

Makara Journal of Technology

Mapping of Ecosystems in Mount Bromo Using Remote Sensing Technology. Covered land analyses of Landsat image have been done to get ecosystem types and map in Mount Bromo region using remote sensing technology. There are nine types of ecosystems in Mount Bromo region, i.e. primary forest, secondary forest, lake, crater, sands, uncovered land, underbrush, dry-field and residence. Distribution of rock analysis has also been done by comparing the manual image interpretation with geological map. The results were coorelated with the digital image interpretation to find rock distribution map which can be useful to get the information about water reservation potencial …

Capacity Of High-Speed Powerline Communication In Vehicles, Deny Hamdani, Ery Safrianti

Makara Journal of Technology

Powerline Communication (PLC) Systems intents to use the mains network in vehicles for high-speed data transmission. Carrier frequencies in the range of MHz are required to establish data rates of some megabits per second. In this paper, typical reference channels extracted from channel measurements are presented and computation results of their capacities according to Shannon’s theorem are presented. Furthermore, the effect of limitations of frequency range and power spectral density of transmitted signal on achievable capacity is investigated. This paper outlines an assessment for theoretical channel capacity and achievable data rates of vehicular PLC transmission schemes. Finally, EMC (Electromagnetics Compatibility) …

Diffuser Optimation At Exhaust System With Catalytic Converter For 110 Cc Mopet With Fluid Flow Cfd Simulation, Tresna P. Soemardi, Ahmad Indra Siswantara, Erwin Erwin

Makara Journal of Technology

Diffuser Optimation at Exhaust System with Catalytic Converter for 110 cc Mopet with Fluid Flow CFD Simulation. CFD simulation used to get behavior of exhaust gas through catalyst, this result will be used to optimize geometry form to perform uniform stream distribution to catalyst, and CFD Simulation will used to analyze backpressure that happened at the model.

The Study On Fluorescence Characteristics Of Chlorella Spp: Ph Influence On Culture, Retno Wigajatri P., Andrianto Handojo, Hendrik Kurniawan, N. B. Prihantini

Makara Journal of Technology

The Study on Fluorescence Characteristics of Chlorella spp: pH Influence on Culture. Experiments for measuring the fluorescence characteristics of Chlorella spp. by using high stability and high repetition rate nitrogen laser of energy 5 mJ with pulse duration of 5 ns have been carried out. The results show that for a cell concentration range from 2,625 cells/ml up to 2,769,000 cells/ml, the fluorescence intensities at pada λ = 687 nm have a linear relationship with the cell concentration. It has been also found that for a 7 days old chlorella culture, the pH variation at the starting culture influenced the …

The Performance Analysis Of A Unicast Network When Two Protocols, Sctp (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) And Tcp (Transmission Control Protocol) Coexist In The Network, Bagio Budiardjo, Michael Thiotrisno

Makara Journal of Technology

This paper elaborates the performance analysis of a unicast network when two protocols, SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) and TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) coexist in the network. These two protocols are tested using File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Constant Bit Rate (CBR) based traffic. From the simulations, it could be concluded that SCTP could achieve better throughput compared to TCP in both FTP and CBR based traffic, with sufficiently high fairness index of both intrafairness and interfairness. The increase of simulation time yields to the increase and relatively stable network performance. The increase of the number of sessions of small …

Modeling Corrosion In Oxygen Controlled Lbe Systems With Coupling Of Chemical Kinetics And Hydrodynamics - Phase Three, Samir Moujaes, Yitung Chen

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The proposed work will combine chemical kinetics and hydrodynamics in target and test-loop lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) systems to model system corrosion effects. This approach will result in a predicative tool that can be validated with corrosion test data, used to systematically design tests and interpret the results, and provide guidance for optimization in LBE system designs. The task includes two subtasks. The first subtask is to try to develop the necessary predictive tools to be able to predict the levels of oxygen and corrosion products close to the boundary layer through the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. The …

Texture And Residual Stresses On Nanocomposite Coatings, Hussam E. Aikhasawneh

Masters Theses

Nickel was electroplated on cold-rolled 2024-T3 aluminum. The coating was done with reinforcement by nanoparticles of y-alumina or silicon carbide. For comparison, nickel-only coatings were done too. Rectangular samples were coated in nickel sulfamate bath with no particles to determine the optimum coating conditions. The optimized parameters were the current density, time of coating, and agitation rate. After coating conditions were established, composite samples were coated using these conditions. The coated layer was characterized by measuring: thickness, residual stresses, and crystallographic preferred orientation. The coated layer was tested by SEM for evaluation of the quality of the coatings. The presence …

Environment-Induced Degradation And Crack-Growth Studies Of Candidate Target Materials: Annual Progress Report (May 2002 – May 2003), Ajit K. Roy, Brendan O'Toole

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

As indicated in the original proposal, the primary objective of this task is to evaluate the effect of hydrogen on environment-assisted cracking of candidate target materials for applications in spallationneutron- target (SNT) systems such as accelerator production of tritium (APT) and accelerator transmutation of waste (ATW). The materials selected for evaluation and characterization are martensitic stainless steels including Alloy HT-9, Alloy EP 823 and Type 422 stainless steel. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of these materials are being evaluated in aqueous environments of interest using tensile specimens under constant load and slow-strain-rate (SSR) conditions. …

Use Of Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy For Stress-Strain Measurements: Annual Progress Report (May 2002 – May 2003), Ajit K. Roy

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The purpose of this collaborative research project involving the University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV) and Idaho State University (ISU) to evaluate the feasibility of determining residual stresses of welded, bent (three-point-bend), and cold-worked engineering materials using a new non-destructive technique based on positron annihilation spectroscopy. The proposed technique is the use γ-rays from a small MeV electron Linear accelerator (LINAC) to generate positrons inside the sample via pair production. This method can be used for materials characterization and investigation of defects in thick samples, which could not be accomplished by conventional positron technique or other non-destructive methods. The data …

Modeling, Fabrication, And Optimization Of Niobium Cavities: Phase Ii Final Report, Robert A. Schill Jr., Mohamed Trabia, William Culbreth

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

Niobium cavities are important parts of the integrated NC/SC high-power linacs. Over the years, researchers in several countries have tested various cavity shapes. They concluded that elliptically shaped cells are the most appropriate shape for superconducting cavities. The need for very clean surfaces lead to the use of a buffered chemical polishing produce for surface cleaning to get good performance of the cavities. The second phase has resulted in an experimental setup of a fluid flow experiment with experimentation to be completed in the third year. Some of these results were presented at American Nuclear Society, Student Conference April 2-5, …

Quarterly Report For The Trp Project, March–June 2003, Samir Moujaes, Yitung Chen, Kanthi Kiran Daiska, Chao Wu

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The MTL is assumed to be a 5m long rectangular loop with a circular cross-section. Because of the non-symmetry, and due to the active participation of the secondary flows due to the elbows present in the rectangular loop model, the geometry is considered as a 3D model.

When the regions of maximum corrosion and precipitation are compared, they fall in the same zone for both the analytical and simulated models. The reason for a larger concentration flux in the case of turbulent flow than for the laminar flow can be explained by the concept of higher lateral diffusion in the …

Development Of A Mechanistic Understanding Of High-Temperature Deformation Of Alloy Ep-823 For Transmutation Applications Trp Task-10: Quarterly Progress Report (March 01 – May 31, 2003), Ajit K. Roy, Brendan O'Toole

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the elevated temperature tensile properties of Alloy EP- 823, a leading target material for accelerator-driven waste transmutation applications. This alloy has been proven to be an excellent structural material to contain the lead-bismuth-eutectic (LBE) nuclear coolant needed for fast spectrum operations. Very little data exist in the open literature on the tensile properties of this alloy. The test material will be thermally treated prior to the evaluation of its tensile properties at temperatures relevant to the transmutation applications. The deformation characteristics of tensile specimens, upon completion of testing, will be evaluated by …

Development Of A Mechanistic Understanding Of High-Temperature Deformation Of Alloy Ep-823 For Transmutation Applications, Ajit K. Roy, Brendan O'Toole

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the elevated temperature tensile properties of Alloy EP-823, a leading target material for accelerator-driven waste transmutation applications. This alloy has been proven to be an excellent structural material to contain the lead-bismuth-eutectic (LBE) nuclear coolant needed for fast spectrum operations. However, very little data exist in the open literature on the tensile properties of this alloy. The selection of Alloy EP-823 as the test material in the proposed task is based on the recommendation of our collaborator at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The test material will be thermally treated prior …

Design And Analysis For Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides: Quarterly Progress Report 2/16/03- 5/15/03, Yitung Chen, Randy Clarksean, Darrell Pepper

Fuels Campaign (TRP)

Progress continues on the analysis of casting and solidification of the melt into molds. Modeling results for constant pressure casting, which is more realistic, have been obtained and produce physically realistic results for flow that starts, flows, and then eventually stops as it enters the mold. Potential mass transfer modeling features (Lammuir’s law for example) are being studied to enhance the capabilities of a mass transfer in a detailed system model. Different parameters are being varied as part of a parametric study to evaluate factors that impact the flow of the melt into the molds. The ability to include the …

Comparison Study Of Cooling Fins And Chills Effectiveness In Aluminum Sand Mold Casting, Vladimir E. Kouznetsov

Graduate Research Papers

Besides proper design of gating and risering systems, there are several methods used to control and modify solidification behavior of cast alloys. Within these methods, the most widely used are local cooling aids employing cooling fins (thin segments attached to problematic areas of casting) or external chills (metal inserts placed into mold walls to accelerate heat withdrawing from potential hot spot). The later helps to promote directional solidification when traditional methods are not possible to use due to limitations related to the casting design. Despite relatively wide application in aluminum foundries, there are no specific recommendations on cooling aids parameters …

Study About High Influence Doping To Base Resistance And Bandgap Narrowing At Si/Si1-Xgex/Si Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor, Achmad Fadhol

Makara Journal of Technology

Study About High Influence Doping to Base Resistance and Bandgap Narrowing at Si/Si1-xGex/Si Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor. Heterojunction is a link formed bedween two semiconductor materials and differend bandgap which has thinness under 50nm and grow the mixture of plate SiGe as bases. The link is an abrupt link or graded one. In this research learnt formulation of doping concentration influence to basis resistance and bandgap narrowing through Si/Si1-xGex/Si Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor with abrupt emitter-basis link, besides taking care to mobility and basis wide to basis resistance, it is also influence of mole fraction to bandgap power. From the result shows …

Photocatalytic Treatment Of Heavy Metal Waste Cr(Vi) Withtio2 Photocatalyst, Slamet Slamet, Riyadi Syakur, Wahyu Danumulyo

Makara Journal of Technology

Photocatalytic Treatment of Heavy Metal Waste Cr(VI) with TiO2 Photocatalyst. The photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium/Cr(VI) using TiO2 and copper-doped TiO2 as photocatalysts have been studied in stirred tank and circulating photoreactors. All photocatalysts were characterized with FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red), BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). TiO2 Merck and Degussa P-25 are the commercial photocatalysts used to compare the photocatalytic activity of all the prepared catalysts. Blank test experiments as well as the effect of dopants, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and activated carbon addition were studied. Cr(VI) reduction on various pH and initial Cr(VI) concentration …