Life Sciences Commons^™

Response Of White Clover To Lime And Magnesium On Infertile Acid Soil In Subtropical China, D L. Michalk, Huang Zai Kai

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Severe symptoms (e.g., reddening, yellowing and necrosis) pointed to Mg deficiency as the main cause of poor white clover (Trifolium repens) growth on Hapludult soil in subtropical Guangdong Province, China. A field study was conducted lo measure clover response to Mg fertiliser and interactions with lime. Soil at Lechang Model Cattle Farm was highly acid (pH •)=4.3; Al saturation=85%) and low in­ exchangeable Mg (0.06 Cme./100 g). Mg fertiliser (>100 kg Mg/ha) doubled exchangeable Mg, but Al saturation remained above 75%. Liming at 4 t/ha increased exchangeable Ca IO-fold and reduced Al saturation to

Impact Of Grazing Dairy Cattle On Phosphorus Cycling And Water Quality In A High Water Table Pasture, Bruce W. Mathews, L E. Sollenberger, C R. Staples, C B. Mathews, C G. Chambliss

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

During 1990 and 1991 Callie bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) pastures were used to determine the effects of 3 grazing management systems (short-duration rotational, long-duration rotational and continuous stocking) on P cycling and runoff water quality from intensively managed pastures used to raise replacement heifers (Bos taurus). A hay system also was included to compare soil responses under grazing and clipping. Soil P redistribution was not different among grazing systems, but accumulated in the third of the pastures closest to shade and water. Amounts of soil P were lower in the hay system than in the grazed …

Adaptation Responses Of Tropical Grass-Legume Associations To Acid Soils, I M. Rao, M A. Ayarza, R J. Thomas, M J. Fisher, C E. Lascano, V Borrero

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A greenhouse study was conducted to test the influence of soil texture (clay loam and sandy loam) and soil fertility status (low and high) on plant growth, dry matter (DM) partitioning between shoots and roots, proportion of legume roots in an association, root length density and net photosynthesis of 3 tropical grass + legume associations: Brachiaria dictyoneura + Arachis pintoi; Andropogon gayanus + Centrosema acutifolium; and Andropogon gayanus + Stylosthes capitata adapted to acid soils. Both soils are characterised by low pH and high aluminium saturation. The sandy loam soil had lower levels of soil organic matter and total nitrogen …

Rate Of Decomposition And Release Of Nutrients From Litter In A Heteropogon Contortus-Bothriochloa Bladhii Dominant Native Pasture, Deryk G. Cooksley, J H. Prinsen, C J. Paton, A T. Lisle

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Litter dry matter (DM) decomposition and nutrient (N, P, K and S) release were measured for 8, 6-monthly periods in south-eastern Queensland. Litter collected from native paslure growing on a range of soil types was hammer milled, and buried in nylon bags at the collection site, Moisture and (tn a lesser extent) temperature had a greater effect on DM disappearance from nalive pasture litter than its chemical composition or the soil type. A simple index of litter disappearance was derived from average air temperature and surface (0-10 cm) soil water. Based on long-term rainfall and temperature data, 24.8% of litter …

Nitrogen Use Efficiency By Chloris Gayana During The Cold Season On The Island Of La Reunion, Gilles Mandret, A Ourry, P F. Chaballier, J Salette

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Cattle breeding improvement at the island of la Reunion (Indian Ocean) had to face 2 major problems: increase the production of heifers and improve forage production. Deficit of forage production will require intensification of farming practices and more particularly higher nitrogen inputs in grassland. Moreover, the great pedoclimatic diversity associated with altitude variability implies use of both temperate and tropical species with or without irrigation. Since 1990 experiments have been undertaken with 1SNH4 15NO3 -fertilised Chloris, gayana, Pennisteum clandestinum, and Lolium hybridum during wet and dry seasons. The C, gayana stand was irrigated when necessary and porous ceramic cups …

Soil Factors And Grassland Type Relationships In The Subhumid Zone Of Northern Benin, Brice Sinsin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Soil samples collected under different grassland vegetations were studied. Mineral components were closely related to organic matter (OM) level, which was significantly correlated with cation exchange capacity (CBC). OM had an estimated average CEC of 1.8 me./100 g soil. Total exchangeable bases depended on both organic and mineral components and pH. Exchangeable K and Na depended mostly on clay and silt fractions, Cluster and principal component analysis enabled recognition of 5 clusters each grouping different grassland vegetation types. This confirms that soil factor analysis supports the field descriptions of the study soils but is inadequate to discriminate floristic composition at …

Efficient Nitrogen Fertilizer Strategies For Tropical Beef And Dairy Production Using Summer Rainfall And Soil Analysis, M A. Gilbert, N M. Clarkson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nitrogen (N) deficiency is a major limitation to growth of pastures in tropical and subtropical regions. In the tropics and subtropics of north-eastern Australia, grass yield is curvilinearly related (R2=0.75) to summer rainfall and the rate of N fertiliser. Data from a range of grazing experiments also indicate that beef and dairy production (kg/ ha) are related to N fertiliser rate in a curvilinear manner; production is near optimum at N rates of 250-300 kg N/ha/year, when summer rainfall is >1000 mm. Given the importance of summer rainfall and N fertiliser, climatic analysis can enhance the usefulness of N fertiliser …

Effects Of Tillage On Soil Nitrogen And Growth Of Three Rhodes Grass (Chloris Gayana Kunth) Cultivars On A Typical Haplustol, M F. Barbero, C B. Loza, P C. Faustinelli

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the northern part of the province of Cordoba (32°S), Argentina pasture production is limited by nitrogen availability. The work, using Rhodes ( Chloris gaya11a Ku nth) of 3 origins, evaluated the effect of various dates of surface tillage on the dry matter production and nitrogen content of 3 Rhodes grass cultivars: a local ecotype (Cordobes), cv. Samford and cv. Katambora. Dry matter and nitrogen production was increased in the 3 cultivars when the tillage was done before the rainy season.

Soil Quality And Its Management In Humid Subtropical And Tropical Environments, R Lal, F P. Miller

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The subtropical and tropical ecoregions of the world cover an extensive area of about 4900 million ha, and are characterised by deeply weathered soils derived from geologically old materials, In humid regions, the combination of high temperature and moisture has enhanced the rate and depth of weathering, accelerated leaching and led to the formation of acidic soils with low activity clays. The seasonally dry tropics extend over about 2475 million ha, characterised by savanna vegetation including a mixture of trees and grasses, In comparison with humid ecoregions, the grazing potential is high for soils and climate of the seasonally dry …

Origin And Regulation Of Nutrient Supply To Plants In Humid Tropical Grasslands, Patrick Lavelle, Michael J. Swift

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Stocks and fluxes of carbon and nutrients ln tropical grasslands are determined by a suite of hierarchically organised factors.· Rain foll patterns and edaphic factors first determine the nature of the vegetation, the quantity and quality of organic inputs, and the relative allocation to the production of shoots or roots. Grazing by cattle or native herbivores, and fires, are other processes that significantly affect nutcient cycling. The nature and intensity of constraints exerted by these factors separate different types of tropical grasslands, i.e., savannas induced by the seasonality and limited abundance of rainfall, savannas induced by the poverty of soils …

Viability Of Grass-White Clover Swards For Dairying Production In The Uk, J A. Bax, G.E J. Fisher

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The potential of extensification to reduce production within the BC has increased interest in the use of white clover (Trifolium repens) for milk production. In a long-term system study to determine the potential of white clover, 2 herds of 70 cows were managed on either grass swards plus 350 kg N/ha/annum or on grass-white clover swards which received no inorganic N. Continuous grazing and up to 3 conservation cuts a year had no adverse effects upon clover contents in the mixed swards. Total silage OM yields/ha from the grass-white clover swards were 0,82, 0.81 and 0.96 of those …

Interlaboratory Evaluation Of Bretziella Fagacearum Molecular Detection Assays To Guide The Edna Monitoring Of Oak Wilt Disease, Marie Krystel Gauthier, Abdelmadjid Djoumad, Tara L Bal, Guillaume J Bilodeau, Marc F Digirolomo, Meher Ony, Denita Hadziabdic, Kelsey C Mclaughlin, Laura Miles, Isabel Munck, Karen Lynn Snover-Clift, Philippe Tanguay

Michigan Tech Publications

Oak wilt disease, caused by the fungus Bretziella fagacearum, can kill mature red oaks within months of infection, severely affecting biodiversity, landscapes, and industries. The disease, originally only present in the United States, was officially reported for the first time in Canada in June 2023. The aim of this study was to suggest a standardized assay and sample processing method to optimize oak wilt detection both in infection centers and ahead of the disease front. Two previously published molecular assays, a Nested PCR and a TaqMan qPCR, were compared to detect B. fagacearum in a variety of samples in a …

Post-Transcriptional Methylation Of Mitochondrial-Trna Differentially Contributes To Mitochondrial Pathology, Sunita Maharjan, Howard Gamper, Yuka Yamaki, Thomas W. Christian, Robert Y. Henley, Nan-Sheng Li, Takeo Suzuki, Tsutomu Suzuki, Joseph A. Piccirilli, Meni Wanunu, Erin L. Seifert, Douglas C. Wallace, Ya-Ming Hou

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

Human mitochondrial tRNAs (mt-tRNAs), critical for mitochondrial biogenesis, are frequently associated with pathogenic mutations. These mt-tRNAs have unusual sequence motifs and require post-transcriptional modifications to stabilize their fragile structures. However, whether a modification that stabilizes a wild-type (WT) mt-tRNA would also stabilize its pathogenic variants is unknown. Here we show that the N¹-methylation of guanosine at position 9 (m¹G9) of mt-Leu(UAA), while stabilizing the WT tRNA, has a destabilizing effect on variants associated with MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes). This differential effect is further demonstrated, as removal of the m¹G9 …

Characterizing The Progression From Mild Cognitive Impairment To Dementia: A Network Analysis Of Longitudinal Clinical Visits, Ronald C Petersen, Jennifer St Sauver, Sunghwan Sohn

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: With the recent surge in the utilization of electronic health records for cognitive decline, the research community has turned its attention to conducting fine-grained analyses of dementia onset using advanced techniques. Previous works have mostly focused on machine learning-based prediction of dementia, lacking the analysis of dementia progression and its associations with risk factors over time. The black box nature of machine learning models has also raised concerns regarding their uncertainty and safety in decision making, particularly in sensitive domains like healthcare.

Objective: We aimed to characterize the progression of health conditions, such as chronic diseases and neuropsychiatric symptoms, …

Discovery Of Genes That Positively Affect Biomass And Stress Associated Traits In Poplar, Tatyana Georgieva, Yordan Yordanov, Elena Yordanova, Md Rezaul Khan, Kaiwen Lyu, Victor Busov

Michigan Tech Publications

Woody biomass serves as a renewable resource for various industries, including pulp and paper production, construction, biofuels, and electricity generation. However, the molecular mechanisms behind biomass traits are poorly understood, which significantly curtails the speed and efficiency of their improvement. We used activation tagging to discover genes that can positively affect tree biomass-associated traits. We generated and screened under greenhouse conditions a population of 2,700 independent activation tagging lines. A total of 761 lines, which had significantly and positively affected at least one biomass-associated trait, were discovered. The tag was positioned in the genome for forty lines which were affected …

The Telehealth Shared Decision-Making Coaching And Navigation In Primary Care (Telescope) Intervention: A Study Protocol For Delivering Shared Decision-Making For Lung Cancer Screening By Patient Navigators, Naomi Q P Tan, Lisa M Lowenstein, Elisa E Douglas, Jeanne Silva, Joshua M Bershad, Sanjay S Shete, Jeanne M Ferrante, Elizabeth C Clark, Ana Natale-Pereira, Novneet N Sahu, Shirin E Hastings, Richard M Hoffman, Robert J Volk, Anita Y Kinney

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer screening (LCS) can reduce lung cancer mortality but has potential harms for patients. A shared decision-making (SDM) conversation about LCS is required by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) for LCS reimbursement. To overcome barriers to SDM in primary care, this protocol describes a telehealth decision coaching and navigation intervention for LCS in primary care clinics delivered by patient navigators. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention and its implementation potential, compared with an enhanced usual care (EUC) arm.

METHODS: Patients (n = 420) of primary care clinicians (n …

Determination Of A New Spring-Flying Species Of The Pterourus Glaucus Complex (Papilionidae) In Southern New England, Harry Pavulaan

The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey

The Pterourus glaucus complex in three southern New England states is analyzed for cryptic speciation. What was historically considered to be one species, P. glaucus (Linnaeus, 1758), was recently split to separate P. canadensis (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) at species rank (Hagen et al., 1991). Additionally, P. appalachiensis Pavulaan & Wright, 2002, was described as an Appalachian Mountain endemic. The western member of the complex, P. rutulus (Lucas, 1852), has frequently been considered a subspecies of P. glaucus (Scott, 1986; Tyler, Brown & Wilson, 1994), as was P. alexiares (Höpffer, 1866) (Tyler, Brown & …

Road Signs Detection Using Ssd Mobilenetv2, Zahraa Salah Dhaif, Nidhal K. El Abbadi

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

One of the most critical challenges for self-driving vehicles is accurately identifying traffic signs, which are essential for self-navigation and decision-making. Systems for the detection and recognition of road signs play a crucial role in this process by providing vital information for the vehicle's decision-making. This study proposes an approach for road sign identification and recognition utilising the TensorFlow Object Detection API and the SSD MobileNet V2 FPN Lite model.

In this proposal, we combine the efficiency and accuracy of SSD with the lightweight architecture of MobileNet to achieve excellent performance in object detection benchmarks while maintaining a small model …

Differences In Susceptibility To Sars-Cov-2 Infection Among Transgenic Hace2-Hamster Founder Lines, Scott A. Gibson, Yanan Liu, Rong Li, Brett L. Hurst, Zhiqiang Fan, Venkatraman Siddharthan, Deanna P. Larson, Ashley Y. Sheesley, Rebekah Stewart, Madelyn Kunzler, Irina A. Polejaeva, Arnaud J. Van Wettere, Stefan Moisyadi, John D. Morrey, E. Bart Tarbet, Zhongde Wang

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Animal models that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and develop clinical signs like human COVID-19 are desired to understand viral pathogenesis and develop effective medical countermeasures. The golden Syrian hamster is important for the study of SARS-CoV-2 since hamsters are naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. However, infected hamsters show only limited clinical disease and resolve infection quickly. In this study, we describe development of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic hamsters as a model for COVID-19. During development of the model for SARS-CoV-2, we observed that different hACE2 transgenic hamster founder lines varied in their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 lethal infection. The …

Influence Of Tp53 Gene Mutations And Their Allelic Status In Myelodysplastic Syndromes With Isolated 5q Deletion, Maria Julia Montoro, Laura Palomo, Claudia Haferlach, Pamela Acha, Onyee Chan, Yasuo Kubota, Manja Meggendorfer, Robert Briski, Najla Al Ali, Blanca Xicoy, Félix López-Cadenas, Francesc Bosch, Teresa González, Lea Naomi Eder, Andrés Jerez, Yu-Hung Wang, Alessia Campagna, Valeria Santini, Teresa Bernal Del Castillo, Esperanza Such, Hwei-Fang Tien, Nicolás Diaz Varela, Uwe Platzbecker, Detlef Haase, María Díez-Campelo, Matteo Della Porta, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Daniel H Wiseman, Ulrich Germing, Jaroslaw P Maciejewski, Rami S Komrokji, Francesc Sole, Torsten Haferlach, David Valcárcel

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Mutations in the TP53 gene, particularly multihit alterations, have been associated with unfavorable clinical features and prognosis in patients diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Despite this, the role of TP53 gene aberrations in MDS with isolated deletion of chromosome 5 [MDS-del(5q)] remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of TP53 gene mutations and their allelic state in patients with MDS-del(5q). To that end, a comprehensive analysis of TP53 abnormalities, examining both TP53 mutations and allelic imbalances, in 682 patients diagnosed with MDS-del(5q) was conducted. Twenty-four percent of TP53-mutated patients exhibited multihit alterations, whereas the remaining patients displayed monoallelic …

Structural Basis Of The Human Transcriptional Mediator Regulated By Its Dissociable Kinase Module, Ti-Chun Chao, Shin-Fu Chen, Hee Jong Kim, Hui-Chi Tang, Hsiang-Ching Tseng, Leon Palao, Tao Li, Mo-Fan Huang, Dung-Fang Lee, Kenji Murakami, Thomas G Boyer, Kuang-Lei Tsai

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

The eukaryotic transcriptional Mediator comprises a large core (cMED) and a dissociable CDK8 kinase module (CKM). cMED recruits RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) and promotes pre-initiation complex formation in a manner repressed by the CKM through mechanisms presently unknown. Herein, we report cryoelectron microscopy structures of the complete human Mediator and its CKM. The CKM binds to multiple regions on cMED through both MED12 and MED13, including a large intrinsically disordered region (IDR) in the latter. MED12 and MED13 together anchor the CKM to the cMED hook, positioning CDK8 downstream and proximal to the transcription start site. Notably, the …

Safety Of Kidney Transplantation From Donors With Hiv, Christine M Durand, Allan Massie, Sander Florman, Tao Liang, Meenakshi M Rana, Alexander Gilbert, Sapna A Mehta, Shikha Mehta, Valentina Stosor, Marcus R Pereira, Michele I Morris, Jonathan Hand, Saima Aslam, Maricar Malinis, Ghady Haidar, Catherine B Small, Carlos A Q Santos, Joanna Schaenman, John Baddley, David Wojciechowski, Emily A Blumberg, Karthik Ranganna, Oluwafisayo Adebiyi, Nahel Elias, Jose A Castillo-Lugo, Emmanouil Giorgakis, Senu Apewokin, Diane Brown, Darin Ostrander, Yolanda Eby, Niraj Desai, Fizza Naqvi, Serena Bagnasco, Natasha Watson, Erica Brittain, Jonah Odim, Andrew D Redd, Aaron A R Tobian, Dorry L Segev

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Kidney transplantation from donors with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to recipients with HIV is an emerging practice. It has been performed since 2016 under the U.S. congressional HIV Organ Policy Equity Act and is currently approved for research only. The Department of Health and Human Services is considering expanding the procedure to clinical practice, but data are limited to small case series that did not include donors without HIV as controls.

Methods: In an observational study conducted at 26 U.S. centers, we compared transplantation of kidneys from deceased donors with HIV and donors without HIV to recipients with HIV. …

Media Framing Of Environmental Issues In Jordanian Digital Newspapers, Ramez Abuhasirah, Rasha Salameh

This study investigated media framing of environmental issues in Jordanian digital newspapers. The study employed a media survey approach with content analysis of 335 journalistic articles published on the websites of three major Jordanian newspapers (Al-Ghad, Al-Dustour, Al-Rai) from January 1, 2022, to June 30, 2022. Multi-stage sampling ensured representativeness. Results showed all three Jordanian digital newspapers addressed environmental issues, with Al-Ghad leading (40%), followed by Al-Dustour (31%) and Al-Rai (29%). The study found a diversity of sources in journalistic treatment (officials: 29%, news agencies: 18.5%, journalists: 12.8%). Climate change (23.1%), water resources (17.3%), and food security (14.1%) were the …

University Students' Reliance In Hebron Governorate On Social Media As A Source Of Information About The October 7, 2023 War: A Field Study, Asmaa Musa Al-Adam, Sulaika Muhammad Al-Qadi

The study aimed to determine the extent to which university students in Hebron Governorate rely on social media platforms for coverage of the October 7th war. This study follows descriptive research, using a media audience survey methodology. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered to a random sample of university students in Hebron Governorate, consisting of 211 students. The study reached several conclusions most notably: that the reliance of university students in Hebron Governorate on social media to follow news about the war on Gaza is high, with a percentage of 69.5%. The study also showed that there are cognitive, …

Choosing A Forage System For The Future In Dairying Production In The Western Part Of France, Eric P. Gendron

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A group of 25 dairy farms (44 ha, 38 cows, 7500 kg of milk/cow) was used for elaborating technical and economic references on dairy production systems in the department of Maine et Loire (western France), between 1986 and 1991. Changes in choosing a forage system began with the restriction of dairy production under EC rules introduced in 1984. Very intensive systems (over 10 000 kg of milk/ ha) no longer guaranteed that a better level of production per cow meant a better income for the farmer. After 5 years of study it was possible to propose 4 forage systems with …

Effect Of Grazing Order On Live-Weight Gain Of Young Female Beef Cattle, Jose Fernando Piva Lobato, Blas H.J Cristaldo Albospino, Fernando Rigo Magalhaves, Assan Ali Taher

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to evaluate the daily live-weight gain and overall live weight of 2 groups of 30 female beef calves from weaning until 2 years of age, an experiment was run at Field Station al Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, in Eldorado do Sul district. Group A was introduced to the paddocks first, and the animals were allowed to graze half the available pasture. These animals were then removed and group B was introduced and grazed the remaining available pasture, During the first (28 June 1990-19 October 1990), and second (12 June 1991-16 October 1991 ), winter-spring seasons, …

Animal Keeping By Grazing, I Vinczeffy, M Kota

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study calls attention to some important parameters and effects of the pasture and grazing, on the basis of our experiments carried out during the last 45 years.

Flood-Tolerant Pastures For Dairying In Northland, P W. Woods, J N. Couchman, A O. Taylor

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Much flood-prone land in Northland consists of fertile alluvial flats which are or could be used for dairy production. Heavy rainfall from subtropical cyclonic dislurbances have caused severe pastoral damage to these areas by flooding during late summer and early autumn. A range of pasture species were screened to ascertain plant surviv_al under depleted oxygen levels and warm temperatures which occur in flood water during summer. Subtropical grasses screened tended to survive immersion better than temperate species. Creeping grasses such as Hemarthria altissima and Paspalum distichum were more tolerant than P. dilatatum. Of the temperate species, Phalaris arundinacea, Phleum …

Selecting Lucerne Cultivars For Commercial Crop Processing And Fractionation In New South Wales, Australia, H T. Ostrowski-Meissner, F Falconer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The study was undertaken in the Lachlari River irrigation basin located in the central west region of New South Wales to obtain the fractionation characteristics of 23 varieties of lucerne (Medicago sativa) grown as pure crop stands on a commercial lucerne establishment and select for further study those varieties that showed potential for crop fractionation purposes. The results indicate that of the 23 varieties tested, 9 showed potential for commercial-scale fractionation. These were the Aurora, Trifecta, WL605, Hunterfield, GT58, Sequel, Validor, CUFlOI and Pioneer 5929 with the first three giving the highest yields of crop dry matter, crude …

Effect Of Seasonal Variation In The Fractionation Pattern Of Lucerne Selected For Commercial Crop Processing In Australia, H T. Ostrowski-Meissner, C J. Pearson, L M. Shields

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The study was conducted on an irrigated lucerne (Medicago sativa) crop (cv. Aurora) harvested at the late vegetative stage of maturity for processing and fractionation during autumn, spring, early and late summer. The experiment was carried out using replicated commercial-sized irrigation bays with lucerne dry matter (DM) yields estimated to average some 19 t OM/ha/year. Despite irrigation, the lucerne harvested during the late summer season had the lowest nitrogen content at the time of harvest and yielded less lower crude protein lucerne extract as compared to those crops harvested during the spring and autumn seasons. The lower efficiency …