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Articles 65011 - 65040 of 149081
Full-Text Articles in Business
دور القطاع الصناعي الخاص في تخفيض معدلات البطالة مع التركيز على اقليم كردستان العراق للفترة (2005 -2010 ), شيماء محمد نجيب المرتضى
دور القطاع الصناعي الخاص في تخفيض معدلات البطالة مع التركيز على اقليم كردستان العراق للفترة (2005 -2010 ), شيماء محمد نجيب المرتضى
Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences
ملخص الدراسة يساهم القطاع الصناعي الخاص في الدول النامية وبالأخص في الدول التي تمر بمراحل انتقالية في الاقتصاد دورا مهما لرفع كفاءة الأداء الصناعي ، فيهدف البحث الى دراسة وتحليل دور القطاع الخاص الصناعي في الإقليم فى توفير فرص العمل للفترة من عام ) 2005 -2010) لرفع الكفاءة الاقتصادية والإنتاجية من اجل خفض معدلات البطالة والحد من الفقر من خلال مساهمة القطاع الخاص الصناعي ، ومن اجل الوقوف على تطور مؤشرات عدد المنشات الصناعية الخاصة و رؤس الاموال المستثمرة في الصناعة وفرص العمل فى القطاع الخاص الصناعي ، وإيجاد الحلول للعديد من المشاكل الاقتصادية التي تواجه القطاع الصناعي في العراق …
مدى تأثير تطبيق محاسبة القيمة العادلة على جودة المعلومات المحاسبية دراسة ميدانية على عدد من الشركات المدرجة في سوق الخرطوم للأوراق المالية, الفاتح الامين عبد الرحيم
مدى تأثير تطبيق محاسبة القيمة العادلة على جودة المعلومات المحاسبية دراسة ميدانية على عدد من الشركات المدرجة في سوق الخرطوم للأوراق المالية, الفاتح الامين عبد الرحيم
Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences
ملخص الدراسةتتناول الدراسة مدى تأثير محاسبة القيمة العادلة على جودة المعلومات المحاسبية. وتتمثل مشكلة الدراسة في السؤال الرئيسي التالي: ما هو تأثير تطبيق محاسبة القيمة العادلة على خصائص المعلومات المحاسبية؟ وذلك بهدف بيان تأثير استخدام القيمة العادلة على جودة المعلومات المحاسبية.ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تمّ إتباع المنهج الاستقرائي والاستنباطي والمنهج الوصفي ،حيث تمّ في الجانب النظري من الدراسة مراجعة الأدبيات ذات الصلة بمحاسبة القيمة العادلة، واستخدم المنهج الاستقرائي في تحليل المشكلة وتحديد مكوناتها، بينما اعتمد الباحث على المنهج الاستنباطي في صياغة فروض البحث. أما المنهج الوصفي فقد تم الاعتماد عليه في الجانب الميداني.ومن أهم النتائج التي تم التوصل إليها: تساهم القيمة …
The Impact Of Power On Reliance On Feelings Versus Reasons In Decision Making, Yunhui Huang, Jiewen Hong, Hannah H. Chang
The Impact Of Power On Reliance On Feelings Versus Reasons In Decision Making, Yunhui Huang, Jiewen Hong, Hannah H. Chang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We examine the impact of power on consumer decision making. Results from four experiments provide converging evidence that people in high- (low-) power states are more likely to rely on affective feelings (cognitive reasoning) in making judgments and decisions.
Which Problems To Solve? Online Knowledge Sharing And Attention Allocation In Organizations, Martine R. Haas, Paola Crisculo, Gerard George
Which Problems To Solve? Online Knowledge Sharing And Attention Allocation In Organizations, Martine R. Haas, Paola Crisculo, Gerard George
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Why do individuals allocate attention to specific problems in organizations? Viewing online knowledge sharing as a matching process between knowledge providers and problems, we examine attention allocation in the context of an online community within which knowledge providers respond to problems posted by other organization members. We argue that knowledge providers are more likely to allocate attention to solving problems that more closely match their expertise, but that decisions to allocate attention are also influenced by problem characteristics such as length, breadth, and novelty, as well as by problem crowding. Analyzing 1,251 realized matches and 12,510 nonrealized matches among knowledge …
2015 June, Office Of Communications & Marketing, Morehead State University.
2015 June, Office Of Communications & Marketing, Morehead State University.
Morehead State Press Release Archive, 1961 to the Present
Press releases for June of 2015.
Smu Bags Two Global Award Wins In Efmd Case Writing Competition, Singapore Management University
Smu Bags Two Global Award Wins In Efmd Case Writing Competition, Singapore Management University
SMU Press Releases and News
Singapore Management University (SMU) has won first place in two categories of the 2014 EFMD Case Writing Competition, organised by the European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD). It is one of the first and biggest wins ever by a Singaporean educational institution in this worldwide case writing competition. SMU winning cases are: Jungle Beer: An Entrepreneur's Journey and Gillette’s "Shave India Movement": Razor Sharp against the Stubble.
Devastation And Rebirth: A Longitudinal Study Of Bosnia’S Arizona Market, With Implications For Markets, Marketing And Society, Ruzica Brecic, Clifford J. Shultz, Katherine Sredl, Natasa Renko
Devastation And Rebirth: A Longitudinal Study Of Bosnia’S Arizona Market, With Implications For Markets, Marketing And Society, Ruzica Brecic, Clifford J. Shultz, Katherine Sredl, Natasa Renko
School of Business: Faculty Publications and Other Works
In this presentation, we share findings from a longitudinal study—twenty years and counting—on the role of Arizona in the war and the peace in this highly contested region of Bosnia. Data were/are collected via site observations and retrospective interviews to explore the emergence of entrepreneurship in Brčko, Bosnia before, during and after the war. A synthesis and assessment of findings led to the exploration of the ways that the terms of Dayton and the implementation of Dayton by NATO IFOR, Task Force Eagle, 1st Armored Division (November and December 1995) and 1st Infantry Division (1996-2004), US Army, contributed to the …
World Cup 2014: Macromarketing Views From Croatia, Clifford J. Shultz
World Cup 2014: Macromarketing Views From Croatia, Clifford J. Shultz
School of Business: Faculty Publications and Other Works
309 World Cup 2014: Macromarketing Views from Croatia Bruno Grbac, University of Rijeka, Croatia Clifford Shultz, Loyola University Chicago, USA This extended abstract is an abriged version of a longer document articulating a study on the effects of the FIFA World Cup, an organizationally, financially, economically and politically demanding quadrennial sporting spectacle that affects billions of global citizens. This reality raises questions about the effects of the World Cup on the marketing system of the host country and the participating countries, as well as institutions and people in them. As a step toward sharing insights the authors analyzed secondary data …
War, Civil Unrest, Failed States, And Other Extreme Threats To Marketing Systems, Clifford J. Shultz, Samer Abdelnour
War, Civil Unrest, Failed States, And Other Extreme Threats To Marketing Systems, Clifford J. Shultz, Samer Abdelnour
School of Business: Faculty Publications and Other Works
Well-functioning markets and marketing systems are intended to enhance and to sustain the survivability and security of societies and the people who comprise them (e.g., Fisk 1967; Layton 2007; McMillen 2002; Shultz 2007; Wilkie and Moore 1999; World Bank 2014). For myriad reasons – natural or human-induced cataclysms and resource scarcity to list a few examples – marketing systems sometimes are disrupted or fracture (e.g., Shultz 1997; in press). This can have profound and often horrific effects on individuals, families, communities, countries, regions, and occasionally – at least twice in the form of two World Wars – global upheaval. The …
The Fifa World Cup: Analyses And Interpretations Of The World’S Biggest Sporting Spectacle, Clifford J. Shultz, Rodrigo Castilhos, Andres Alberto Barrios Fajardo, Bruno Grbac, Andreas Chatzidakis, Alexander Nill, Almir Peštek
The Fifa World Cup: Analyses And Interpretations Of The World’S Biggest Sporting Spectacle, Clifford J. Shultz, Rodrigo Castilhos, Andres Alberto Barrios Fajardo, Bruno Grbac, Andreas Chatzidakis, Alexander Nill, Almir Peštek
School of Business: Faculty Publications and Other Works
This special session assembles scholars from various countries with keen interests in the marketing and societal dynamics of the world’s most popular sporting spectacle, the FIFA World Cup. It builds on a stream of research in, for example, ethology (e.g., Morris 1981) economics (e.g., Kuper and Szymanski 2014) consumer behavior (e.g., Shultz 1998; Tavassoli, Shultz and Fitzimons 1995), marketing (e.g., Shultz et al. 2010) and macromarketing (Shultz and Burgess 2011) that explores the systemic complexities of this enormous, global extravaganza and the extent to which it benefits and/or harms myriad players, fans, local and global consumers, companies, governments, societies and …
Who Gets To Cross The Border? The Impact Of Mobility Restrictions On Labor Flows In The West Bank, Wifag Adnan
Who Gets To Cross The Border? The Impact Of Mobility Restrictions On Labor Flows In The West Bank, Wifag Adnan
All Works
© 2015 The Author. This paper examines the impact of labor mobility restrictions such as border closures, physical obstacles and unequally accessed ID cards and work permits on the labor flows of West Bank residents. The results demonstrate that for Jerusalem residents, mobility restrictions reduce out-migration but they are much more pronounced in impeding out-migration to Israel proper than to Israeli settlements. Additionally, an increase in the number of border closures per quarter has a positive and significant impact on the odds of facing unemployment for all groups, but is especially high for migrant workers residing outside of Jerusalem. A …
What Is Public Relations To Society? Toward An Economically Informed Understanding Of Public Relations, Jurrien Gregor Halff, Anne Gregory
What Is Public Relations To Society? Toward An Economically Informed Understanding Of Public Relations, Jurrien Gregor Halff, Anne Gregory
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The notion of public relations contributing to the fabric of society is heavily contested in the public sphere and under-researched by the academy. The authors of this paper propose that the study of the relevance of public relations to society can be enlightened by turning to economics. Using information asymmetry as a framework, the argument is that public relations can be analyzed as a social institution that both helps to mitigate market imperfections and consequently increases the efficiency with which society’s resources are allocated as well as the chances for more market participants to derive value out of economic transactions.
How Motivated Reasoning And Temporal Frames May Polarize Opinions About Wildlife Disease Risk, Sungjong Roh, Katherine A. Mccomas, Laura N. Rickard, Daniel J. Decker
How Motivated Reasoning And Temporal Frames May Polarize Opinions About Wildlife Disease Risk, Sungjong Roh, Katherine A. Mccomas, Laura N. Rickard, Daniel J. Decker
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We draw from theories of motivated reasoning, dual-processing models, and attribution of responsibility to examine how scientific messages may increase public polarization with respect to emerging risk issues such as Lyme disease. A nationally representative sample of Americans (N = 460) read messages about Lyme disease that varied the framing of responsibility for the prevalence of the disease (human/wildlife vs. wildlife only) and when its effects will occur (today vs. in the next 10 years). The influence of framing was contingent on participants’ partisanship, which resulted in a boomerang effect among Republicans and increased the degree of political polarization regarding …
Discrimination In Selection Decisions: Integrating Stereotype Fit And Interdependence Theories, Sunyoung Lee, Marko Pitesa, Stefan Thau, Madan M. Pillutla
Discrimination In Selection Decisions: Integrating Stereotype Fit And Interdependence Theories, Sunyoung Lee, Marko Pitesa, Stefan Thau, Madan M. Pillutla
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We integrate stereotype fit and interdependence theories to propose a model that explains how and why decision makers discriminate in selection decisions. Our model suggests that decision makers draw on stereotypes about members of different social groups to infer the degree to which candidates possess the specific ability required for the task. Decision makers perceive candidates that have a greater ability required for the task as less (more) instrumental to their personal outcomes if they expect to compete (cooperate) with the candidate, and they discriminate in favor of candidates that are perceived as more instrumental to them. We tested our …
What Is Public Relations To Society? Toward An Economically Informed Understanding Of Public Relations, Halff, Gregor, Anne Gregory
What Is Public Relations To Society? Toward An Economically Informed Understanding Of Public Relations, Halff, Gregor, Anne Gregory
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The notion of public relations contributing to the fabric of society is heavily contested in the public sphere and under-researched by the academy. The authors of this paper propose that the study of the relevance of public relations to society can be enlightened by turning to economics. Using information asymmetry as a framework, the argument is that public relations can be analyzed as a social institution that both helps to mitigate market imperfections and consequently increases the efficiency with which society's resources are allocated as well as the chances for more market participants to derive value out of economic transactions. …
Effects Of Organizationally Endorsed Coaching On Performance And Validity Of Situational Judgment Tests, Melissa S. Stemig, Paul R. Sackett, Filip Lievens
Effects Of Organizationally Endorsed Coaching On Performance And Validity Of Situational Judgment Tests, Melissa S. Stemig, Paul R. Sackett, Filip Lievens
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
There is growing interest in organizationally provided or organizationally endorsed coaching. However, little is known about the effects of such coaching on test scores in operational settings. This study reports on an examination of such a program in the context of the use of a situational judgment test (SJT) for medical school admissions. We examine the effects of multiple types of coaching methods on SJT scores and on their construct-related and predictive validities. Results suggest that (1) commercial coaching techniques may not be as effective as previously thought, whereas organizationally provided methods may be more effective, and that (2) the …
Consignment Contracts With Revenue Sharing For A Capacitated Retailer And Multiple Manufacturers, Yun Fong Lim, Yunzeng Wang, Yue Wu
Consignment Contracts With Revenue Sharing For A Capacitated Retailer And Multiple Manufacturers, Yun Fong Lim, Yunzeng Wang, Yue Wu
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We consider a retailer with limited storage capacity selling n independent products. Each product is produced by a distinct manufacturer, who is offered a consignment contract with revenue sharing by the retailer. The retailer first sets a common revenue share for all products, and each manufacturer then determines the retail price and production quantity for his product. Under certain conditions on price elasticities and cost fractions, we find a unique optimal revenue share for all products. Surprisingly, it is optimal for the retailer not to charge any storage fee in many situations even if she is allowed to do so. …
Does Brand Licensing Increase A Licensor's Shareholder Value?, Adina B. Robinson, Kapil R. Tuli, Ajay K. Kohli
Does Brand Licensing Increase A Licensor's Shareholder Value?, Adina B. Robinson, Kapil R. Tuli, Ajay K. Kohli
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This study examines 171 brand licensing announcements and subsequent changes in the licensor firms' shareholder values using the event study method. We find that although brand licensing announcements lead to positive abnormal returns on average, nearly 44% of the announcements in our sample are followed by negative abnormal returns. We argue that investors react more favorably to a brand licensing announcement when they believe (i) the brand has greater ability to stimulate licensee product sales (and thus generate higher royalties for the licensor) and (ii) the licensor firm has greater ability to limit licensee opportunism (and thus limit brand dilution …
Examining How Firms Leverage It To Achieve Firm Productivity: Rbv And Dynamic Capabilities Perspectives, Gary Pan, Shan Ling Pan, Chu Yeong Lim
Examining How Firms Leverage It To Achieve Firm Productivity: Rbv And Dynamic Capabilities Perspectives, Gary Pan, Shan Ling Pan, Chu Yeong Lim
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
Firm productivity is one of the major drivers of firm's growth. Information Technology (IT) has the potential to be a key enabler of firm productivity. IS researchers have suggested strong association between investments in IT and firm productivity. Yet, uncertainty and concern about the actual impact of IT on firm productivity remain. This calls for an urgent need for research on how firms can leverage IT for productivity gains. Through a case study, this research aims to answer the above question by developing a process model that explicates the roles of firm capabilities in driving IT-enabled productivity.
Does Increased Board Independence Reduce Earnings Management? Evidence From The Recent Regulatory Reform, Xia Chen, Qiang Cheng, Xin Wang
Does Increased Board Independence Reduce Earnings Management? Evidence From The Recent Regulatory Reform, Xia Chen, Qiang Cheng, Xin Wang
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
We examine whether recent regulatory reforms requiring majority board independence reduce the extent of earnings management. Firms that did not have a majority of independent directors before the reforms (referred to as noncompliant firms) are required to increase their board independence. We find that, while noncompliant firms on average do not experience a significant decrease in earnings management after the reforms compared to other firms, noncompliant firms with low information acquisition cost experience a significant reduction in earnings management. The results are similar when we examine audit committee independence and when we use alternative proxies for information acquisition cost and …
Period Decompositions For The Capacitated Lot Size Problem With Setup Times, Silvio Alexandre De Araujo, Bert De Reyck, Zeger Degraeve, Ioannis Fragkos, Raf Jans
Period Decompositions For The Capacitated Lot Size Problem With Setup Times, Silvio Alexandre De Araujo, Bert De Reyck, Zeger Degraeve, Ioannis Fragkos, Raf Jans
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We study the multi-item capacitated lot sizing problem with setup times. Based on two strong reformulations of the problem, we present a transformed reformulation and valid inequalities that speed up column generation and Lagrange relaxation. We demonstrate computationally how both ideas enhance the performance of our algorithm and show theoretically how they are related to dual space reduction techniques. We compare several solution methods and propose a new efficient hybrid scheme that combines column generation and Lagrange relaxation in a novel way. Computational experiments show that the proposed solution method for finding lower bounds is competitive with textbook approaches and …
The Invisible Hand Of Short Selling: Does Short Selling Discipline Earnings Management?, Massimo Massa, Bohui Zhang, Hong Zhang
The Invisible Hand Of Short Selling: Does Short Selling Discipline Earnings Management?, Massimo Massa, Bohui Zhang, Hong Zhang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We hypothesize that short selling has a disciplining role vis-a-vis firm managers that forces them to reduce earnings management. Using firm-level short-selling data for thirty-three countries collected over a sample period from 2002 to 2009, we document a significantly negative relationship between the threat of short selling and earnings management. Tests based on instrumental variable and exogenous regulatory experiments offer evidence of a causal link between short selling and earnings management. Our findings suggest that short selling functions as an external governance mechanism to discipline managers.
The Impact Of Culture On Creativity: How Cultural Tightness And Cultural Distance Affect Global Innovation Crowdsourcing Work, Roy Y. J. Chua, Yannig Roth, Jean-François Lemoine
The Impact Of Culture On Creativity: How Cultural Tightness And Cultural Distance Affect Global Innovation Crowdsourcing Work, Roy Y. J. Chua, Yannig Roth, Jean-François Lemoine
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This paper advances a new theoretical model to understand the effect of culture on creativity in a global context. We theorize that creativity engagement and success depend on the cultural tightness—the extent to which a country is characterized by strong social norms and low tolerance for deviant behaviors—of both an innovator’s country and the audience’s country, as well as the cultural distance between these two countries. Using field data from a global online crowdsourcing platform that organizes creative contests for consumer-product brands, supplemented by interviews with marketing experts, we found that individuals from tight cultures are less likely than counterparts …
Information, Attention, And Decision Making: From The Editors, Daan Van Knippenberg, Linus Dahlander, Martine R. Haas, Gerard George
Information, Attention, And Decision Making: From The Editors, Daan Van Knippenberg, Linus Dahlander, Martine R. Haas, Gerard George
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
More than five decades after the seminal works on how individuals process information and make decisions within organizations were published (Cyert & March, 1963; Simon, 1957), the thesis that individuals, groups, and organizations are bounded in their rationality and ability to attend to information continues to remain salient. Individuals and organizations display cognitive and motivational biases, both in their attention to information and in their decisions based on that information (De Dreu, Nijstad, & van Knippenberg, 2008; Ocasio, 2011; Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). The nature and volume of information, and managers’ behaviors in seeking and using information, have undergone massive …
Buying Insurance The D-I-Y Way, Benedict Koh
Buying Insurance The D-I-Y Way, Benedict Koh
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Singaporeans face two key risks in life: dying too young and living too long. The latter risk, commonly known as longevity risk, has been the key focus of the Central Provident Fund Advisory Panel's recent deliberation and recommendations. By saving the Basic Minimum Sum and purchasing a life annuity, Singaporeans can hedge the risk of outliving their lifetime savings.
When Everyone Misses On The Same Side: Debiased Earnings Surprises And Stock Returns, Chin-Han Chiang, Wei Dai, Jianqing Fan, Harrison Hong, Jun Tu
When Everyone Misses On The Same Side: Debiased Earnings Surprises And Stock Returns, Chin-Han Chiang, Wei Dai, Jianqing Fan, Harrison Hong, Jun Tu
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
In event studies of capital market efficiency, an earnings surprise has historically been measured by the consensus error, defined as earnings minus the consensus or average of professional forecasts. The rationale is that the consensus is an accurate measure of the market’s expectation of earnings. But since forecasts can be biased due to conflicts of interest and some investors can see through these conflicts, this rationale is flawed and the consensus error a biased measure of an earnings surprise. We show that the fraction of forecasts that miss on the same side (FOM), by ignoring the size of the misses, …
Marketing Mix And Brand Sales In Global Markets: Examining The Contingent Role Of Country-Market Characteristics, S. Cem Bahadir, Sundar G. Bharadwaj, Rajendra K. Srivastava
Marketing Mix And Brand Sales In Global Markets: Examining The Contingent Role Of Country-Market Characteristics, S. Cem Bahadir, Sundar G. Bharadwaj, Rajendra K. Srivastava
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Marketing products globally is challenging due to the diverse nature of markets. We use market heterogeneity, unbranded competition, resource and infrastructure availability, and sociopolitical governance as country-market characteristics that distinguish between developed and emerging countries. We investigate their moderating role on the relationship between elements of the marketing mix and brand sales. We provide evidence, from a hierarchical linear model and a panel data set of brands from 14 emerging and developed markets that account for 62% of the global GDP, that country-market characteristics moderate the relationship between the complete set of marketing mix elements and brand sales performance asymmetrically. …
Currency Substitution: Evidence From Nigeria, Sani I. Doguwa
Currency Substitution: Evidence From Nigeria, Sani I. Doguwa
CBN Journal of Applied Statistics (JAS)
This paper examines the existence, causes and effects of currency substitution in Nigeria by estimating conventional money demand equations based on a partial adjustment and an autoregressive distributed lag models using three definitions of monetary aggregates. The behavior of the foreign currency/Naira deposit ratios have been influenced by devaluation expectations, exchange rate risks and political uncertainties during the Yar’adua-Jonathan presidency. Also, the money demand estimations reveal that short-term foreign interest rates significantly affect the demand for the Naira, suggesting strong evidence of currency substitution and the possibility of importing considerable instability in the economy.
On Time Series Modeling Of Nigeria’S External Reserves, Doguwa I. Sani, Sarah O. Alade
On Time Series Modeling Of Nigeria’S External Reserves, Doguwa I. Sani, Sarah O. Alade
CBN Journal of Applied Statistics (JAS)
This paper proposes three short-term forecasting models for the adjusted external reserves using the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with an exogenous input (SARIMA-X) and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) processes. The performances of the proposed models are compared with the existing model obtained using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) process using the pseudo-out-of-sample forecasting procedure over July 2013 to May 2014. The results show that SARIMA model outperformed the other models in three to six months forecast horizon, whereas ARDL model performs better in one to two months forecast horizon. Therefore, in …
Impact Of The 2007/2008 Global Financial Crisis On The Stock Market In Nigeria, Peter Njiforti
Impact Of The 2007/2008 Global Financial Crisis On The Stock Market In Nigeria, Peter Njiforti
CBN Journal of Applied Statistics (JAS)
The convergence of global economy makes all countries and all markets sensible to the happenings in other countries (the contagious effect). The 2008 global financial crisis that had its origin from USA was alleged to have had varying degree of impacts on different capital markets in various countries. This paper investigated the impact of the 2007/2008 global financial crisis on the Nigerian capital market. Monthly time series data from January 2006 to December 2009. All Share Index (ASI) was used as proxy for the performance of the Nigerian Capital market, while Credit to the Private Sector (CPS), Price of Crude …