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Full-Text Articles in Business

Holistic Strategy For Sustainable Supply Chains: Integrating The Purchasing Portfolio Matrix, Supplier Relationship Management, And Life Cycle Assessment, Farida Pulansari, Dean Tirkaamiana, Aulia Dita Ananda Lestari, Fadillah Kurniasari, Indhira Prameswari Susanto, Ferry Jie Jun 2026

Holistic Strategy For Sustainable Supply Chains: Integrating The Purchasing Portfolio Matrix, Supplier Relationship Management, And Life Cycle Assessment, Farida Pulansari, Dean Tirkaamiana, Aulia Dita Ananda Lestari, Fadillah Kurniasari, Indhira Prameswari Susanto, Ferry Jie

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This study proposes a holistic strategy for sustainable supplier management by integrating the Purchasing Portfolio Matrix (PPM), Supplier Positioning Matrix (SPM), and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) within the Indonesian furniture industry. The study aims to enhance supplier segmentation and decision-making by incorporating economic, relational, and environmental dimensions into a unified framework. A case study approach is employed using the Best–Worst Method (BWM) to evaluate 74 suppliers, followed by portfolio analysis and environmental impact assessment. The results indicate that the majority of suppliers are concentrated in low-risk but high-profit categories, highlighting their strategic importance in the supply chain. The LCA results …


Neuromarketing Research Through The Years: A Bibliometric Review Of Technological Advancements And Multisensory Studies, Md Abu Issa Gazi, Md Mustaqim Roshid, Abdul Waaje, Md Bony Yeamin, Rejaul Karim, Mohammad Bin Amin, Abdul Rahman Bin S. Senathirajah, Judit Oláh Jun 2026

Neuromarketing Research Through The Years: A Bibliometric Review Of Technological Advancements And Multisensory Studies, Md Abu Issa Gazi, Md Mustaqim Roshid, Abdul Waaje, Md Bony Yeamin, Rejaul Karim, Mohammad Bin Amin, Abdul Rahman Bin S. Senathirajah, Judit Oláh

Michigan Tech Publications

The current study examines the changes in neuromarketing studies between 2015 and 2024, particularly in the context of new technologies incorporating multisensory interventions. It attempts to identify significant trends, influential texts, and topical developments that shape the field. A bibliometric method was employed to review 307 publications within the study's framework, using the Scopus database. Bookmarked by methods such as keyword co-occurrence, co-citation, cluster analysis, performance analysis, and science mapping techniques, these are implemented using programs like VOSviewer or Biblioshiny. The results show a significant increase in the number of neuromarketing studies, with notable works from Italy, Spain, and the …


2026 June, Morehead State University. Office Of Communications & Marketing. Jun 2026

2026 June, Morehead State University. Office Of Communications & Marketing.

Morehead State Press Release Archive, 1961 to the Present

Press releases for June of 2026.


Ms110 Syllabus: Introduction To Computers, Information Systems, And Artificial Intelligence, Wei Zhang Jun 2026

Ms110 Syllabus: Introduction To Computers, Information Systems, And Artificial Intelligence, Wei Zhang

Management Science and Information Systems Faculty Publication Series

This is a syllabus for Professor Wei Zhang's MS110: Introduction to Computers, Information Systems and Artificial Intelligence Course within UMass Boston's College of Management. This is an Open Educational Resource and can be remixed, copied, redistributed, altered and reused as long as permission is given to the original creator.


From Gaming To Politics: The Impact Of Political Chatter By Social Media Influencers On Consumer Engagement With Non-Political Content, Mahdi Niknejad Moghadam Jun 2026

From Gaming To Politics: The Impact Of Political Chatter By Social Media Influencers On Consumer Engagement With Non-Political Content, Mahdi Niknejad Moghadam

Marketing Faculty Publications and Presentations

Social media influencers (SMIs) have become integral to digital marketing, shaping consumer perceptions and promoting products and services. While some SMIs are dedicated to political content or develop such content occasionally, nonpolitical SMIs may also engage in political chatter within their usual content. This study examines the effects of such chatter on consumer engagement by focusing on gaming SMIs. The main analysis is based on a dataset of 43,892 videos from 200 SMIs. The findings indicate that, overall, political chatter intensity in non-political content negatively impacts user engagement. However, this adverse effect is mitigated when SMIs express negative emotions, i.e., …


Trust And Pre-Employment Background Checks When Onboarding And Maintaining Information Security And Cybersecurity Staff, Stanley Mierzwa Jun 2026

Trust And Pre-Employment Background Checks When Onboarding And Maintaining Information Security And Cybersecurity Staff, Stanley Mierzwa

Center for Cybersecurity

The realm of trust is broad and can include many facets that are difficult to capture and catalog. In relation to the work roles of information security and cybersecurity, the intersection of trust in human resource management is critical and an evolving area within most modern organizations, in almost any sector, and of any size. A foundational element of trust is fundamental to effective mission and work roles in information security and cybersecurity, as well as to every employee tasked with contributing to the security of an organization’s assets. This chapter will include sections on the role trust can and …


Mda At Your Service: How Often Must I Contact A Patient To Finish Her Treatment?, Mda Membership Department Staff Jun 2026

Mda At Your Service: How Often Must I Contact A Patient To Finish Her Treatment?, Mda Membership Department Staff

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This department feature answers member questions regarding clinical standards and association benefits. It clarifies that no specific law dictates the number of times a patient must be contacted to complete treatment, advising the use of professional judgment based on treatment severity. It also highlights vehicle discounts available through the ADA and the MDA's locum tenens program, the COVER Program. Finally, it introduces the "Women in Dentistry" Facebook group as a supportive community for women in the profession.


Digital Advertising Regulation And Consumer Protection Policy In The Uae: Ethical Challenges And Consumer Trust In The Digital Era, Harith Yas, Wided Dafri, Basma Kashmoola, Maytha Al-Ali, Omnia Salem, Ahmed Almufti Jun 2026

Digital Advertising Regulation And Consumer Protection Policy In The Uae: Ethical Challenges And Consumer Trust In The Digital Era, Harith Yas, Wided Dafri, Basma Kashmoola, Maytha Al-Ali, Omnia Salem, Ahmed Almufti

All Works

It is remarkable that the current research primarily aims to measure the extent to which UAE Consumers use various Digital Advertising Channels, as well as to evaluate e-marketing requirements and the degree of compliance in the United Arab Emirates. The Research, however, has employed a Descriptive-Analytical Approach, collecting data through a questionnaire that includes several questions targeting a sample of 150 consumers from different Emirates. The data were analyzed using SPSS and statistical method s, including complaint analysis, Interest Frequencies, and graphical representations. Our results show that social media is the most widely used digital advertising channel, accounting for 34% …


Trust Asymmetry And Cross-Border Merger Withdrawals: A Global Perspective, Muhammad Farooq Ahmad, Saqib Aziz, Rwan El-Khatib, Duc Khuong Nguyen Jun 2026

Trust Asymmetry And Cross-Border Merger Withdrawals: A Global Perspective, Muhammad Farooq Ahmad, Saqib Aziz, Rwan El-Khatib, Duc Khuong Nguyen

All Works

We empirically examine how trust asymmetry between countries can impact the cross-border merger outcome. Differing trust perceptions between acquirer and target countries can increase the complexities of deal negotiations and integration, constraining the successful deal completion and outcome. We find, in a comprehensive global sample of 56 countries spanning 37 years, that higher trust asymmetries between the acquirer and target countries significantly increases the cross-border merger withdrawal intensity and reduces the expected synergy gains. Moreover, the adverse effects of trust asymmetry are significantly attenuated by the quality of institutions in both countries. Our results hold after employing various empirical techniques …


Predicting Takeover Rumor Accuracy With Machine Learning, Hamed Khadivar, Frederick Davis, Ameneh Khadivar, Ivan Stetsyuk Jun 2026

Predicting Takeover Rumor Accuracy With Machine Learning, Hamed Khadivar, Frederick Davis, Ameneh Khadivar, Ivan Stetsyuk

All Works

This study applies machine learning models such as TabNet, XGBoost, CatBoost, Support Vector Machines, a Multilayer Perceptron, and Logistic Regression to predict takeover-rumor accuracy using a proprietary dataset of 2074 rumor articles with identifiable target firms, screened from over 30,000 news articles from January 2002 to December 2011. In the raw feature (no-PCA) specification, Logistic Regression and TabNet perform similarly. After addressing class imbalance and applying dimensionality reduction (PCA), TabNet materially outperforms Logistic Regression and delivers economically meaningful gains: A TabNet-based long-short strategy earns higher average monthly abnormal returns than a Logistic Regression strategy at both horizons, 1.148% versus 0.773% …


Patent Analyses And Technology Forecasting: Advances Into Artificial Intelligence Technologies, Sarah Over, Emma Jiren Wang, M. Shehryar Khan Jun 2026

Patent Analyses And Technology Forecasting: Advances Into Artificial Intelligence Technologies, Sarah Over, Emma Jiren Wang, M. Shehryar Khan

Journal of the Patent and Trademark Resource Center Association

For several decades, patents have been utilized in analyzing technology and forecasting future trends. Historically, this has been done via keywords, citations, and some bibliometric approaches. The efficiency that is promised by artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, natural language processing, and related technologies has also heavily entered the domain of intellectual property. There is a growing body of research that is using AI technologies to analyze, learn, and make predictions for patents. Some of the most common applications in practice are those that assist searchers and examiners in review of patents. Journals such as World Patent Information have even developed …


Hallucinations And Hits: Generative Ai Patent Searching Performance, Pitfalls, And Library Best Practices, Aidan J. Whitlock, Denise A. Wetzel Jun 2026

Hallucinations And Hits: Generative Ai Patent Searching Performance, Pitfalls, And Library Best Practices, Aidan J. Whitlock, Denise A. Wetzel

Journal of the Patent and Trademark Resource Center Association

One of the most challenging aspects for inventors seeking to obtain a patent is conducting an effective preliminary prior art search. The process requires specialized skills and experience to assess the relevant information that many novice inventors do not possess. However, artificial intelligence (AI) tools and Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential new ways of accessing legal and technical expertise. This study surveys five popular publicly available LLMs ability to aid in conducting a preliminary prior art search. A list of best practices and strategies for using AI tools to conduct preliminary patent searches are outlined at the conclusion of …


Mass Produced: Using Local Historical Patents And Trademarks As Outreach Tools, Brendan Kelly, Rebecca Reznik-Zellen, Lisa Di Valentino Jun 2026

Mass Produced: Using Local Historical Patents And Trademarks As Outreach Tools, Brendan Kelly, Rebecca Reznik-Zellen, Lisa Di Valentino

Journal of the Patent and Trademark Resource Center Association

Historical patents and trademarks are an effective way to showcase the industries critical to the development of a region. The UMass Patent and Trademark Resource Center, based out of the Science and Engineering Library of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, created an exhibit focusing on four different industries integral to the development of Western Mass, and the patents and trademarks associated with them. We hosted an opening reception attended by campus members interested in innovation and entrepreneurship, as well as community patrons interested in the industrial history of the region. As many regions around the United States have their own …


Experience Therapy: How Service Experiences Regulate Everyday Negative Affect, Chang Ma Ph.D., Jae Eun Park, Alei Fan, Laurie Wu Jun 2026

Experience Therapy: How Service Experiences Regulate Everyday Negative Affect, Chang Ma Ph.D., Jae Eun Park, Alei Fan, Laurie Wu

Faculty Publications

In today's fast-paced and high-pressure society, maintaining emotional well-being requires effective strategies for managing everyday negative affect. This research examines the role of service experiences in reducing negative affect and introduces experience therapy as a novel strategy for affect regulation. Through a series of studies, we assess the effectiveness of experience therapy and investigate how different service experiences—varying in levels of personal effort involvement and social involvement—contribute to negative affect regulation. The findings demonstrate that experiences requiring high personal effort and social involvement are particularly effective in alleviating negative affect, especially among emotionally stressed individuals. These effects are mediated, respectively, …


Unveiling The Strategic Impacts Of Extending Membership-Based Free Shipping Programs Beyond The Online Marketplaces, Geng Sun, Huseyin Cavusoglu, Srinivasan Raghunathan Jun 2026

Unveiling The Strategic Impacts Of Extending Membership-Based Free Shipping Programs Beyond The Online Marketplaces, Geng Sun, Huseyin Cavusoglu, Srinivasan Raghunathan

Information Systems Faculty Publications

Online marketplaces, which facilitate transactions between consumers and sellers, have transformed the shopping experience across multiple product categories. Addressing the challenges related to shipping associated with online purchases of physical products, many marketplaces have introduced membership-based free shipping (MFS) programs and concomitantly invested heavily in their logistics and fulfillment capabilities. Seeking to monetize these capabilities, Amazon recently extended its program to encompass outside sellers, enabling member consumers to get free shipping even when purchasing from external sources. Although such an extension offers the potential for additional revenue in the form of “logistics as a service” (LaaS), it also pits marketplace …


Aged 539 Internship Report: Cal Poly Rodeo Media And Marketing, Anna Grace Durham Jun 2026

Aged 539 Internship Report: Cal Poly Rodeo Media And Marketing, Anna Grace Durham

Agricultural Education: Graduate Internship Reports

This internship report examines the role of media and marketing within the Cal Poly Rodeo Program and highlights the integration of leadership, athlete development, and strategic communications in a collegiate athletics setting. Serving as the Media Manager for Cal Poly Rodeo, the internship focused on strengthening the program's digital presence, enhancing brand identity, and increasing community engagement, particularly surrounding the 2026 Poly Royal Rodeo. Through collaboration with University Administrators, the Officer Team, sponsors, and external media partners, comprehensive marketing campaigns were developed and implemented, resulting in significant increases in social media reach, audience engagement, and ticket sales. The project included …


The Impact Of Artificial Intelligence And Neuro-Linguistic Programming On Candidate Assessment In Talent Acquisition, Amna Fahim Jun 2026

The Impact Of Artificial Intelligence And Neuro-Linguistic Programming On Candidate Assessment In Talent Acquisition, Amna Fahim

Dissertations

Digitalization in human resource management led to the implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) in recruitment practices. However, although AI and NLP were adopted globally, the empirical evidence in emerging countries, especially Pakistan, was scanty. Hence, this study investigated the impacts of individually and jointly implementing AI and NLP on candidate assessment outcomes in the telecommunications industry in Pakistan. According to the literature, this study is grounded in Technological Determinism, Machine Learning Theory, Psycholinguistic Theory, and Cognitive Behaviorism. A quantitative correlational approach was used in this study. To investigate the proposed research questions, descriptive statistics, Pearson …


Disability Employment In Côte D’Ivoire: Human Resources Managers’ Experiences And Challenges, Kinanpy Vanessa Toure Jun 2026

Disability Employment In Côte D’Ivoire: Human Resources Managers’ Experiences And Challenges, Kinanpy Vanessa Toure

Dissertations

This study examined the critical role of human resource (HR) managers in promoting workforce integration and addressing the persistent barriers faced by people with disabilities (PWDs) in Côte d'Ivoire. Focusing on the perspectives, challenges, and lived experiences of HR managers, the research explored how inclusive workplace practices were developed and implemented within the Ivorian context. Employing a qualitative case study design, the study utilized semi-structured, scenario-based interviews and analyzed allowable public documents, specifically the Ivorian Labor Code, a relevant NGO publication addressing disability inclusion in Côte d’Ivoire, and the publicly available websites of participating organizations. This approach was intended to …


Leadership Without Assimilation: Reimagining Executive Leadership Development To Affirm Black Identity And Leadership Persistence, Nicole Monroe Jun 2026

Leadership Without Assimilation: Reimagining Executive Leadership Development To Affirm Black Identity And Leadership Persistence, Nicole Monroe

Dissertations

Executive leadership development programs are often treated as race-neutral pathways to advancement, yet they frequently reflect dominant cultural norms that require leaders from marginalized communities to assimilate in order to succeed. This study examined the question: How can executive leadership development be restructured to affirm Black identity, cultural intelligence, and leadership persistence rather than require assimilation into exclusionary models? This study employs a convergent mixed-methods design, including interviews with 9 Black executive leaders and a document analysis of leadership development programs using the Assimilation Pressure Index. Findings reveal persistent assimilation pressures and identity negotiation within leadership development experiences, and document …


From Campus To Community: The Role Of Higher Education In Strengthening Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystems In Appalachia, Anne M. Montgomery Jun 2026

From Campus To Community: The Role Of Higher Education In Strengthening Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystems In Appalachia, Anne M. Montgomery

Dissertations

This study addresses a gap in understanding how small, rural liberal arts higher education institutions (HEIs) in the Appalachian College Association Entrepreneurial Alliance (ACAEA) support regional entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs), and how, if at all, those strategies vary across Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) county economic classifications. Using a qualitative multi-case design, the study examined 10 ACAEA institutions and drew on semi-structured interviews, site observations, institutional documents (including strategic plans), and ARC county-level economic data. The analysis produced five cross-case themes describing how these institutions support entrepreneurship: (a) strategic leadership and institutional culture, (b) experiential and embedded entrepreneurial education, (c) community-driven partnerships …


Walking The Path Of Conocimiento: Understanding And Navigating Workplace Conflict Through A Chicana Feminist Lens, Elisa A. Ortega-Schultz Jun 2026

Walking The Path Of Conocimiento: Understanding And Navigating Workplace Conflict Through A Chicana Feminist Lens, Elisa A. Ortega-Schultz

Dissertations

The growing presence of Latinas in the U.S. workforce underscores the need for deeper understanding of their workplace experiences. Latinas represent one of the fastest growing segments of the labor force; however, research consistently shows that this growth is not matched by equitable access to leadership, compensation, or culturally responsive workplace environments. Latinas continue to experience persistent barriers related to pay inequity, career advancement, cultural belonging, and overall well-being.

Conflict frameworks that account for the unique experiences of Latinas are needed, as dominant approaches rooted in neutrality, procedural efficiency, and Western individualism often fail to account for the embodied, relational, …


The Impact Of Multi-Brand Promotions On Visual Distinctiveness And Consumer Choice, Melanie Isabel Paul Austin Jun 2026

The Impact Of Multi-Brand Promotions On Visual Distinctiveness And Consumer Choice, Melanie Isabel Paul Austin

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

In cluttered retail environments, marketers must often decide whether to showcase a brand alone in a single-brand promotion, or alongside other brands in a multi-brand promotion. Prior research has explored the role that different retail promotions play in consumers’ choice contexts. This research explores how multi-brand promotion versus single-brand promotions impact consumers’ purchase behavior. Study 1 uses secondary scanner data to show that multi-brand promotions lead to significantly higher sales of the promoted product compared to single-brand promotions. Study 2 replicates our secondary data findings in a quasi-field study with actual choice behavior. A series of lab studies again confirm …


Essays On Behavioral Aspects Of Retail Operations, Ceren Gultekin Jun 2026

Essays On Behavioral Aspects Of Retail Operations, Ceren Gultekin

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

This dissertation combines a structured literature review on availability signaling in retail with two analytical chapters on inventory disclosure. The literature review incorporates the design and key insights of a systematic review and identifies directions for future research. Inventory disclosure is a form of availability signaling through which retailers strategically communicate stock levels to influence consumer buy-now-or-wait decisions. To mitigate strategic purchase deferrals, retailers may share low stock to create urgency or mask high stock to prevent consumers from relying on abundance. Despite its importance for profitability, academic findings and industry practices vary widely, ranging from consistent sharing to consistent …


Managing Multi-Channel Service Operations, Omer Berk Olmez Jun 2026

Managing Multi-Channel Service Operations, Omer Berk Olmez

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

In today’s evolving service landscape, the growth of virtual channels alongside traditional in-person services is changing how providers interact with customers and how services are delivered. This dissertation studies how service systems should be designed and managed when customers can choose between virtual and in-person channels through three connected perspectives: customer behavior, work design, and public policy. The first study examines booking-window design in a pooled multi-channel appointment system using appointment-level data from an undergraduate advising office, a queueing model, and a digital twin. It shows that booking windows shape the offered set and the flow of demand across channels, …


Beyond The Shelf: How Reallocating Shelf Space To Emerging Brands Enhances Store Performance Through Dynamic Brand-Level Effects, Jesse Core, Ho Kim Jun 2026

Beyond The Shelf: How Reallocating Shelf Space To Emerging Brands Enhances Store Performance Through Dynamic Brand-Level Effects, Jesse Core, Ho Kim

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

This study examines the effects of reallocating shelf space from established to emerging brands in the flavored malt beverage category, a fast-moving, impulse-driven product category. Using a 13-week field experiment in 16 U.S. grocery stores (six treated, ten control), we reallocated one shelf facing from an established to an emerging brand for four weeks before reverting the shelves to their original configuration. Then we analyzed weekly SKU-level data on sales with fixed-effects panel regressions. Results show that the shelf-space reallocation increased category sales by 21.2% during treatment and 27.6% after reversion, revealing persistent gains. At the brand level, emerging brands …


Strategic Sustainability In Fast-Fashion: Consumer Responses To Green Collections, Caroline Le Bon Jun 2026

Strategic Sustainability In Fast-Fashion: Consumer Responses To Green Collections, Caroline Le Bon

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

The fashion industry has long been criticized for its detrimental environmental impact. As awareness grows, consumers acknowledge that their demand for variety at low prices has fueled the industry’s unethical practices, making sustainability a key concern for them and for companies. Although fast-fashion brands introduce sustainable collections, they continue to face criticism for prevalent greenwashing practices. Our research explores how integrating such collections into fast-fashion assortments influences consumer perception and purchase intention, depending on their involvement in both fashion and sustainability. Through our quantitative study, we find that implementing strategic sustainability through green collections alone is insufficient to convince environmentally …


Option Market Value-Based Reaction And Anticipation Of Corporate-Related Decisions By The United States Supreme Court., Yehuda Davis, Suresh Govindaraj, Yi Liu, Kate Suslava Jun 2026

Option Market Value-Based Reaction And Anticipation Of Corporate-Related Decisions By The United States Supreme Court., Yehuda Davis, Suresh Govindaraj, Yi Liu, Kate Suslava

Faculty Journal Articles

Our paper studies the option market reactions to judicial decisions in the United States Supreme Court (SCOTUS) relating to cases where at least one party involved is a public firm. Prior research finds the stock market is unable to anticipate SCOTUS's actions and registers a significant negative stock market reaction to the grant of certiorari (acceptance of a petition to review a lower court's decision) for respondents and, surprisingly, for petitioners as well. We show the negative price reaction for both petitioner and respondent firms is a consequence of increased uncertainty. We also provide evidence that on the day certiorari …


Outgoing President Newman: “The Future Of The Mda Is Defined By All Of Us”, David Foe Jun 2026

Outgoing President Newman: “The Future Of The Mda Is Defined By All Of Us”, David Foe

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

In her final address to the MDA House of Delegates, outgoing President Dr. Cheri Newman reviews the association's progress over the past administrative year. She highlights achievements in strengthening financial stability, advocating for solutions to dental workforce shortages, and expanding community access to care. Newman also discusses the ongoing strategic review of member values and a comprehensive governance review intended to position the association for the future of dentistry. She emphasizes that the organization's strength lies in the collective engagement of its membership.


Mda Insurance: Why You Need A Financial Safety Net — Just In Case, Craig Start Jun 2026

Mda Insurance: Why You Need A Financial Safety Net — Just In Case, Craig Start

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

Craig Start, President of MDA Insurance, emphasizes the critical need for dental professionals to have a comprehensive plan for career-ending injuries or illnesses. He outlines a necessary financial safety net that includes life insurance for heirs, disability income insurance to maintain personal lifestyle, and business overhead expense insurance to protect practice value. The article provides data showing many individuals are underinsured and urges dentists to obtain professional reviews of their insurance portfolios to protect against unpredictable risks.


Staff Matters: How Much Time Off Should I Give For Bereavement?, Jodi Schafer Sphr, Shrm-Scp Jun 2026

Staff Matters: How Much Time Off Should I Give For Bereavement?, Jodi Schafer Sphr, Shrm-Scp

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

Author Jodi Schafer provides guidance for dental practices on developing clear and consistent bereavement leave policies. She notes that while no federal law requires bereavement leave, standard employer practice typically offers three to five days for immediate family members. The article emphasizes balancing compassion for grieving employees with the operational needs of the practice. Key considerations include whether leave is paid, the definition of covered relationships, and the importance of flexibility, as grief often extends beyond a formal leave period.