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Articles 56491 - 56520 of 255945

Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy In Cancer, Brian Stahl Jan 2022

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy In Cancer, Brian Stahl

Biology and Microbiology Graduate Students Plan B Research Projects

The development of immune-checkpoint-inhibitors (ICIs) has led to promising advancements in the treatment of patients with cancers, leading with the use of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) as a negative regulator of T cell activation in the mid-1990s. With the discovery of two ligands for program cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and promising checkpoint blockades in 2010, this sparked a cascade of hallmark immunotherapy drug patents, focusing on the mechanism of anti PD-1 and anti PD-L1 antibody inhibitors. Since then, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cells have emerged into the immuno-oncologic scene for treatment of hematological malignancies. These genetically …

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A Review Of T1d: Prevalence, Current Therapies, And Cellular Therapies For The Future, Fahd Nazir Jan 2022

A Review Of T1d: Prevalence, Current Therapies, And Cellular Therapies For The Future, Fahd Nazir

Biology and Microbiology Graduate Students Plan B Research Projects

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells and therefore, creating an insulin deficiency within the body. A deficiency of insulin within the body disrupts homeostatic glucose control leading to hyperglycemia and therefore, the need for exogenous insulin. Global incidence of T1D has been increasing for several decades and if current trajectory trends continue, incidence could double in the next year. In addition, diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. Current therapies for the treatment of T1D include insulin injections, insulin-pump therapy, pancreatic transplant, and …

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Alzheimer’S Disease: An Overview And Current Phase 3 Disease-Modifying Biologic Treatments, Haley Jahnke Jan 2022

Alzheimer’S Disease: An Overview And Current Phase 3 Disease-Modifying Biologic Treatments, Haley Jahnke

Biology and Microbiology Graduate Students Plan B Research Projects

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disease caused by cell damage leading to brain changes such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Alois Alzheimer was a clinical psychiatrist and neuroanatomist in Germany who first discovered Alzheimer’s Disease through microscopic viewing of Auguste D’s brain. Through more research following Dr. Alzheimer’s death, they began to stage AD. The six stages are: pre-clinical, mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe, and very severe. The current treatments approved by the FDA work to slow the progression of AD, rather than modify the disease. There are currently three Disease-Modifying Biologic clinical-trial drugs on the market …

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Oral Microbiome And Its Effect On Respiratory Disease, Cole Pudwill Jan 2022

Oral Microbiome And Its Effect On Respiratory Disease, Cole Pudwill

Biology and Microbiology Graduate Students Plan B Research Projects

The oral microbiome is composed of several different types of bacteria that can affect how our body operates. There are over 700 different bacteria living in our mouths. These bacteria can be helpful and harmful to our bodies, but they are synergistic in a way. There are several factors such as age, diet, smoking, and oral care that affect bacterial makeup. When there 10 is a significant difference, our immune system becomes weakened and respiratory disease set in. The immune system then works to return the microbiome back to homeostasis. When this fails, the diseases become chronic. Thus, the oral …

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Myrmecochorous Plants And Their Ant Seed Dispersers Through Successional Stages In Temperate Cove Forests, Robert Warren, Mary Schultz, James Costa, Beverly Collins, Mark Bradford Jan 2022

Myrmecochorous Plants And Their Ant Seed Dispersers Through Successional Stages In Temperate Cove Forests, Robert Warren, Mary Schultz, James Costa, Beverly Collins, Mark Bradford

Biology Faculty Datasets

Anthropogenic disturbance can decrease woodland diversity in the species-rich herbaceous layer of eastern deciduous forests, and ant-dispersed (myrmecochorous) plants may be particularly affected due to their limited ability to re-colonize secondary forests. Consequently, we predicted that myrmecochorous plants and their keystone seed-dispersing ants would increase with time since last disturbance, as reflected by young, middle or mature forest successional stage. Specifically, we hypothesized that myrmecochore abundance and richness would be relatively lowest in the youngest forests, moderate in middle-aged forests and highest in mature forests. We also hypothesized that experimentally introducing ant bait in a regular pattern, as might be …

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Laurentian Great Lakes Warming Threatens Northern Fruit Belt Refugia, Robert Warren Jan 2022

Laurentian Great Lakes Warming Threatens Northern Fruit Belt Refugia, Robert Warren

Biology Faculty Datasets

Climate refugia are anomalous ‘pockets’ of spatially or temporally disjunct environmental conditions that buffer distinct flora and fauna against prevailing climatic conditions. Physiographic landscape features, such as large water bodies, can create these micro-to-macro-scale terrestrial habitats, such as the prevailing westerly winds across the Laurentian Great Lakes that create relatively cooler leeward conditions in spring and relatively warmer leeward conditions in autumn. The leeward Great Lakes climate effects create a refugia (popularly known as a ‘fruit belt’) favorable for fruit-bearing trees and shrubs. This fruit belt refugia owes its existence to seasonal inversions whereby spring cooling prevents early flower budding …

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The Relevance Of Pedigrees In The Conservation Genomics Era, Stephanie J. Galla, Julie A. Heath Jan 2022

The Relevance Of Pedigrees In The Conservation Genomics Era, Stephanie J. Galla, Julie A. Heath

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Over the past 50 years conservation genetics has developed a substantive toolbox to inform species management. One of the most long-standing tools available to manage genetics—the pedigree—has been widely used to characterize diversity and maximize evolutionary potential in threatened populations. Now, with the ability to use high throughput sequencing to estimate relatedness, inbreeding, and genome-wide functional diversity, some have asked whether it is warranted for conservation biologists to continue collecting and collating pedigrees for species management. In this perspective, we argue that pedigrees remain a relevant tool, and when combined with genomic data, create an invaluable resource for conservation genomic …

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Chemosensitivity Of Locus Coeruleus Neurons Decreases With Postnatal Development, Yasmeen Samar Jan 2022

Chemosensitivity Of Locus Coeruleus Neurons Decreases With Postnatal Development, Yasmeen Samar

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a chemosensory area partially responsible for ventilation. Control over ventilation relies on inter-network communication via chemical and electrical synapses and chemosensitivity to CO2/pH. As the LC develops, it’s neural control over ventilation changes. This study investigates the chemosensitivity of the locus coeruleus over the course of development in postnatal rats. We hypothesize that 1) the CO2 sensitivity of LC neurons is highest at birth and declines with development 2) LC neurons are intrinsically chemosensitive and this chemosensitivity does not decrease with development and 3) the presence of gap junctions is highest at the beginning of …

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An Analysis On Various Treatment Options For Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, Elisheva Dusowitz Jan 2022

An Analysis On Various Treatment Options For Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, Elisheva Dusowitz

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a highly invasive, under-researched subtype of Breast Cancer. Patients lack receptors for the protein Human Epidermal Growth Factor, and both estrogen and progesterone. This negatively impacts treatment by making all hormone-sensitive treatments unavailable to TNBC patients. Since the effectiveness of various options has remained understudied, the prognosis remains poor. This paper attempts to analyze and compare the effectiveness of various treatment options. Because TNBC is very aggressive, the standard approach is to jump in with harsh surgical procedures, including mastectomies and lumpectomies. This analysis finds that more aggressive treatment may not be necessary to treat …

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Full Issue: Volume 15, Number 2, Spring 2022 Jan 2022

Full Issue: Volume 15, Number 2, Spring 2022

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Complete .pdf file of Volume 15, Number 2 of The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences. Published Spring 2022.

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Cardiovascular Disease - Is A Whole Food Plant-Based Diet The Answer?, Shalom Katz Jan 2022

Cardiovascular Disease - Is A Whole Food Plant-Based Diet The Answer?, Shalom Katz

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Objective: To determine if a whole food plant-based diet can prevent and cure cardiovascular disease. Results: People on whole food plant-based diets exhibit extremely low levels of plasma LDL. Another risk factor for developing atherosclerosis, is inhibited production of nitric oxide, which is vital for healthy blood flow. One of the main inhibitors of nitric oxide production is asymmetric dimethyl-l-arginine (ADMA). An inverse relationship was found between dietary fat and ADMA levels. The diets with the best results were the diets where oil intake was reduced to a minimum. Clinically, people who went on whole food plant-based diets had their …

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Osteoporosis: A Comprehensive Review, Eliyahu Greenberg Jan 2022

Osteoporosis: A Comprehensive Review, Eliyahu Greenberg

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeleton that becomes more common with advanced age, especially in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis increases the risk of fractures, thereby reducing the quality of life for those who suffer from it. Due to the aging population, direct costs resulting from osteoporosis are projected to reach upward of $25 billion per year by 2025. The main pharmaceuticals primarily target osteoclasts. Exercise may be an effective method of preventing osteoporosis, although more research needs to be done. More research should be conducted to explore potential ways to enhance osteoblastic activity as a method to treat and/or reverse …

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Does Exercise Make You Smarter?, Avi Derkhidam Jan 2022

Does Exercise Make You Smarter?, Avi Derkhidam

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Physical exercise has been applauded for its beneficial cardiovascular and mental effects for decades. Recently, researchers have begun to study exercise from a different perspective, focusing on the positive relationship between exercise and cognition. One area of cognition highlighted in association with exercise is its positive impact on executive function. Executive function refers to the collection of neurocognitive processes involved in goal-directed problem-solving. Improved levels of cognitive function have been found to impact significant achievements throughout life. Because of this, the development, improvement, and preservation of these functions are essential. While research has proven a correlation between exercise and improved …

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Effective Treatments For Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, Moshe Picciotto Jan 2022

Effective Treatments For Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, Moshe Picciotto

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) is the most common form of breast cancer wherein its progression interrupts the hormonal receptors and genetic variation of one’s DNA. DCIS can be caused by hereditary means, or through mutations. Fortunately, due to the many different modes of contraction, there is a plethora of treatments available in the forms of mastectomy, radiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, and PARP inhibitors, each with their own mechanism of action to combat the tumor and any metastatic effects the cancer may have on the body. This paper analyzes the cancer’s mechanism of action upon the body and the positive effects …

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Nail Cortisol For Welfare Assessment In Shelter And Owned Cats, Minh Pham Quoc Anh Jan 2022

Nail Cortisol For Welfare Assessment In Shelter And Owned Cats, Minh Pham Quoc Anh

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Shelter cats are vulnerable to stress due to the challenging circumstances they face, including confinement, unfamiliar environments, people, and animals. This vulnerability often leads to welfare issues, emphasizing the importance of assessing and improving their well-being. Measuring cortisol levels, a stress hormone, from nails has emerged as a non-invasive method to evaluate the stress response in humans and other animals. This study aimed to apply nail cortisol for welfare assessment in cats by measuring and comparing nail cortisol concentrations (NCCs) of owned cats and shelter cats living in different conditions. Nails of 31 owned cats (OC), 29 shelter cats living …

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Solid-Green Watermelon Cultivar Comparison, Wenjing Guan, Dean Haseman, Dennis Nowaskie, Dan Egel Jan 2022

Solid-Green Watermelon Cultivar Comparison, Wenjing Guan, Dean Haseman, Dennis Nowaskie, Dan Egel

Midwest Vegetable Trial Reports

No abstract provided.

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Plant-Pollinator Interaction Networks In Remnant And Reconstructed Palouse Prairie In Eastern Wa, Usa, Emma Hoskins Jan 2022

Plant-Pollinator Interaction Networks In Remnant And Reconstructed Palouse Prairie In Eastern Wa, Usa, Emma Hoskins

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

Ecological restoration is often focused on re-establishing native plant communities, without considering the larger ecological community, specifically pollinators, despite their being critical to native forb reproduction. Further, ecological restoration has the potential to mitigate global pollinator declines by rebuilding native ecosystems, providing pollinators with floral resources and nesting habitat. This is especially true for prairie restoration, which struggles to establish diverse, abundant native forb communities. The USDA Conservation Reserve Program State Acres for Wildlife Enhancement (CRP SAFE) Palouse Prairie Project provides funding to convert agricultural fields into native Palouse Prairie habitat for the benefit of wildlife. Due to financial and …

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Behavioral Differences In Urban Sciurus Carolinensis With Varying Human Exposure As A Model For Synanthropic Human-Animal Relationships, Tiffany M. Jordan Jan 2022

Behavioral Differences In Urban Sciurus Carolinensis With Varying Human Exposure As A Model For Synanthropic Human-Animal Relationships, Tiffany M. Jordan

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

Synanthropic animals are considered a halfway point between wild and domestic animals that live in urban environments and depend on humans for their survival. Sciurus carolinensis, the eastern gray squirrel, symbolizes a distinctive coexistence between human and wildlife as they are commonly fed in parks and gardens. They are native to the eastern United States. Where they are invasive, they are found only in urban areas and not in rural or wildlife areas. This study examined how different levels of human exposure impact the behavior of S. carolinensis in its non-native range from two different perspectives by using flight initiation …

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The Role Of The Skin Microbiome In Amphibian Pathogen Susceptibility In Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge, Krista S. Dodd Jan 2022

The Role Of The Skin Microbiome In Amphibian Pathogen Susceptibility In Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge, Krista S. Dodd

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

The fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has led to the decline and extinction of many amphibian populations, but some bacteria in the skin microbiome can inhibit its growth. In Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge (TNWR) in eastern Washington, Bd is highly prevalent, but the role of the skin microbiome in Bd infection dynamics have not been examined in this region. We hypothesized that frogs with lower Bd infection intensities would have higher skin bacterial diversity and more abundant anti-Bd bacteria, indicative of a more protective function. Our study combined cultureindependent and culture-dependent methods to assess the relationship between Bd and the …

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Population Assignment Of Entrained Migratory Westslope Cutthroat Trout In North Idaho, Craig D. Wells Jan 2022

Population Assignment Of Entrained Migratory Westslope Cutthroat Trout In North Idaho, Craig D. Wells

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

The Clark Fork-Pend Oreille River basin of northeastern Washington and the Idaho Panhandle historically supported a robust metapopulation of Westslope Cutthroat Trout (WCT) Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi, a western native salmonid of high cultural and economic value. The construction of impassible hydroelectric dams and smaller in-stream barriers has prevented the return of migratory WCT to spawning tributaries, likely leading to the fragmentation of this metapopulation over the last 100 years. One such impassible barrier is Albeni Falls Dam near Newport, Washington. Completed without fish passage capabilities in 1955, Albeni Falls Dam has been of interest as a site for restoring fish …

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Assessing The Behavioral Response Of Westslope Cutthroat Trout To Olfactory Cues In A Two-Choice Y-Maze, Hannah Marie Condron Jan 2022

Assessing The Behavioral Response Of Westslope Cutthroat Trout To Olfactory Cues In A Two-Choice Y-Maze, Hannah Marie Condron

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

The goal of this study was to determine which olfactory cues were most attractive to Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi (WCT) in a two-choice Y-maze. WCT used in this study were from Kings Lake and Paqua Creek in Pend Oreille County, Washington, and tested in 2018 and 2019. The different odorants tested in this study were population-specific pheromones produced by WCT from the same population, conspecific pheromones produced by WCT from the second population, and water obtained from each population’s natal stream. The water Kings Lake WCT were reared in for one year at the Spokane Hatchery was also …

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Modernizing Fish Surveys: Evaluating How Reliable Environmental Dna Sampling Is In Monitoring Fish Populations, Alicia Cozza Jan 2022

Modernizing Fish Surveys: Evaluating How Reliable Environmental Dna Sampling Is In Monitoring Fish Populations, Alicia Cozza

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

No abstract provided.

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Analysis Of Root System Architecture And Qtl Identification In Grapevines, Sujan Thapa Jan 2022

Analysis Of Root System Architecture And Qtl Identification In Grapevines, Sujan Thapa

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

The root system of the plant plays a vital role in water and nutrient uptake. Native North American grapevines adapted to a broad range of climatic and soil conditions, which led to the evolution of diverse root system architecture (RSA) within the Vitis genus. Despite the importance of RSA in viticulture, little is known about the genetic basis of the RSA in grapevine. I used novel root phenotyping tool, RhizoVision Analyzer to characterize the root system of 208 genotypes of an F1 grapevine progeny obtained from a cross between Vitis rupestris Scheele B38 and Vitis riparia Michx. HP-1. Dormant …

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Garlic Curing: Post-Harvest Nutrient Remobilization From Leaves To Cloves, Mary L. Books Jan 2022

Garlic Curing: Post-Harvest Nutrient Remobilization From Leaves To Cloves, Mary L. Books

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is grown on small and large scales worldwide. After harvesting, garlic undergoes a drying process for long-term preservation, called curing. Some producers cure with leaves intact, while others will remove and discard the leaves, curing only the bulbs. Due to the ability of plants to remobilize nutrients from leaves to underground storage organs, such as bulbs, the curing method of garlic may affect clove nutrient content. This study explores nutrient remobilization responses in garlic when cured with leaves intact compared to leaves separated from bulbs. Four cultivars of garlic, German White, Chesnok Red, Romanian Red, and …

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Intercropping Grain Sorghum Into Established Rhizoma Peanut: Greenhouse And Field Studies, Erika Hm Cooperman Jan 2022

Intercropping Grain Sorghum Into Established Rhizoma Peanut: Greenhouse And Field Studies, Erika Hm Cooperman

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Land degradation and urbanization are among the top factors pushing the Kenyan Maasai community into an unstable future, with food insecurity and poverty amidst the most fragile components. Implementing conservation agricultural techniques into the Maasai nomadic lifestyle could potentially lead to a diversification of finances and food security. Intercropping is one technique of conservation agriculture that could provide the Maasai both. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of creating an intercropped environment between rhizoma peanut and grain sorghum. A greenhouse study was conducted from late 2020 to 2021 in an effort to investigate the effects …

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A Study Of Cobalt (Iii) Oxide Nanoparticle Delivery Of Sirna Molecules Directed Against Signaling Intermediates Of The P2y2 Receptor, Rachel Blair Stroud Jan 2022

A Study Of Cobalt (Iii) Oxide Nanoparticle Delivery Of Sirna Molecules Directed Against Signaling Intermediates Of The P2y2 Receptor, Rachel Blair Stroud

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

G protein-coupled receptors are evolutionarily ubiquitous sensors of extracellular signals, propagating intracellular signal cascades through heterotrimeric G proteins. P2Y2 receptors are GPCRs which are activated by extracellular nucleotides to mediate signaling cascades via Gαq coupling. Many GPCRs are subject to a common mechanism for signal termination involving phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail followed by β-arrestin binding and subsequent endocytic internalization of the complex. This effect has been described for the P2Y2 R in the 1321N1 astrocytoma cell line, and UTP-induced activation and desensitization profiles have been previously defined. There is need to develop molecular vehicles for safe and …

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Impact Of Co-Culturing Bacteria Upon Antibiotic Production, Zora Westwalewicz Jan 2022

Impact Of Co-Culturing Bacteria Upon Antibiotic Production, Zora Westwalewicz

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

The lack of new antibiotics capable of treating the ever-increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections reflects the difficulty of finding new antimicrobial compounds. Most antibiotics were originally discovered from microorganisms that were grown in isolation. The interspecies interactions involved in co-culturing microbes, growing two or more strains together, can impact the types and increase production levels of antimicrobial compounds compared to monocultures. The purpose of this study was to determine whether co-culturing antibacterial producers would result in increased antibiotic production. Mixed student samples from the EMU Tiny Earth lab were utilized for this study because there was a higher chance …

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Synthesis Of A Key Building Block For A Metal-Like Carbon-Based Compound, Chimi Dolker Sherpa Jan 2022

Synthesis Of A Key Building Block For A Metal-Like Carbon-Based Compound, Chimi Dolker Sherpa

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

No abstract provided.

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Vocal Analysis Of The Newly Described Atlantic Coast Leopard Frog, Carrie J. Kosiba Jan 2022

Vocal Analysis Of The Newly Described Atlantic Coast Leopard Frog, Carrie J. Kosiba

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

Urbanization alters animal behaviors and especially impacts amphibians due to their sensitivity to environmental change, small home ranges, and reliance on acoustic communication to locate mates. A newly discovered leopard frog species, Rana kauffeldi, was recently described from the New York City metro area. This species was previously characterized as R. sphenocephala due to their nearly identical morphology, but the two species are distinguished based on genetics and calling characteristics. The goal of this project was to document calling intensity and phenology (timing) differences between urban and rural populations of R. kauffeldi, as well as describe variation across …

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Methane Fluxes From The Peninsular Dam Impoundment In Ypsilanti, Mi, Jacob Fagerstrom Jan 2022

Methane Fluxes From The Peninsular Dam Impoundment In Ypsilanti, Mi, Jacob Fagerstrom

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

Dams and reservoirs are a significant source of Methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, due to sediment and organic matter trapping, decomposition, and subsequent anoxia. Most measurements to assess methane production from dams are on large tropical impoundments and reservoirs, with few studies on methane emissions from small, midlatitude impoundments. These small impoundments make up most dams around the world and are underrepresented in the literature. Here, we evaluated methane from low-head dams on a midlatitude river in southeast Michigan. We measured emissions from impoundment and free-flowing sections using static floating chambers and dissolved methane along a longitudinal …

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