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Full-Text Articles in Business

Empowering Generations: The Role Of Family And Consumer Sciences In Advancing Financial Literacy And Resilience, Stephen Molchan Sep 2026

Empowering Generations: The Role Of Family And Consumer Sciences In Advancing Financial Literacy And Resilience, Stephen Molchan

Journal of Educational Research and Practice

In this article, I explore the critical role of family and consumer sciences (FCS) in advancing financial literacy and resilience across generations. By addressing systemic financial challenges and integrating financial education into its curriculum, FCS empowers individuals and families to make informed decisions and build secure futures. The article highlights strategies such as early intervention, culturally relevant programs, and community outreach, emphasizing how FCS equips individuals with practical skills in budgeting, saving, debt management, and risk assessment. I discuss the importance of advocacy for financial inclusion and consumer protection as a means to create equitable opportunities for financial well-being, underscoring …


Mentorship As A Catalyst For Change Readiness: A Qualitative Study Of How Effective Mentoring Mitigates Burnout And Turnover During Organizational Transformation, Jeffery M. Camp Sep 2026

Mentorship As A Catalyst For Change Readiness: A Qualitative Study Of How Effective Mentoring Mitigates Burnout And Turnover During Organizational Transformation, Jeffery M. Camp

Journal of Online Mentoring

This qualitative study examined how effective mentorship mitigates burnout and attenuates turnover intention during organizational change, foregrounding the perspectives of experienced mentors. Drawing on Biggs’s presage–process–product (PPP) model, data were collected through semi-structured interviews (n = 12) and two focus group discussions (n = 6 each), engaging 18 unique mentors employed in organizations with 1,000 or more employees. Thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s six-phase protocol yielded four themes: (1) mentorship as strategic facilitation of organizational change; (2) mentorship as provision of emotional and psychological support; (3) empowering mentees through relationship-building; and (4) applying adaptive and reflective strategies. …


Strategic Information System Leadership And Information System Function Performance In Universities In Kenya: A Pls-Sem Analysis, Joseph K. Muchina, James M. Njihia Prof., Agnes N. Wausi Prof. Aug 2026

Strategic Information System Leadership And Information System Function Performance In Universities In Kenya: A Pls-Sem Analysis, Joseph K. Muchina, James M. Njihia Prof., Agnes N. Wausi Prof.

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

Information systems as enablers have evolved from an efficiency and effectiveness focus to enterprise-wide performance, placing strong demands on information system leadership. Emerging leadership models call for collaborative practices. Information systems leadership in higher education is a challenging task. Universities' top management team members and their information system executive counterparts lack a common and shared vision and understanding of information systems capabilities and roles. As the highest-ranking officers in organizations, they make strategic IS decisions. Yet, noting that existing approaches are ineffective, there is a growing concern about the kind of leadership needed to guide the institutions. Four sets of …


Marketing Strategies To Enhance Awareness And Attract International Patients In The Medical Tourism Industry Of Trinidad And Tobago, Natasha Rachel Rochford-Chance Jul 2026

Marketing Strategies To Enhance Awareness And Attract International Patients In The Medical Tourism Industry Of Trinidad And Tobago, Natasha Rachel Rochford-Chance

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Disseminating inadequate service information can limit a business's market appeal and hinder its growth. Business leaders must include comprehensive service information in their marketing strategies, as inadequate service information can make a business seem unappealing to potential clients, undermine competitive position, reduce market share, and diminish profitability. The purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore the marketing strategies used by medical tourism business leaders in Trinidad and Tobago to attract international patients and increase profitability. The participants were eight medical tourism business leaders with experience in implementing marketing strategies. McCarthy's marketing mix theory of product, price, place, and …


Marketing Strategies To Increase Student Enrollment To Generate Revenue, Jermaine R. Mccain Jul 2026

Marketing Strategies To Increase Student Enrollment To Generate Revenue, Jermaine R. Mccain

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Declining student enrollment can reduce district revenue and limit a public school’s ability to sustain educational programs, staffing, and overall organizational effectiveness. Public school business leaders who lack effective marketing strategies to increase student enrollment may experience financial instability, limiting their organization’s capacity to maintain long-term operational sustainability. Grounded in consumer choice theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to identify and explore effective marketing strategies public school business leaders use to increase student enrollment to generate district revenue. Participants were six public school business leaders in the southeastern United States. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and …


The Role Of Ceo Biases And Heuristics For Large Firms’ Innovation, Cristina O. Vlas, Radu E. Vlas May 2026

The Role Of Ceo Biases And Heuristics For Large Firms’ Innovation, Cristina O. Vlas, Radu E. Vlas

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

Do different CEO biases affect large firms’ innovation differently, and to what extent are these effects bounded by CEOs’ heuristics? In this article, we highlight overlooked antecedents, such as the biases imposed by CEO narcissism and self-monitoring and the heuristics driven by CEOs’ motivation (regulatory foci) for certain courses of action. We found that narcissistic CEOs differ from self-monitoring CEOs when it comes to innovation. We found that, for self-monitoring CEOs, these effects are conditioned by the individuals’ underlying promotion and prevention motivation, but this is not the case for narcissistic CEOs. These findings contour our understanding of the immutability …


Sustainability Strategies For Solo And Small Medical Practices In Kenya, Milcah Achieng' Odeny May 2026

Sustainability Strategies For Solo And Small Medical Practices In Kenya, Milcah Achieng' Odeny

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


Perceived Communication Barriers Between Different Generations In The Workplace, Bryan Anthony Whiteside May 2026

Perceived Communication Barriers Between Different Generations In The Workplace, Bryan Anthony Whiteside

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


Internal Quality Enhancement: Case Of A Uae Business School, Valentine Matthews Mar 2026

Internal Quality Enhancement: Case Of A Uae Business School, Valentine Matthews

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

This paper presents a case study of a quality enhancement process of a small business school in the United Arab Emirates. The research explores this specific quality enhancement process with a focus on why it is implemented by the case institution and how it achieves quality improvement. The case quality enhancement process is an internal institutional approach that deviates from the Scottish Enhancement-Led Institutional Review approach. Articulation of the process is conducted from policy and practice. The articulation provides deeper and clearer understanding of the approach to quality enhancement, how it achieves quality improvements, and the leadership’s justifications for adopting …


Strategies For Reducing Fraud In Corporate Organizations, Tarshall Horton Mccauley Feb 2026

Strategies For Reducing Fraud In Corporate Organizations, Tarshall Horton Mccauley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Financial statement fraud has been a persistent problem that poses risks to corporations globally. Business leaders are concerned about financial statement fraud due to its potential to weaken financial stability, erode stakeholder confidence, and create conditions that may lead to significant financial distress or organizational collapse. Grounded in the fraud triangle theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research was to explore internal control strategies corporate leaders use to reduce financial statement fraud risk. The participants were 11 financial leaders in North Carolina, the District of Columbia, and Virginia who practiced effective internal controls to minimize financial fraud. Data …


Using Artificial Intelligence To Mitigate Bottlenecks In Last-Mile Logistics: A Developing Country Perspective, Marvel S. Ogah, Comfort Ademola, Gregory Asiegbu Feb 2026

Using Artificial Intelligence To Mitigate Bottlenecks In Last-Mile Logistics: A Developing Country Perspective, Marvel S. Ogah, Comfort Ademola, Gregory Asiegbu

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

The digital revolution of the logistic value chain has improved critical aspects of the global supply chain, especially in the aspect of last-mile logistics (LML). Bottlenecks, however, such as delays in deliveries, increased lead times, pollution, poor cost management, and tracking issues, among several others, plague the logistics operations in developing countries. Artificial intelligence (AI) can help mitigate these bottlenecks toward delivering incremental value to the end customers. This paper investigates the extent to which AI has been adopted in the logistics value chain in developing countries using a descriptive approach. Quantitative data were collected from 290 logistics and e-commerce …


Editorial: Welcome To The Journal Of Online Mentoring!, Lee Stadtlander Feb 2026

Editorial: Welcome To The Journal Of Online Mentoring!, Lee Stadtlander

Journal of Online Mentoring

I am pleased to welcome you to Walden University’s new Journal of Online Mentoring (JOM), sponsored by the Institute for Faculty Mentoring Excellence. This open access, peer reviewed journal is dedicated to advancing evidence based practices, scholarship, and innovation in virtual mentoring. The inaugural issue explores how online mentoring strengthens scholarly identity, ethical research practices, and doctoral student success in digitally mediated environments.


Strategies Some Small Business Owners Use To Implement New Accounting Technology, Susie Annmarie Stewart-Branch Jan 2026

Strategies Some Small Business Owners Use To Implement New Accounting Technology, Susie Annmarie Stewart-Branch

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Abstract Small business owners often face challenges when implementing accounting information systems, resulting in inefficiencies and reduced competitiveness. The study was grounded in the technology acceptance model (TAM), which guided examination of how small business owners implemented, evaluated, and sustained accounting software use while addressing implementation challenges and leveraging internal and external support. Data were collected through semi-structured interview questions from six small business owners who used accounting software such as QuickBooks, and thematic analysis identified five themes: (a) change management and organizational culture, (b) importance of external support and strategic partnerships, (c) measuring effectiveness through operational and client metrics, …


Automating Academia: Implications Of Genai Use In Doctoral Research And Online Mentoring, Cheryl Burleigh, Andrea M. Wilson Jan 2026

Automating Academia: Implications Of Genai Use In Doctoral Research And Online Mentoring, Cheryl Burleigh, Andrea M. Wilson

Journal of Online Mentoring

This study critically examines the use of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), specifically ChatGPT, in the development of doctoral dissertation proposals, highlighting both its potential and its ethical implications. Through a content analysis of a dissertation proposal created using ChatGPT, the study investigates how GenAI supports structural organization, academic writing, and citation formatting while exposing significant concerns related to fabricated references, methodological misalignment, and diminished scholarly rigor. Although GenAI accelerates the proposal-writing process, its outputs often lack the depth, coherence, and originality expected at the doctoral level, thereby threatening the integrity of academic research. Findings reveal that GenAI-generated content may deceive …


Exploring U.S. Sports Marketing Strategies For Maximizing A Fluid Fan Base, Dylan Houseworth Dec 2025

Exploring U.S. Sports Marketing Strategies For Maximizing A Fluid Fan Base, Dylan Houseworth

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Fluid fandom, characterized by consumers’ shifting allegiances across players, teams, and organizations, has become increasingly prevalent within the U.S. sports marketplace. Many U.S. sports marketing managers lack clearly defined, evidence-based strategies for effectively engaging fluid fans, creating uncertainty around how to maintain brand loyalty, competitive positioning, and long-term organizational viability. Grounded in Stryker’s identity theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore the strategies U.S. sports marketing managers use to engage and maximize a fluid fan base. A purposeful sampling of six sports marketing professionals from U.S.-based organizations was selected, with each participant required to have a …


School And District Leaders’ Understanding Of Technology Organizations’ Cyber Business Practices, Jayejaye Johnson Dec 2025

School And District Leaders’ Understanding Of Technology Organizations’ Cyber Business Practices, Jayejaye Johnson

Journal of Educational Research and Practice

Educational technology (EdTech) interoperability throughout cyberspace provides the financial opportunity to collect and sell student privacy information in digital learning environments, challenging school leaders to govern schools and keep children safe. School leaders provide the resources, funding, planning, decision making, and administration for EdTech cybersecurity practices and policies, yet little is known about what public school leaders understand. A quantitative study was designed using primary data collected from an online survey. Four research questions guided this study: What are the differences in cybersecurity practices and policy response scores (1) between male and female school leaders; (2) among leaders with different …


Breaking The Five-Year Barrier: Essential Tactics For Long-Term Small Business Sustainability And Growth, Tanesha L. Ford Dr., Carol-Anne Faint Ph.D, Rocky J. Dwyer Dr. Dec 2025

Breaking The Five-Year Barrier: Essential Tactics For Long-Term Small Business Sustainability And Growth, Tanesha L. Ford Dr., Carol-Anne Faint Ph.D, Rocky J. Dwyer Dr.

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

This study explores the sustainability and growth of small businesses beyond the critical 5-year mark, a pivotal milestone often associated with survival challenges. Active business owners within the United States often shut down their operations due to reduced revenues and operational challenges, including the multifaceted factors influencing long-term success. The study places a particular emphasis on effective training strategies by examining the intersection of sustainability and training to identify actionable insights for owners of small business to enhance their resilience and longevity in today’s dynamic economic landscape.


Internal Control Strategies To Reduce Occupational Fraud In Small Business, Karen Walauskas Dec 2025

Internal Control Strategies To Reduce Occupational Fraud In Small Business, Karen Walauskas

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small businesses can be at a heightened risk of occupational fraud if their internal control strategies are not effective. This risk is a major concern for small business owners, who might face financial and operational challenges as a result. Grounded in Cressey’s fraud triangle framework, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore effective internal control strategies to reduce the risk of occupational fraud from occurring. Participants were six small business owners in New England who had developed effective internal controls. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and employee handbooks. Through thematic analysis, four themes emerged, including …


The Relationship Between Internal Controls, Unfavorable Financial Statement Audit Opinions, And Nonprofit Financial Performance, Gwen Rachel Bedell Gadbois Dec 2025

The Relationship Between Internal Controls, Unfavorable Financial Statement Audit Opinions, And Nonprofit Financial Performance, Gwen Rachel Bedell Gadbois

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Executives of nonprofit organizations face fiscal and operational challenges due to limited resources, threatening long-term viability. Weak internal controls and financial reporting systems can stem unfavorable Single Audit opinions and reduced funding, concerning to auditors and fiscal agencies. Grounded in resource dependency theory, the purpose of this quantitative ex post facto secondary data analysis was to examine whether financial performance differed by audit opinion and internal control indicators among U.S. nonprofits receiving federal aid. Data included 158 U.S. nonprofits that received $750K–$7M in federal aid in 2021 with qualified, adverse, or disclaimer audit opinions. A three-way analysis of variance revealed …


Antecedents Of U.S. Information Technology Professionals’ Intent To Quit At The Beginning Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Kristin C. Scott, Jiun-Shiu Chen, Mitchell Adrian, Son Mai Nov 2025

Antecedents Of U.S. Information Technology Professionals’ Intent To Quit At The Beginning Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Kristin C. Scott, Jiun-Shiu Chen, Mitchell Adrian, Son Mai

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

This study focuses on turnover intention (ITQ) of U.S. information technology workers during the spring of 2020 and the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we evaluate a number of turnover intention antecedents not previously studied together, including job alternatives, global job embeddedness, job satisfaction, compensation satisfaction, role overload, and work–life balance. We use three first-order factors of work interference with personal life, personal life interference with work, and work—personal life enhancement. We analyzed data using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling. Results suggest no direct effects from pay satisfaction or role overload on ITQ and …


Of Rollercoasters And Resilience: The Role Of Ceos’ Biases And Heuristics For Large Firms’ Technological Innovation, Cristina O. Vlas, Radu E. Vlas Nov 2025

Of Rollercoasters And Resilience: The Role Of Ceos’ Biases And Heuristics For Large Firms’ Technological Innovation, Cristina O. Vlas, Radu E. Vlas

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

How do CEOs’ personality biases and motivational heuristics influence innovation in large firms? Because large-firm innovation is more common and less risky, overlooked factors—such as narcissism, self-monitoring, and promotion or prevention foci—become pivotal. Drawing on these traits, we found that narcissistic CEOs differ from self-monitoring CEOs in driving innovation. Moreover, the effect of self-monitoring CEOs depends on whether their regulatory focus is oriented toward promotion or prevention. However, this interplay between personality and motivation does not apply to narcissistic CEOs, suggesting that certain characteristics remain relatively fixed. These findings advance the understanding of how CEO traits shape large-firm innovation and …


The Mediating Role Of Supply Chain Disruption Between Supply Chain Resilience Practice And Competitive Advantage Of Manufacturing Companies, Solomon Amsalu Gesese, Rajwinder Singh Nov 2025

The Mediating Role Of Supply Chain Disruption Between Supply Chain Resilience Practice And Competitive Advantage Of Manufacturing Companies, Solomon Amsalu Gesese, Rajwinder Singh

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

The global expansion of supply chain (SC) networks improves the overall performance of the SC and increases an organization’s susceptibility to disruptions within the chain. This study examines the mediating role of supply chain disruption (SCD) between supply chain resilience practice (SCRP) and competitive advantage (CA) of manufacturing companies in Ethiopia. We employed descriptive and explanatory research designs and analyzed the data collected from 347 participants using SEM methods. The findings show that SCRP significantly affects SCD and CA. Moreover, SCRP significantly influences CA, mediated by SCD. Building and maintaining SC resilience reduces disruptions and enhances competitiveness in the ever-changing …


Investigating The Impact Of Health Information Exchange On Hospital Performance: Evidence From The United States, C. Christopher Lee, Ruoqing Zhang Nov 2025

Investigating The Impact Of Health Information Exchange On Hospital Performance: Evidence From The United States, C. Christopher Lee, Ruoqing Zhang

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

This study examines the impact of health information exchange (HIE) participation on hospital performance in the United States, focusing on profitability, efficiency, and quality. Analyzing data from 3,294 hospitals over 3 years (2014–2016) and using multiple regression models, the results showed a positive association between HIE participation and improved performance. HIE membership is linked to increased profitability, enhanced efficiency, and certain quality enhancements, particularly in larger, metropolitan, for-profit hospitals. However, the relationship with quality outcomes is less conclusive. The comprehensive analysis considers various control variables, and the findings of this study offer valuable insights for hospital managers and policymakers and …


Effect Of Servant Leaders’ Humility, Active Listening, And Trust-Building On Employee Engagement In U.S. Private Financial Organizations, Sunny Sung Phd, Tom Butkiewicz Ph.D. Nov 2025

Effect Of Servant Leaders’ Humility, Active Listening, And Trust-Building On Employee Engagement In U.S. Private Financial Organizations, Sunny Sung Phd, Tom Butkiewicz Ph.D.

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

Ineffective leadership characteristics hinder employee engagement in the financial industry, leading to negative organizational outcomes. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between servant leaders’ humility, active listening, and trust-building and employee engagement in U.S. private financial organizations. The servant leadership theory of serving followers and the social exchange theory of reciprocity grounded this study. Using simple random sampling, the participants comprised190 employees from private financial organizations in the United States. They completed the Servant Leadership Scale-7; Servant Leadership Assessment Instrument factors 6 and 7; the hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding (HURIER) …


The Relationship Between Theory Of Planned Behavior Constructs And Small Business Owners’ Tax Evasion And Avoidance Behaviors, Kenyatta Patton Nov 2025

The Relationship Between Theory Of Planned Behavior Constructs And Small Business Owners’ Tax Evasion And Avoidance Behaviors, Kenyatta Patton

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The U.S. Department of the Treasury incurs substantial costs due to a tax gap, and the U.S. Internal Revenue Service has limited capacity to implement non-enforcement strategies without a deeper understanding of the behavioral drivers of tax non-compliance. Grounded in the theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to explore the relationships between small business owners’ attitudes toward taxation, social norms, perceived behavioral control, and tax compliance behaviors. The participants comprised 121 small business owners in the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area. They completed a combined survey consisting of the ethics of tax evasion survey instrument …


From Techno-Stressors To Techno-Exhaustion: The Mediating Role Of Techno-Anxiety In It Workplace, Jeevan Jyoti, Mehmood Ahmad, Mehak Mahajan Oct 2025

From Techno-Stressors To Techno-Exhaustion: The Mediating Role Of Techno-Anxiety In It Workplace, Jeevan Jyoti, Mehmood Ahmad, Mehak Mahajan

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

The widespread use of information and communication technology in modern workplaces has intensified techno-stress. This study examines the impact of techno-stressors—techno-overload and techno-complexity—on techno-anxiety, its role in driving techno-exhaustion, and the mediating effect of techno-anxiety in this relationship. Data from Indian IT sector employees, collected via snowball sampling, was analyzed using structural equation modeling in AMOS (Version 23). Our findings revealed that techno-overload and techno-complexity significantly heighten techno-anxiety, which, in turn, exacerbates techno-exhaustion. Techno-anxiety serves as a crucial mediator in linking stressors to exhaustion. The study offers theoretical insights and practical implications, and emphasizes managerial strategies, employee support, and socio-technical …


Project Scope And Market Share Of Selected Telecommunication Firms In Nigeria, Sunday Olufemi Akintelu Oct 2025

Project Scope And Market Share Of Selected Telecommunication Firms In Nigeria, Sunday Olufemi Akintelu

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

To maintain market share, telecommunication operators in Nigeria invest in complex, innovative projects with large budgets and tight timelines. Managing the project scope of these endeavors is a challenge, although crucial to ensuring that viable products are released and guaranteeing market share among these firms. This study examined the project scope and market share of selected telecommunication firms in Nigeria through the quantitative method and survey research. The study employed a validated adapted questionnaire, which used a six-point Likert-type scale and was administered to the study participants to collect primary data. The reliability test of the questionnaire was achieved with …


Navigating Succession: Exploring Succession Planning Strategies In Polish Family Businesses, Jan M. Klaczak, Theresa M. Neal, Yvonne Doll Sep 2025

Navigating Succession: Exploring Succession Planning Strategies In Polish Family Businesses, Jan M. Klaczak, Theresa M. Neal, Yvonne Doll

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology

Family businesses are the foundation of modern economies and societies, yet many encounter continuity challenges during succession. The purpose of this qualitative, multiple-case study grounded in Rothwell’s seven-step model for succession planning was to explore succession planning strategies Polish family business leaders used for ownership and leadership transfer to the next generation. Three family business leaders who executed succession planning in their firms participated in the study. Data were collected via semistructured interviews, researcher notes, and company document reviews. Using methodological triangulation and Yin’s five-step data analysis, four themes emerged: systematic succession, grooming the successor, communication with nonfamily stakeholders, and …


Effective Strategies For The Implementation Of Environmental Social And Governance Initiatives To Improve Brand Value, Charity Ndisengei Sep 2025

Effective Strategies For The Implementation Of Environmental Social And Governance Initiatives To Improve Brand Value, Charity Ndisengei

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Some business leaders lack effective strategies to develop and implement their organization’s environmental, social, and governance (ESG) initiatives to improve the value of the organization’s brand. Business leaders, in particular, are concerned with balancing the improvement of brand value while addressing stakeholder expectations and navigating regulatory complexities. Grounded in institutional and legitimacy theories, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore effective strategies for the implementation of ESG initiatives to improve brand value. Participants included five senior leaders from the energy, nonprofit, technology, and consulting sectors who had implemented ESG initiatives. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and …


Consumer Behavior-Based Strategies Small Business Leaders Use To Increase Online Sales Revenues, Alexander Sakharov Sep 2025

Consumer Behavior-Based Strategies Small Business Leaders Use To Increase Online Sales Revenues, Alexander Sakharov

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Many small business leaders struggle to tailor online strategies that drive demand, limiting growth and differentiation in competitive digital markets. Business leaders must adopt data-informed, customer-centered approaches that align digital marketing efforts with consumer behavior and market expectations. Grounded in social exchange theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore the online shopping marketing strategies that some small business marketing leaders use to increase demand for products and services. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with six small business leaders from Vancouver, British Columbia; Toronto, Ontario; and Seattle, Washington. The four main themes identified using thematic analysis …