Business Commons^™

The Efficient Market Hypothesis In Youth Entrepreneurship: Understanding, Application, And Contextual Factors — A Systematic Literature Review, Omari Khalifa Mbura Prof,, Binto M. Binto

Business Management Review

This systematic literature review explores how youth entrepreneurs understand and apply the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) in their decision-making, and examines the contextual factors influencing the decision-making nexus. Guided by a post-positivist framework, the review synthesises extant literature across youth entrepreneurship, finance, and digital strategy to map emerging themes and identify knowledge gaps. It covered a sample of 38 peer-reviewed articles, selected in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Findings of the systematic literature review show that youth entrepreneurs' engagement with EMH is largely experiential and indirect, influenced by digital literacy, social learning, and the realities of rapidly changing market environments. …

Mitigating Common Vulnerabilities And Exposures In Cobol-Based Critical Systems Using The Strangler-Fig Pattern, Lauren E. Caruso, Vincent J. Compeau, Assefaw H. Gebremedhin

Military Cyber Affairs

COBOL-based legacy systems continue to underpin critical infrastructure in banking and government sectors despite their age and associated cybersecurity risks. Originally developed through a Department of Defense–sponsored initiative to standardize business computing, COBOL remains widely used in mission-critical environments. However, these systems face increasing vulnerabilities due to outdated security architectures, workforce shortages, and rising maintenance costs. This paper examines cybersecurity and operational challenges associated with COBOL systems and evaluates the Strangler Fig pattern as a modernization strategy that enables incremental replacement while maintaining continuity. The findings highlight implications for financial institutions and public-sector organizations dependent on legacy infrastructure.

Semantic Shields: Automating Critical Infrastructure Defense Via Nlp-Driven Ransomware Profiling, Henry Trowbridge, Ian Zalcberg, Ryan Schley, Carter Yagemann, Natasha Phan, Srikar Maduposu, Vimal Buck

Military Cyber Affairs

Ransomware poses a growing threat to critical infrastructure, where successful attacks can disrupt operational technology (OT) and industrial control systems (ICS) with significant public safety consequences. However, attributing ransomware incidents to specific threat actors remains challenging due to ransomware-as-a-service ecosystems, actor rebranding, and the obfuscation of traditional indicators of compromise. This paper presents Semantic Shields, an NLP-driven attribution framework that leverages BERT-generated semantic embeddings and DBSCAN clustering to profile ransomware actors through the linguistic characteristics of ransom notes. Using a dataset of 295 ransom notes from 189 distinct threat groups, the framework achieved an 87.2% true positive clustering rate and …

Public Sector Experiences Of Disruptions In The Psychological Contract: The Influence Of Ideological Currency And Digital Transformation On Public Servants, Willemijn Van Haeften, Xander Lub, Pascal Ravesteijn, Pascale Peters

Communications of the IIMA

Digital transformation is reshaping public-sector work and may alter how public servants evaluate their psychological contract with their employer. This research-in-progress examines how critical incidents associated with digital transformation disrupt psychological contracts and how ideological currency, the perceived commitment to valued societal causes or principles, shapes subsequent trajectories toward renegotiation, repair, or exit. The study uses a qualitative phenomenological design based on semi-structured interviews with 20 employees from five Dutch municipalities experiencing transformation-related changes. The Critical Incident Technique is combined with the dynamic psychological contract phase model to reconstruct disruption trajectories, while thematic analysis identifies recurring patterns across cases. Preliminary …

Faculty Development Courses On Ai: Introducing The Faculty Ai Capability Selection Framework, Dan R. Bradbury, Barbara Jo White, H. Kevin Fulk, Raymond Large

Southwestern Business Administration Journal

University faculty members are faced with how to best address pressing needs for building artificial intelligence (AI) skills.  Some of these needs are student-focused, as employers seek graduates with useful AI skills.  Faculty members, understanding how generative AI can impact the work they do, also face pressures to enhance their own skills and comfort using AI tools.  In this article, we consider AI capabilities that are impacting organizations’ expectations for new college graduates as well as AI capabilities changing the shape of faculty members’ work.  We propose the Faculty AI Capability Selection Framework as a means to guide the development …

Interpretive Flexibility And The Social Construction Of Generative Ai In Education: A Scot Analysis, Elham Mousavidin, Sujin K. Horwitz

Southwestern Business Administration Journal

The rapid rise of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools has intensified discussions about their role in education. This study uses the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) framework to explore how educational stakeholders interpret GenAI and how these interpretations influence its development and adoption. Through an interpretive literature review of research published between 2021 and 2025, we examine stakeholder perspectives using SCOT constructs, including relevant social groups, interpretive flexibility, technological frames, and controversies. Results identify three main interpretive tensions shaping current debates: transformational force versus transactional tool, cognitive augmentation versus cognitive atrophy, and digital empowerment versus digital enslavement. These tensions show …

Strategic Judgment In Leadership Decision-Making: Evaluating Ai In Organizational Contexts, Cate Wengelnik

Southwestern Business Administration Journal

This paper presents a classroom-based approach for teaching strategic judgment in leadership decision-making through the evaluation workplace communication and incorporates the use of artificial intelligence (AI). As AI tools become more common in organizational settings, leaders and employees must be prepared to assess outputs that may appear professional while containing inaccurate, unsupported or potentially risky information. This paper describes an instructional case in which students examine an AI-generated response to an employee inquiry about workplace accommodations and Human Resources related matters. Students (1) evaluate the message for clarity, tone and apparent usefulness, then (2) analyze the organizational risks created when …

Digital Mindset Efficacy For Human-Ai Career Readiness, Frank Lin, Conrad Shayo

Communications of the IIMA

This article develops digital mindset efficacy as a key capability for human-AI career readiness. It argues that success in AI-shaped workplaces requires not only technical tool use but also the confidence and capacity to learn with, evaluate, collaborate with, and responsibly govern digital and AI systems. Drawing on digital mindset, digital intelligence, AI proficiency, self-efficacy, and life-skills literature, the article proposes a theory-based model linking digital mindset efficacy to AI proficiency and life skills through mastery experience, vicarious learning, social persuasion, and affective regulation. It illustrates the model through a General Education course, Leadership for Global Challenges: Exploring the Digital …

Twenty Years Later: Measuring The Accessibility Of The U.S. State Government Websites, Tanya Goette, Sean Lynch

Communications of the IIMA

Web accessibility remains an important issue as individuals rely on Internet access and web site accessibility for daily functions. It is an unwritten rule that people should access an organization’s website to search for answers before calling to ask a human (or a bot). Over twenty years ago, in 2005, a study (White, Goette, & Young) was conducted to analyze the accessibility of state government web sites. The assumption was made that state governments should be setting an example of following accessibility guidelines. The study found that about a third of the home pages did not meet basic accessibility guidelines. …

Beyond Ai Literacy: Developing And Validating A Reflective Human–Ai Learning Scale In Higher Education, Alison Munsch Phd

Communications of the IIMA

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is transforming higher education, yet current AI literacy frameworks primarily assess what students know about AI and how they use it rather than how they think while learning with AI. This paper introduces Reflective Human–AI Learning (RHAL), a complementary construct that captures the quality of students' reflective cognition while collaborating with AI. Drawing upon AI literacy, metacognition, significant learning, critical thinking, and self-regulated learning, the study proposes a multidimensional instrument and outlines a rigorous psychometric validation process. The resulting scale is intended to complement—not replace—existing AI literacy measures by assessing reflective judgment, intentional inquiry, and ethical …

When Does Global Search Pay For Itself? A Measured Exploration Cost And Energy Break-Even Analysis Of A Metaheuristic Search Controller In Solar Energy Systems, Mohamed Ali Muammar Ezgour

Communications of the IIMA

Autonomous energy systems increasingly delegate the choice of operating point to embedded search algorithms, trading a fast local optimizer that can settle on a wrong point against a slower global search that guarantees the right one at a measurable cost. This paper reframes maximum power point tracking under partial shading as that decision and measures its economics on a fixed photovoltaic plant in MATLAB/Simulink. A Hippopotamus Optimization global search handed over to incremental conductance is compared with incremental conductance alone across seventeen initial duty cycles and thirty random seeds. The hybrid reached the global peak in all thirty seeds, whereas …

The Nine-Block Pyramid: A Structural Framework For Cultivating An Ai Adoption Mindset Culture At Enterprise Scale, Ahmad Masri

Communications of the IIMA

Enterprise artificial intelligence (AI) adoption is nearly universal in name but shallow in practice: a large majority of organizations now use AI in at least one business function, yet only a small minority have scaled it enterprise-wide, and leadership commitment rather than technology is repeatedly cited as the binding constraint. This conceptual paper argues that AI adoption is fundamentally a mindset-culture problem, not a tooling problem, and proposes a nine-block pyramid as a practical framework describing a sequencing heuristic, anchored in established organizational-behavior theory, for the cultural conditions an enterprise should build to sustain an AI adoption mindset: (1) Enterprise …

Ai Slop In The Generative Ai Era: Uncovering Hidden Costs For Information Quality, Trust, And Human-Centered Systems, Blenda G. Mutuma

Communications of the IIMA

The rapid proliferation of generative AI tools has fundamentally altered the volume, velocity, and perceived quality of information produced across academic and professional settings (Bommasani et al., 2021; Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence [HAI], 2025). Yet this expansion has introduced a critical and underexamined threat to sustainable information ecosystems: what this paper formally terms AI slop ; defined as AI-generated content that achieves surface-level plausibility while offering limited substantive value, accuracy, or contextual depth. At scale, AI slop degrades information quality and erodes institutional trust (Bender et al., 2021; Weidinger et al., 2021). More critically, it generates what this …

Ai-Assisted Software Development And The Change Of Organizational Rhythms, Jarl Tuxen, Morten Boesen, Sarah O'Neill

Communications of the IIMA

Based on a qualitative study of a Danish NGO collaborating with an AI-enabled software vendor, this paper examines how the speed of AI-assisted software development challenges established organizational rhythms of evaluation and governance. The preliminary analysis suggests that AI-assisted development not only accelerates software production but also destabilizes established mechanisms for evaluation, responsibility allocation, and legimitization in software development projects.

People Orientation And Thing Orientation In Business Majors: Implications For Assessing The Impacts Of Cross-Functional Business Program Curricula, Todd J. Hostager, David A. Christopher, Kristy J. Lauver, Christopher Knowles

International Journal for Business Education

Background/Introduction/Purpose:  Prior research documented significant differences in people orientation and thing orientation (PTO) based on type of major and sex.  This study examines a set of measures for helping business programs to assess whether they are producing graduates equipped to consider both people and things when making decisions, regardless of their major or sex.

Methods/Design:  Students in a strategic management capstone course spent a single 75-minute session responding to a brief new venture pitch by identifying what types of additional information they would need to decide whether to invest in the business.  Three Likert-scaled options gauged the extent to participant …

From Data To Decision-Making: The Role Of Local Digital Twins In Cross-Domain Management Within Municipalities – A Research-In-Progress Study In Veenendaal, Diana M.E. Boekman, Koen Smit, Guido Ongena, Rob Peters

Communications of the IIMA

Municipalities are facing increasingly complex, interconnected challenges in areas like housing, climate adaptation, mobility, and social policy. Local Digital Twins (LDTs) are seen as a promising tool to make this complexity more understandable and support decision-making. At the same time, both literature and practice show that few initiatives get past the pilot phase, even though getting through that phase is essential for successful long-term adoption.

This paper presents a research-in-progress study on the development and application of an implementation method for LDT technology within the municipality of Veenendaal, based on human values rather than driven by technological possibilities. Based on …

Progress Without Consent: Ai Deployment And The Democratic Legitimacy Gap, Engin Obucic, Ekrem Nurovic, Mersid Poturak

Communications of the IIMA

Drawing upon critical and technology studies, this conceptual provocation introduces the concept of “Progress without Consent”, referring to the introduction of AI technological innovation into society without collective societal deliberation, legitimacy and consent. The paper problematises the introduction of structurally transformative AI technology into society, the strategy of depolitisation of this technology, robotic automation of society without social mandate, and the manner in which technological innovation moves faster than democratic institutions can process its implications on societal structures. Ultimately, the authors argue, the development and deployment of AI does not belong to isolated labs and the private sphere of technological …

Designing Classifact: Towards A Transparent And Secure Platform For Stakeholder-In-The-Loop Data Annotation, Philippine Waisvisz

Communications of the IIMA

AI systems depend on human judgment, yet many annotation workflows are either designed for data-science specialists or managed through external commercial platforms. The first approach may demand more technical skills than relevant stakeholders possess. The second can require organizations to transfer data, expertise, and governance to an outside provider. Both can limit the involvement of people who understand what data means in its real-world context. Human-in-the-loop approaches introduce human judgment. Stakeholder-in-the-loop annotation focuses on selecting and organizing people whose contextual knowledge fits the AI application.

This paper presents Classifact, a transparent and secure platform for stakeholder-in-the-loop data annotation and validation. …

A Novel Entropy Based Maintainability Measurement Algorithm For Java Source Code., Remi M. Yusuf Mr, Md Shadab Mashuk, Julian Bass

Communications of the IIMA

Software metrics play a central role in assessing and managing the quality of software systems providing quantitative insights into attributes such as complexity, reliability, rigidity, modifiability and maintainability. Among these, maintainability is particularly critical, as it directly influences the ease of system evolution, long-term sustainability, and overall cost effectiveness. Despite the widespread use of metric-based maintainability measurement algorithms, capturing a value that reflects the maintainability situation of software source code remains a challenging task, especially in the presence of design deficiencies such as code smells. To measure changes in maintainability, this study experimentaly characterises the relationship between code smells and …

Which Cultural Values Influence The Success Of Process Implementations Within Sme Service Oriented Organizations In The Netherlands?, Dennis Monkel, Benny De Waal, Pascal Ravesteijn

Communications of the IIMA

Digitalization has shifted Business Process Management (BPM) from a technical discipline toward a stronger emphasis on culture, behaviour and organizational knowledge. Yet little is known about which cultural values support process implementation in SMEs. This study examines how BPM culture influences process implementation success in Dutch service-oriented SMEs, drawing on six values: customer orientation, excellence, responsibility, teamwork, innovation, and results orientation. A qualitative multiple case study was conducted across four SMEs, based on thirteen semi-structured interviews and the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). While implementation success was assessed through employee acceptance, actual use and structural embedding. The findings show that …

From Dissertation To Deployment: A Unified Software Platform Operationalizing Clinical-Prediction And Sequential-Security Ai For Healthcare, Olsi Shehu, Damiana Teliti, Jasmin Kevrić, Bekir Karlik

Communications of the IIMA

Advances in machine learning for healthcare are abundant, yet most validated models remain confined to research notebooks and never reach secure, usable clinical software. This paper addresses that deployment gap by presenting a unified, security-hardened software platform that operationalizes two complementary streams of doctoral research inside a single, role-based hospital information system. The first stream contributes a clinical-prediction capability: an ultra-hybrid ensemble that couples a quantum-inspired feature transformation, particle-swarm feature selection, and calibrated soft voting for cancer-outcome prediction (96.41% accuracy, AUC-ROC 0.983 on TCGA-BRCA), survival stratification, multi-cancer generalization, and pharmacogenomic drug-response classification (89.31% mean accuracy across 25 compounds). The second …

Green Information Systems Adoption And Business Outcomes In Ugandan Smes: An Extended Theory Of Planned Behaviour Approach, Sonny Juma Nyeko, Samali Mlay, Cosmas Ogenmungu, Abdallah Ibrahim Nyero

Business Management Review

The study assesses the relationship between TPB antecedents and GIS business outcomes in SMEs, using an expanded TPB framework. Researchers gathered data from SMEs via a survey and analysed it using PLS-SEM. The framework used in the study explains 58.5% of the differences in GIS business outcomes. The results reveal that subjective norms, attitude, benefits, and obstacles are significant predictors of GIS business outcomes such as ecological IT practices, although perceived behavioural control displays an insignificant negative relationship. The study extended the TPB model by incorporating GIS benefits and GIS obstacles as additional factors influencing GIS adoption, business outcomes, …

Um Dean's Report - Meeting The Challenge Of Educating Dentists In A Constantly Evolving Profession, Jacques E. Nör

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

University of Michigan School of Dentistry Dean Jacques Nör highlights the school's historical legacy during its 150th anniversary and details recent academic, clinical, and research progress. Key developments include the establishment of the state-of-the-art Digital Dentistry Center for in-house digital workflows, a pediatric certificate program in Social Epidemiology funded by a $2.1 million federal grant, the transition to Epic electronic health records (integrated with MyChart), and the community-based collaborative care rotation program in Marquette. The report also highlights national faculty leadership roles and $24.1 million in research funding.

Clinic-In-A-Box: A Portable, Software-Defined Cyber Range For Realistic, Scenario-Based Cybersecurity Training, Ethan Chumley, Aaron Nair, Royce Yaezenko, Joshua Payne, Veronika Kyles, Paul Wagner, Robert J. Honomichl, Ryan Straight, Shengjie Xu

Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

Realistic, hands-on cybersecurity training has traditionally depended on fixed infrastructure such as dedicated lab hardware, cloud subscriptions, or permanent network connectivity, limiting where and how often it can be delivered. This paper presents the design and implementation of a portable, scenario-based cybersecurity training platform housed in a single travel case and built from commodity hardware, type-1 hypervisor virtualization, containerized service orchestration, and software-defined networking. The platform clones, isolates, and resets complete lab environments on demand, allowing the same physical system to support repeated classroom, workshop, or field deployments with minimal manual reconfiguration. Training scenarios are grounded in generated organizational profiles …

Between Digital Transformation And Regulatory Vacuum: Cybersecurity Of Public Services In Mozambique, Faztudo Languisse Eng.

Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

The rapid expansion of digital public services in Mozambique—including e-government platforms, digital health systems, and electronic tax administration—has outpaced the development of a coherent legal framework for cybersecurity. While Law No. 3/2017 (Electronic Transactions Law) of 9 January 2017 introduced foundational data-protection principles, Mozambique long lacked a dedicated cybersecurity regulatory authority, mandatory security standards, and formal incident-notification mechanisms. This regulatory vacuum exposed critical public services to escalating cyber risks as digital transformation was actively promoted as a development priority. This article examines the legal and institutional gaps in Mozambique's cybersecurity governance framework prior to the 2026 Cybersecurity and Cybercrime Laws, …

Self Efficacy And Instructional Support Predict Cyber Deception Acceptance In Ics And Ot Cybersecurity, Daniel Ward

Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

Cyber deception can produce high-confidence evidence of unauthorized activity in industrial control systems (ICS) and operational technology (OT), but practitioners must consider the technology useful, safe, understandable, and supported before they will use it. This study reports a secondary quantitative analysis of a deidentified survey of United States-based ICS and OT professionals to determine whether psychological and instructional factors predict adoption readiness and effective utilization beyond education, experience, and sector. Hierarchical ordinary least squares regression with HC3 robust standard errors was conducted on 262 complete cases. The demographics-only model was not significant and explained 2.8 percent of outcome variance. Adding …

Opengrcrmf: A Vendor-Neutral Framework For Teaching And Modeling Rmf Automation, Continuous Authorization, And Zero Trust Governance, Anand Janjal

Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

Abstract—Federal and regulated organizations continue to rely on document-centric Authorization to Operate (ATO) processes even as the NIST Risk Management Framework (RMF), continuous monitoring guidance, Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA), and continuous authorization initiatives require more continuous, evidence-driven risk management [1]-[3], [13], [15]. Manual System Security Plan (SSP) updates, spreadsheet-based Plan of Action and Milestones (POA&M) tracking, and disconnected assessment evidence create governance latency: the delay between operational security events and authorization-ready governance response. This paper presents OpenGRCRMF, a proposed open, vendor-neutral reference framework that models RMF lifecycle activities as workflow states, treats authorization artifacts as structured governance objects, and …

A Return On Investment (Roi) Evaluation Tool For Quantifying The Value Of Cybersecurity Certifications, Nicolas Meysmans, Kelly Hughes

Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

The growing reliance on cybersecurity certifications has increased the financial and professional stakes associated with certification decision-making for cybersecurity professionals. Despite their widespread use in hiring and career advancement, there is limited objective guidance available to help individuals evaluate the return on investment (ROI) of specific certifications. This gap has created uncertainty regarding which credentials provide the greatest value relative to their cost and market impact. This study presents a data-driven, design science–based tool that supports cybersecurity professionals in evaluating certification ROI using practitioner survey data combined with certification cost and labor-market demand indicators. The paper also demonstrates how such …

From Disruption To Replacement: The 2026 Cae Cybersecurity Community Symposium And The Emerging Federal-Academic Compact For An Ai Workforce, Sunday Oludare Ogunlana

Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

The cybersecurity workforce gap in the United States is estimated at several hundred thousand unfilled positions, and the rapid integration of artificial intelligence into adversary tradecraft and federal cyber operations is widening that gap qualitatively as well as quantitatively, threatening national security and the operational readiness of graduates entering the field. This perspective article synthesizes the principal arguments advanced by five federal and academic speakers at the 2026 CAE Cybersecurity Community Symposium, using verbatim session transcripts, a structured thematic extraction process, and triangulation against published workforce policy and peer-reviewed literature. Findings document a unified speaker thesis that artificial intelligence now …

Strategic Information System Leadership And Information System Function Performance In Universities In Kenya: A Pls-Sem Analysis, Joseph K. Muchina, James M. Njihia Prof., Agnes N. Wausi Prof.

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

Information systems as enablers have evolved from an efficiency and effectiveness focus to enterprise-wide performance, placing strong demands on information system leadership. Emerging leadership models call for collaborative practices. Information systems leadership in higher education is a challenging task. Universities' top management team members and their information system executive counterparts lack a common and shared vision and understanding of information systems capabilities and roles. As the highest-ranking officers in organizations, they make strategic IS decisions. Yet, noting that existing approaches are ineffective, there is a growing concern about the kind of leadership needed to guide the institutions. Four sets of …