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Articles 1681 - 1710 of 254178

Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences

Prediction Of The Supply Of Soil Nitrogen To Grass, D C. Whitehead May 2026

Prediction Of The Supply Of Soil Nitrogen To Grass, D C. Whitehead

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Predictions of the supply of soil nitrogen (N) to grass over a growing season requires an assessment of nitrate N plus am­monium N (1) present in the soil at the beginning of the season and (2) likely to be released from the potentially mineralizable organic N during the season. Although a number of methods have been proposed for predicting soil N supply, and in particular the component arising from the potentially mineralizable N, many are too time consuming for routine use, and others have not been proven effective over a range of soils. However, in recent studies, the measurement of …


Phytotoxic Response Of Five Range-Grass Species To Six In-Situ Fossil-Fuel Retort Waters, O D. Skinner, J C. Sexton, T S. Moore, D S. Farrier May 2026

Phytotoxic Response Of Five Range-Grass Species To Six In-Situ Fossil-Fuel Retort Waters, O D. Skinner, J C. Sexton, T S. Moore, D S. Farrier

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Oil shale, tar sands, and undergrowid coal gasification represent viable sources of fossil fuel to assist in meeting U.S. energy needs. Development of fossil-fuel-processing technologies has progressed to a point where commercialization may soon become a reality. Concurrent with this development must be the assessment and solution of environmental problems. A particular and significant problem resides in the handling, containment, treatment, disposal, use, and eventual fate of waters recovered with the oil, gas, and subsurface waters associated with synfuel-processing techniques. The magnitude of plant responses and poten­tial phytotoxic effects resulting from exposure to these produced waters have not been evaluated, …


Suitability Of Early Pleistocene Sandy Lowlands For The Cultivation Of Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.), E Wojahn, G Mundel, W Kreil May 2026

Suitability Of Early Pleistocene Sandy Lowlands For The Cultivation Of Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.), E Wojahn, G Mundel, W Kreil

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The areas with sandy soils in the Pleistocene lowland of the GDR are being ameliorated on a large scale. In these lowlands, low bogs appear together with hydromorphic sandy soils. The latter are situated higher above the groundwater level. Because of the lowering of groundwater by drainage, these sandy soils are no longer suitable for intensive and high-yielding grass cultivation. Especially during summer the comparat:i.vely shallow-rooted grasses cannot gain their water requirement from ground water. Therefore, we investigated whether and under what conditions higher and more reliable forage yields could be obtained on such soils by cultivation of the deeper-rooted …


Impact Of Phosphorus And Potassium Fertilization On Maintaining Alfalfa-Orchardgrass Swards In Hokkaido, Japan, H Oohara, N Yoshida, K Fukunaga, W G. Colby, M Drake, W F. Wedin, G Kemmler, H R. Uxekull, M Hasegawa May 2026

Impact Of Phosphorus And Potassium Fertilization On Maintaining Alfalfa-Orchardgrass Swards In Hokkaido, Japan, H Oohara, N Yoshida, K Fukunaga, W G. Colby, M Drake, W F. Wedin, G Kemmler, H R. Uxekull, M Hasegawa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In spite of the importance of alfalfa for all kinds of livestock, particularly for dairy cattle, the cultivation of alfalfa has not yet expanded in Hokkaido, Japan. A comprehensive research project has been undertaken, based on observations oflong-term'ef­fects of fertilization on longevity and productivity of alfalfa-orchardgrass mixtures. This report is concerned with (1) the dry­matter production of alfalfa and orchardgrass, cultivars of which were introduced from the U.S.A. and (2) the ratio of alfalfa to orchardgrass and uptake of nitrngen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). The research began in 1960 and is continuing with close …


Residual Effects Of Two Years Of Very High Nitrogen Applications On Clay Soil Under Grass In A Humid Temperate Climate, W H. Prins May 2026

Residual Effects Of Two Years Of Very High Nitrogen Applications On Clay Soil Under Grass In A Humid Temperate Climate, W H. Prins

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In recent field trials on all-grass swards on clay soils, fertilizer rates of 480 kg/ha and higher showed distinct residual effects in the following year. This paper analyzes the considerable residual effects of one treatment on heavy clay soil over 2 experimental years, after very high rates of N had been applied during 3 pretreatment years (totaling 800 kg N or more/ha/yr). The residual effect was measured through the increase in yield over a reference treatment, at one rate of N application ( 40 kg N/ha/cut, total­ing 200 and 240 kg N/ha in the first and second experimental years, respectively). …


Liming For Tropical Legume Establishment And Production, G H. Snyder, A E. Kretschmer Jr May 2026

Liming For Tropical Legume Establishment And Production, G H. Snyder, A E. Kretschmer Jr

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Liming has been declared unnecessary for tropical legume production because tropical legumes (1) are efficient in extracting Ca from soils and are tolerant of excess Al, Fe, and Mn, and (2) are readily nodulated by alkali-producing Rhizobium that can function in acid soils. Numerous research reports from Australia, Uganda, Brazil, and Colombia lend credence to this thinking, since no lime responses were observed in those studies. In other work, liming actually depressed tropical legume growth. However, positive responses have been reported in Australia, Hawaii, and Brazil. In Florida, we have observed considerable improvement in the production of Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum …


Effect Of Lime On Lucerne In Relation To Soil Acidity Factors, G P. Mahoney, H R. Jones, J M. Hunter May 2026

Effect Of Lime On Lucerne In Relation To Soil Acidity Factors, G P. Mahoney, H R. Jones, J M. Hunter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Most soils in northeastern Victoria are acid, and problems commonly occur with lucerne (Medicago sativa) establishment and production. Aluminum and manganese have been recognized as major components of soil acidity. Liming to reduce ex­changeable aluminum (Al) has been suggested as a rational approach to determining the lime requirements of lucerne growing in acid soils. This study was undertaken to clarify the relationship between soil acidity factors and lucerne growth and to provide a basis for liming recommendations in northeastern Victoria. The aim was: (1) to determine the effect of a range of rates of lime on establishment, production, and …


Some Effects Of Applied Nitrogen On Grass Growth In Field Swards At Different Times Of Year, D Wilman, P T. Wright May 2026

Some Effects Of Applied Nitrogen On Grass Growth In Field Swards At Different Times Of Year, D Wilman, P T. Wright

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results from 21 field experiments are examined to discover the effects oflevel of applied nitrogen (N) on the regrowth of grass over 8 weeks following a cutting and the situation after about 6 weeks' regrowth, at different times of year. Percentages of N and nitrate Nin herbage generally increased in the early stages of regrowth and then declined. The better the growing conditions were, the faster was the decline. The positive effect of applied Non relative growth rate tended to be greatest and most short-lived when growing conditions were most favorable. Response to applied N increased as growing conditions improved …


Effect Of N-P-K Fertilization On Mineral Composition Of Poa Pratensis L. Grown On A Shallow Muck Soil, J W. Lightner, C L. Rhykerd, G E. Van Scoyoc, D B. Mengel, C H. Noller, B O. Blair May 2026

Effect Of N-P-K Fertilization On Mineral Composition Of Poa Pratensis L. Grown On A Shallow Muck Soil, J W. Lightner, C L. Rhykerd, G E. Van Scoyoc, D B. Mengel, C H. Noller, B O. Blair

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

More than 1 million ha of muck soil suitable for agriculture exists in the northern portion of the Corn Belt in the U.S.A. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans (Glycine max [L.J Merrill) are the major grain crops grown on these soils. Because of problems associated with producing grain crops (e.g., wet conditions, early frosts, excessive weed competition), many farmers are using these muck soils for pasture. Since very little information is available on the fertility requirements of the pastures, a 2-year study was initiated in the spring of 1979 on Edwards muck soil (Limnic Medisaprist) on the Pinney-Purdue …


Effect Of Converting Chaparral To Grassland On Soil Fertility In A Mediterranean-Type Climate, M B. Jones, R L. Koenigs, C E. Vaughn, A H. Murphy May 2026

Effect Of Converting Chaparral To Grassland On Soil Fertility In A Mediterranean-Type Climate, M B. Jones, R L. Koenigs, C E. Vaughn, A H. Murphy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the region of Mediterranean-type climate in California, brush is converted to grassland to reduce fire hazards, increase feed for herbivores, and increase water yields. There is little information on how this change of cover type affects soil fertility over a long period. Research was initiated to measure the long-term effect of converting brush to grass on the availability of nutrients in the soil. In 1956 chaparral growing on Los Gatos soil (fine-loamy, mixed mesic family of typic argixerolls) was crushed, burned, and seeded to grasses and clovers, and half the area was fenced to exclude herbivores. Sprouting brush either …


Waste- Water Application, Dry-Matter Production, And Nitrogen Balanced Rhodesgrass Grown On Fine-Textured Soil Or On Sand Dunes, T Kipnis, A Feigin, I Vaisman, J Shalhevet May 2026

Waste- Water Application, Dry-Matter Production, And Nitrogen Balanced Rhodesgrass Grown On Fine-Textured Soil Or On Sand Dunes, T Kipnis, A Feigin, I Vaisman, J Shalhevet

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The shortage of irrigation water in the semiarid zone of Israel necessitates the use of partially treated municipal effiuents for irrigation of forage grasses. Irrigation with sewage effiuents is being considered very carefully with the aim of maximizing pro­duction and minimizing the pollution ha.zarc;l. A high nitrogen (N) input originating from intensive application of effiuent water may well increase dry-matter production, but it also increases t,he pollution hazard. Frequent application of relatively small quantities of effiuent water was suggested as an efficient method of improving N uptake by rhodesgrass ( Chloris gayana Kunth.) swards. It was expected that nitrate pollution …


Manurial Value Of Liquid, Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge On Grassland In The West Of Scotland, K F. Edgar, R D. Harkess, J Frame May 2026

Manurial Value Of Liquid, Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge On Grassland In The West Of Scotland, K F. Edgar, R D. Harkess, J Frame

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The manurial value of liquid, anaerobically digested sewage sludge is under assessment in west Scotland to evaluate the effects of disposal on grassland. The concentrations of plant nutrients in sludges have been measured with sludge total N being con­sidered as two fractions, volatile N and organic N. The herbage yield response to sludge N, relative to fertilizer N, has been measured in a number of field trials evaluating the effects of sludge composition and season of application. The concentration of organic N, P, and Kin sludge depends on the dry-matter (DM) concentration, which was quite variable (3-100 g/kg). Volatile N …


Availability Of Soil Phosphate To Tropical Pasture Species, F W. Smith May 2026

Availability Of Soil Phosphate To Tropical Pasture Species, F W. Smith

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Quantitative measurements of the amount of soil phosphate available to plants were made by an isotopic-dilution technique (L-value). Following very thorough mixing and equilibration of 32P with soil P, sequential harvests of perennial pasture species were used to monitor the available P pools in two alkaline clay soils. In initial experiments with Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass), an apparent increase was noted in the size of the available P pool over a number of sequential harvests during a 3-month period. This finding suggested that P was being transferred from a previously unavailable pool to the available pool during the ex­perimental period. Planting …


Phosphorus Utilization In Grassland Ecosystems, J Karlovsky May 2026

Phosphorus Utilization In Grassland Ecosystems, J Karlovsky

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The process of phosphorus (P) fixation by soil was long thought to result in large losses of P, an idea that led to a common belief that plants can recover only about 10 % to 25 % of applied P. Because such small recoveries were considered unrealistic and contrary to common farming experience, the efficiency of P utilization in agricultural ecosystems has been investigated. This was done by using (1) a balance sheet approach in long-term P maintenance trials that had reached a steady state, and (2) published data fitted to a common nutrient cycle for nonsteady-state conditions. The efficiency …


Seed Production Potentials Of Eight Tropical Pasture Species In Regions Of Latin America, J E. Ferguson, D Thomas, R P. De Andrade, N Souza Costa, S Jutzi May 2026

Seed Production Potentials Of Eight Tropical Pasture Species In Regions Of Latin America, J E. Ferguson, D Thomas, R P. De Andrade, N Souza Costa, S Jutzi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Early identification of geographic regions providing high and consistent seed yields for species of interest, especially legumes, would be very advantageous. Our objectives were (1) to identify potential seed yield and the principal determinants thereof for a range of species, (2) to determine progressively the relative seed-production potential of distinct geographic regions, and (3) to stimulate emphasis upon seed-production issues within pasture programs. Eight grass and legume species, either promising accessions or local cultivars, were established in replicated pure stands at five locations. Compound fertilizers were applied, including nitrogen for the grasses. Seed was harvested once each time a seed …


Improved Processing For High-Quality Seed Of Big Bluestem, Andropogon Gerardii, And Yellow Indiangrass, Sorghastrum Nutans, R R. Brown, J Henry, W Crowder May 2026

Improved Processing For High-Quality Seed Of Big Bluestem, Andropogon Gerardii, And Yellow Indiangrass, Sorghastrum Nutans, R R. Brown, J Henry, W Crowder

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The recent reintroduction of native prairie warm-season grasses for livestock forage in the Corn Belt presents seed-handling problems with some species. Seeding big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans [L. J Nash) through commonly available seeding equipment is difficult with seed from commercial sources. Commercial seed contains significant amounts ofleaf and stem particles as well as awns and other appendages still attached to the seed. These seed append­ages and inert matter prevent an even flow of seed through the seeding equipment. Specially designed rangeland drills handle the seed rather well, but the limited use of this equipment makes …


Selection For Seed Retention In Phalaris Aquatica L., J R. Mcwilliam, C N. Gibbon May 2026

Selection For Seed Retention In Phalaris Aquatica L., J R. Mcwilliam, C N. Gibbon

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Seed shattering is a problem in most pasture grasses, especially in those that have a history of recent domestication. In many of these grasses, losses from shattering are aggravated by uneven ripening of inflorescences and a low percentage of viable seed. Fragility of the rachilla appears to be the most common cause of seed shattering in grasses, and once this connection is broken, the seed is free to shed from the inflorescence. In some of the more domesticated species, the nature and configuration of the glumes and the manner in which they are packed on the inflorescence play an important …


Inefficient Conversion Of Floret Populations To Actual Seed Harvested In Grass-Seed Crops, K R. Brown May 2026

Inefficient Conversion Of Floret Populations To Actual Seed Harvested In Grass-Seed Crops, K R. Brown

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Obtaining more than 34 machine-dressed seeds from every 100 florets in trials at Lincoln, New Zealand, was uncommon. In ryegrass (Lolium sp.), Grasslands Matua prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl), and G17 cocksfoot (Dacrylis glomerata L.) crops, the larger the floret population, the lower the number of seeds obtained from every 100 florets. Nitrogen (N) improved the return, and in prairie grass the return increased as the rate ofN increased beyond 20 kg N/ha. In prairie grass, floret populations decreased as row spacings increased. With this seed, recovery was highest at wide row spacings, but in cocksfoot the reverse was true. …


Effect Of Different System Of Seed Treatment, Packing, And Storage On Vigor And Germination Of Five Tropical Forage Legumes, R Cabrales, J Bernal May 2026

Effect Of Different System Of Seed Treatment, Packing, And Storage On Vigor And Germination Of Five Tropical Forage Legumes, R Cabrales, J Bernal

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Production of tropical forage·l􀂗􀂘me seeds is expensive. Very often, the establishment of mixtures is difficult because of lack of uniformity in vigor and germination of the legume seed. Treatment with chemical compounds has been reported to be useful in breaking dormancy. The packing material and temperature of storage have also been reported to affect seed vigor and ger­mination. The following treatments were applied to recently harvested seeds of tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides [Roxb.) Benth.), clitoria (Clitoria ternatea L.), centrosema (Centrosema pubescens Benth.), siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum DC. Urb.), and desmodium (Desmodium intortum [Mill.) Fawc. and Rendle): concentrated sulfuric acid (96 % …


Seed Production For The Establishment Of Pennisteum Americanum X P. Purpureum F1 Hybrid Pastures, M E. Aken'ova, H R. Chheda May 2026

Seed Production For The Establishment Of Pennisteum Americanum X P. Purpureum F1 Hybrid Pastures, M E. Aken'ova, H R. Chheda

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Several genotypes among the interspecific F 1 hybrids between Maiwa, a short-day, photoperiod-sensitive local cultivar of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke), and elephant grass (P. purpureum Schumach) produced at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, combine the high dry-matter yield potential and perenniality of elephant grass with greater acceptability to livestock and increased digestibility, resulting in higher live-weight gains than elephant grass. Though sterile, the Fr Pennisetum hybrids are easily propagated vegetatively. Distribution over a wider area of adaptation can be facilitated by large-scale F 1 seed production utilizing cytoplasmic male-sterile pearl millet. Cytoplasmic male-sterile Maiwa was developed by transferring …


Effect Of Autumn And Spring Defoliation And Defoliation Method On Seed Yield Of Lolium Perenne, P D. Hebbleethwaite, T.G A. Clemence May 2026

Effect Of Autumn And Spring Defoliation And Defoliation Method On Seed Yield Of Lolium Perenne, P D. Hebbleethwaite, T.G A. Clemence

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Trials in 1979 and 1980 evaluated the effect of autumn and spring defoliations on fertile apex removal, tiller survival, seed­yield components, and seed and forage yield in two amenity- and one agricultural-type perennial ryegrasses (Lolium perenne), established in the autumn. Methods (reciprocating mower or sheep), height (3-5 cm or 6-8 cm) of defoliation, and the addition of supplementary nitrogen (N) after defoliation were evaluated in the variety Royal in 1980. In both years and all varieties, autumn defoliation had no significant effect on seed yield. With the exception of Royal in 1980, seed yields were reduced by cutting, if it …


Post Residue As A Management Tool In Grass-Seed Production, D O. Chilcote, H W. Youngberg, W C. Young Iii May 2026

Post Residue As A Management Tool In Grass-Seed Production, D O. Chilcote, H W. Youngberg, W C. Young Iii

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Postharvest residue burning, initiated in Oregon in the early 1940s to control blind seed disease in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), has been found to be a most effective field sanitation method that also enhances seed yield. It is now a general prac­tice in Oregon, and its use is expanding to other regions. Questions of how burning beneficially affects grass-seed crop production have been the focus of many studies conducted over several years in the Willamette Valley. These studies were given impetus by the concern for clean air in certain locations in Oregon. The objectives of the research were (1) …


Trials On Time Of Nitrogen Application In The Spring To Various Grasses Grown For Seed Production, A Nordestgaard May 2026

Trials On Time Of Nitrogen Application In The Spring To Various Grasses Grown For Seed Production, A Nordestgaard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

With most of the grasses grown for seed in Denmark, a series of trials has been carried out on increasing nitrogen rates in the autumn combined with increasing rates in the spring. The results of these trials show that an autumn application of nitrogen is very important to most of the grasses and necessary if the optimum yield of seed is to be achieved. In order to find the best time to apply nitrogen in the spring when producing grass seed, a number of trials have been carried out in recent years with various grasses. Up to and including 1980, …


Livestock Resources In The World Food Supply, J A. Pino May 2026

Livestock Resources In The World Food Supply, J A. Pino

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

I would like to express my appreciation to the Govern­ing Board of the XIV International Grassland Congress , to Dr. Robert Barnes, its President, and especially to Dr. John E. Baylor, Chairman of the Governing Board of the XIV International Grassland Congress, for the kind in­vitation to speak at this distinguished gathering. I am pleased also to be in the state of Kentucky, a recognized leader in pasture and forage research and practice, a recognition attested to by this Congress . I regret that my own schedule did not allow me to participate in the various scientific and technical sessions …


Grassland Development In Japan And Other Asian Countries, I Nikki May 2026

Grassland Development In Japan And Other Asian Countries, I Nikki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Only since World War II has attention been directed to grassland injapan. Forage crops were introduced on dairy farms for feeding cattle . Acreages have increased and now equal 15 % of the total field area. Forage crops are second to :rice as a major crop . The New Grassland Law, approved in 1950, has led to "grassland improvement" and development of established pastures. J apa:n, situated in the most northern part of the Asian Monsoon Area, is warm as a rule and has much rainfall. Miscanthus sinen­sis Steud. and Zoysiajaponica Steud. are the dominant representative species of natural grassland. …


Resource Allocation For Animal-Grassland Systems, G W. Thomas May 2026

Resource Allocation For Animal-Grassland Systems, G W. Thomas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The production of animal products from grasslands is dependent upon an adequate resource base-particularly the availabil­ity ofland, water, and energy. In addition, range and pasture production systems must be designed to adjust to climatic varia­tions and to minimize adverse environmental impacts. Several new developments will have a significant impact on the future allocation of resources for animal agriculture: (1) in­creased competition for land and water, which is leading to transfers from agricultural to nonagricultural uses; (2) increasing costs and decreasing availability of "cultural energy" (particularly fossil fuels); (3) more pressure to divert grains and feed con­centrates from animals to direct …


Physiological And Morphological Advances For Forage Improvement, J P. Cooper May 2026

Physiological And Morphological Advances For Forage Improvement, J P. Cooper

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage production basically involves the conversion of environmental inputs to provide digestible energy and other nutrients for ruminant livestock. The plant breeder needs to consider the seasonal inputs or constraints in his particular environment, the efficiency of the crop in responding to these factors, those features of the plant that contribute to this efficiency, and the degree to which those features can be modified by selection and breeding. Forage production basically involves the conversion of environmental inputs to provide digestible energy and other nutrients for ruminant livestock. The plant breeder needs to consider the seasonal inputs or constraints in his …


Multiple Use Of Grassland Resources (Grasslands To Provide Natural Resource Conservation And A Quality Environment For Mankind), P J. Edwards May 2026

Multiple Use Of Grassland Resources (Grasslands To Provide Natural Resource Conservation And A Quality Environment For Mankind), P J. Edwards

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The grasslands of the world ( and communities closely akin to them, such as shrub and savanna types) provide not only a very effective mantle for protection of the soil, but also the main source of feed for herbivores. They also cater to many other needs of mankind. Increasing population results in competition between types of grassland use for specific sites. Sound planning is necessary to resolve this conflict in the way most beneficial to mankind. In order to plan logically it is necessary to make an inventory of the resources, to consider the various uses to which grasslands can …


Nitrogen Relationships In Grassland Ecosystems, A Lazenby May 2026

Nitrogen Relationships In Grassland Ecosystems, A Lazenby

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Some recent findings affecting nitrogen (N) cycling in grassland ecosystems are discussed, and an indication is given of major problems requiring research and development. The importance of modern techniques is stressed to enable further quantification of the pathways and processes of the nutrient in grassland; such data are needed both to improve understanding and to enable more efficient use of N in practice. A brief description of the N in soil organic matter is followed by an account of symbiotic N fixation by legumes, including estimated levels and rates of fixation and factors affecting the process. Data are presented on …


Practical Livestock-Forage Systems: Model To Manager, R W. Brougham May 2026

Practical Livestock-Forage Systems: Model To Manager, R W. Brougham

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The developments in practical livestock-forage systems research during this century are outlined, and present-day approaches are discussed. Some examples of production levels presently being obtained from research stations, top farmers, and average farmers in different regions of the world are presented. These indicate that production levels being obtained from livestock­forage systems research remain appreciably higher than levels being obtained from the best farmers. Comments are made on the many different research techniques used to demonstrate these levels in both developed and developing countries. The value of this type of research to the farm adviser and farmer is also noted. Some …