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Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences

The Glass Finds From Ben Shemen (Pp. 173–185), Natalya Katsnelson Jan 2025

The Glass Finds From Ben Shemen (Pp. 173–185), Natalya Katsnelson

'Atiqot

In the excavation near Ben Shemen, a small but important glass assemblage was retrieved from the fills of Miqveh C. Most of the glass fragments dated from the time between the Great Jewish Revolt and the Bar Kokhba Revolt (the late first to the early second centuries CE). In addition, several glass vessels and objects, dating from the Persian to the Byzantine periods were found.

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Ritual Baths (Miqva‘Ot), Cisterns And Other Remains On The Fringes Of The Ancient Settlement In Ben Shemen (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–18*; English Summary, Pp. 255–256), Ronit Lupu Jan 2025

Ritual Baths (Miqva‘Ot), Cisterns And Other Remains On The Fringes Of The Ancient Settlement In Ben Shemen (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–18*; English Summary, Pp. 255–256), Ronit Lupu

'Atiqot

The excavation within the precincts of the ancient site of Ben Shemen revealed three ritual baths (miqva‘ot), four cisterns, a quarry and a cave. The finds were mainly retrieved from fills within the installations, including pottery, glass and coins dating from the Hellenistic, Early Roman, Late Roman–Byzantine and Mamluk periods. Of special interest are the finds from the Early Roman period, dating between the Great Jewish Revolt and the Bar Kokhba Revolt (mid-first to the beginning of the second centuries CE). These add important information regarding the landscape of the Ben Shemen area and the larger region of the Lodian …

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A Nabatean Roadside Temple At Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓa In The Negev Highlands (With A Contribution By Donald T. Ariel) (Pp. 145–172), Tali Erickson-Gini Jan 2025

A Nabatean Roadside Temple At Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓa In The Negev Highlands (With A Contribution By Donald T. Ariel) (Pp. 145–172), Tali Erickson-Gini

'Atiqot

The site was established in the mid-first century CE during the Nabatean rule over the area and was destructed in the second century CE, probably due to an earthquake. After a gap, the site was partially occupied in the post-annexation (second–third centuries CE) and early Byzantine (Phase 3; fourth–mid-fifth centuries CE) periods. Based on architectural considerations, the presence of large rectangular stone basins and numerous Nabataean coroplastic objects, it is suggested that the building served as a roadside temple along the road established by the Nabateans on the eastern side of the ‘Arava Valley.

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The Coins From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 121–127), Donald T. Ariel Jan 2025

The Coins From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 121–127), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

Some 16 coins were found in the excavation of Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat, 14 of which were identified. The coins date from the Hellenistic, Byzantine and Mamluk periods. Of interest are two coins: a coin of Demetrius III from the mint of Damascus, probably reflecting the king’s presence in the northern part of the country, and an issue of Commodus from the mint of Adraa in the Decapolis.

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Animal Bones From Iron Age And Mamluk-Period Contexts In Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 129–144), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

Animal Bones From Iron Age And Mamluk-Period Contexts In Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 129–144), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

The excavations at Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat yielded a small assemblage of animal bones from Iron II contexts and a medium-sized sample of bones from a Mamluk building. The Iron II sample indicates a non-specialized economy, probably practiced by town-dwellers, alongside sporadic hunting. The Mamluk-period faunal remains attest to a husbandry regime, as well as hunting. The zooarchaeological finds from the Mamluk period suggest the presence of high-status individuals, either Christian pilgrims on their way to Nazareth or itinerant Muslim elites on a hunting foray.

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The Glass Finds From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 115–120), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

The Glass Finds From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 115–120), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The excavation at Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat yielded 140 glass fragments, 90 of which were diagnostic. The finds date to the Late Roman–early Byzantine (fourth–early fifth centuries CE), the late Byzantine and early Umayyad (sixth–seventh centuries CE) and to the Crusader and Mamluk periods, confirming the modest domestic nature of the settlement.

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Iron Age, Persian–Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine And Crusader–Mamluk-Period Remains At Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat In Lower Galilee (Pp. 65–114), Yardenna Alexandre Jan 2025

Iron Age, Persian–Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine And Crusader–Mamluk-Period Remains At Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat In Lower Galilee (Pp. 65–114), Yardenna Alexandre

'Atiqot

The excavation at Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat unearthed remains from Iron Age II and the late Persian–early Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods. The main findings are from Iron Age II and the Crusader–Mamluk periods. During Iron Age IIA, a small, possibly fortified, town was established on the hilltop, continuing into Iron IIB, with some evidence of a destruction or abandonment, and new buildings were erected in Iron IIC. The Iron IIA–C pottery at the site spans the tenth–seventh centuries BCE. A Mamluk-period building, with an earlier phase in the Crusader period, included pottery, glass vessels and a few coins …

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Geomorphological Setting And Palaeoenvironment Of The Pottery Neolithic Site At Tel Yosef (Tell Esh-Sheikh Ḥasan) (Pp. 61–64), Arlene Miller Rosen Jan 2025

Geomorphological Setting And Palaeoenvironment Of The Pottery Neolithic Site At Tel Yosef (Tell Esh-Sheikh Ḥasan) (Pp. 61–64), Arlene Miller Rosen

'Atiqot

The Pottery Neolithic site at Tel Yosef is located on the southern fringe of the Ḥarod Valley, on heavy clay vertisol soils, formed in the marshy environment of the valley. Several springs, situated within easy walking distance from the site, served convenient water resources for the prehistoric residents. A deep geological section at the eastern edge of the site allowed for a reconstruction of the landscape and environmental history of the site’s vicinity.

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The Groundstone Assemblage From The Pottery Neolithic Site At Tel Yosef (Tell Esh-Sheikh Ḥasan) (Pp. 53–59), Hamoudi Khalaily, Ofer Marder Jan 2025

The Groundstone Assemblage From The Pottery Neolithic Site At Tel Yosef (Tell Esh-Sheikh Ḥasan) (Pp. 53–59), Hamoudi Khalaily, Ofer Marder

'Atiqot

Sixty groundstone artifacts were unearthed in the Tel Yosef excavations. Most of the artifacts were made from limestone or dolomite, some of them were made of fine-grained or vesicular basalt, sandstone, beachrock, granite and exotic minerals, such as quartzite. The Tel Yosef groundstone assemblage exhibits a high degree of similarity to other Pottery Neolithic groundstone assemblages, inter alia in type frequencies.

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The Pottery Neolithic Settlement At Tel Yosef (Tell Esh-Sheikh Ḥasan) (Pp. 1–27), Karen Covello-Paran Jan 2025

The Pottery Neolithic Settlement At Tel Yosef (Tell Esh-Sheikh Ḥasan) (Pp. 1–27), Karen Covello-Paran

'Atiqot

The Neolithic site of Tel Yosef, located at the foot of the Gilbo‘a Mountains, is an important addition to the densely populated Harod and Bet She’an Valleys during the Pottery Neolithic period. Three strata were excavated and assigned to the PPNC/Early Pottery Neolithic (Stratum III), Early Pottery Neolithic (Stratum II) and Late Pottery Neolithic (Stratum I) periods. In Stratum III, both rectilinear and curvilinear buildings were found, whereas in Stratum II, the buildings were exclusively rectilinear. The architectural remains in Strata III and II are evidence of site organization and village planning. The site was abandoned in the late fifth …

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The Flint Assemblage Of The Pottery Neolithic Site Of Tel Yosef (Tell Esh-Sheikh Ḥasan) (Pp. 29–52), Hamoudi Khalaily Jan 2025

The Flint Assemblage Of The Pottery Neolithic Site Of Tel Yosef (Tell Esh-Sheikh Ḥasan) (Pp. 29–52), Hamoudi Khalaily

'Atiqot

The flint assemblage of the Pottery Neolithic site of Tel Yosef was analyzed based on its stratigraphic position. Strata III and II yielded most of the flint artifacts, some of them were attributed to the Jericho IX culture, while the majority was dated exclusively to the Yarmukian culture. The Stratum I assemblage comprised objects dating to the Wadi Rabah phase. Nine tools, which predate the Pottery Neolithic period, possibly indicate human activity at the site prior to the Stratum III occupation.

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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The Coins From Khirbat Burin (Pp. 245–250), Donald T. Ariel, Ariel Berman Jan 2025

The Coins From Khirbat Burin (Pp. 245–250), Donald T. Ariel, Ariel Berman

'Atiqot

The coins found at Khirbat Burin range in date from the Seleucid through the Mamlūk periods. The excavations yielded coins of the Byzantine (sixth–seventh centuries CE) and Early Islamic (eighth–twelfth centuries CE) periods, which heretofore have not been documented at the site.

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The Glass Vessels From Khirbat Burin (Pp. 219–240), Raz Kletter Jan 2025

The Glass Vessels From Khirbat Burin (Pp. 219–240), Raz Kletter

'Atiqot

Three metal weights retrieved from Khirbat Burin were used with small balances, either simple or folding. Weight No. 1 is a cubical iron weight, ranging in date from the late Fatimid to the Mamluk periods, and even as late as the nineteenth century CE. Weight Nos. 2 (a polyhedral) and 3 are made of bronze and were probably used for measuring coins during the Mamluk period.

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Metal Weights From Khirbat Burin (Pp. 241–243), Nili Liphschitz Jan 2025

Metal Weights From Khirbat Burin (Pp. 241–243), Nili Liphschitz

'Atiqot

The excavations at Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ yielded charred pieces of wood and carbonized olive stones, which were derived from two tree species: Olea europaea and Quercus calliprinos. AMS analysis indicated that the olive stones date to the Chalcolithic period. The stones’ dimensions are similar to those of olive stones found at contemporary sites, attesting that stone size is a valid metric for identification of cultivated trees.

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The Archaeobotanical Remains From Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ (Pp. 141–144), Raz Kletter, Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

The Archaeobotanical Remains From Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ (Pp. 141–144), Raz Kletter, Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

The excavations at Khirbat Burin exposed a large complex of medieval buildings (Strata I–II), as well as fills with mixed materials, mostly dating to the late Byzantine–Early Islamic periods (Stratum III). Three building phases were observed in the building complex of Stratum II (a–c). The complex was probably established during the Crusader period (mid-twelfth–early thirteenth centuries CE; Stratum IIa), before the area was conquered by Baybars I in 1265 CE. The ethnicity of the dwellers in not clear; they might have been either Muslims or Franks. The Strata IIb–c horizon dates to the Mamluk period (late thirteenth–fourteenth centuries CE). The …

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Khirbat Burin: Rural Life During The Crusader And Mamluk Periods In The Eastern Sharon Plain (Pp. 145–217), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Khirbat Burin: Rural Life During The Crusader And Mamluk Periods In The Eastern Sharon Plain (Pp. 145–217), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The glass vessels from Khirbat Burin are mainly dated to the Mamluk period. The pre-Mamluk glass vessels are common types of the Late Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, known from other sites in the region. Meager diagnostic remains of a glass industry were found at the site as well, including glass debris and small chunks of raw glass, probably dating to the Late Roman and early Byzantine periods. The well-dated group of Mamluk vessels is rather heterogeneous, presenting a wide range of vessel types, including decorated vessels with marvered trails and a vessel with remains of enamel painting. The …

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Petrographic Results Of Selected Chalcolithic Pottery Vessels From Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ (Pp. 137–140), Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

Petrographic Results Of Selected Chalcolithic Pottery Vessels From Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ (Pp. 137–140), Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

Multiple vessel types were analyzed petrographically, including bowls, cornets, pithoi and jars. The analyzed pottery was arranged into three petrographic groups: Group A, of local clay, comprised most of the assemblage; one jar was made of marl of the nearby Moẓa Formation (Group B); and one holemouth jar was identified as the Moẓa Formation clay member (Group C). The petrographic data widens our understanding of cultural interconnections and exchange patterns during the Chalcolithic period.

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The Geological Setting Of Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ (Pp. 131–136), Eldad Barzilay Jan 2025

The Geological Setting Of Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ (Pp. 131–136), Eldad Barzilay

'Atiqot

This report focuses on the geo-archaeological setting of Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ, emphasizing the karstic nature of the chalk and nari manifested in the excavated rock shelter (Area A) and caves (Areas A and B).

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Variability Of The Ground Stone Artifacts From Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ (Pp. 107–130), Yorke M. Rowan Jan 2025

Variability Of The Ground Stone Artifacts From Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ (Pp. 107–130), Yorke M. Rowan

'Atiqot

A total of 120 ground stone artifacts were recovered from the excavations at Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ. They represent an atypical group, presumably reflecting the distinct activities carried out in the different areas at the site. Many hammerstones were found in relation to rock-cut cupmarks, which are thought to have been used for the processing of agricultural products. Many basalt vessels were retrieved as well, including fenestrated stands and fine bowls, some exhibiting exterior decoration. The quality and quantity of the Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ assemblage suggests that the site’s inhabitants participated in networks distributing prestige objects, such as the basalt bowls; alternatively, stone …

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Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ: A Chalcolithic Habitation Site And Agricultural Installations In The Shephelah Foothills (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Deborah A. Sklar-Parnes, And By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Pp. 1–87), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Dorit Lazar Jan 2025

Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ: A Chalcolithic Habitation Site And Agricultural Installations In The Shephelah Foothills (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Deborah A. Sklar-Parnes, And By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Pp. 1–87), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Dorit Lazar

'Atiqot

Excavations at the site revealed the remains of a Chalcolithic broadroom building and adjacent activity areas, which were used for processing agricultural produce and the storing thereof. Two karstic caves were used intermittently during the Chalcolithic period and Early Bronze Age I for domestic and burial purposes. Also uncovered was a single shaft tomb, dating from the Intermediate Bronze Age, various rock-cut installations and three limekilns. The Chalcolithic habitation remains date from around 4000 BCE, based on two calibrated Carbon-14 readings of carbonized olive stones. Finds recovered from the surface and in unassociated contexts point to sporadic occupation at this …

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The Chipped Stone Assemblage From Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ (Pp. 89–105), Hamoudi Khalaily Jan 2025

The Chipped Stone Assemblage From Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ (Pp. 89–105), Hamoudi Khalaily

'Atiqot

A total of 3720 flint artifacts were collected, including waste products, characteristic of on-site flint-tool production. The Chalcolithic chipped stone assemblage from Ḥorbat Nevallaṭ is domestic in function and comprises a wide repertoire of types, among them some Chalcolithic-period hallmarks, typical of the Ghassul-Be’er Sheva‘ cultures. The finds from Nevallaṭ are a valuable addition to the regional corpus of the Judean Hills and the Shephelah.

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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Ramla, The Pool Of The Arches: New Evidence For The Water Inlet Into The Pool (Pp. 125–161), Ron Toueg, Yael D. Arnon Jan 2025

Ramla, The Pool Of The Arches: New Evidence For The Water Inlet Into The Pool (Pp. 125–161), Ron Toueg, Yael D. Arnon

'Atiqot

The Pool of the Arches in Ramla has been studied architecturally and historically, but never tested archaeologically. Large-scale conservation works at the site offered a rare opportunity for an archaeological examination. Two areas were opened with the aim of revealing the water inlet into the pool and to resolve the reason for the construction of the pool at this location. Based on pottery finds, it seems that the pool ceased to be used during the Tulunid regime, in the late ninth or the beginning of the tenth century CE. This dating matches the date in which the Umayyad aqueduct ceased …

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Late Byzantine And Early Islamic Bathhouse Remains And Vestiges Of Earlier Periods At Azor (With A Contribution By Raz Kletter) (Pp. 73–124), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Lev Kapitaikin, Yehudah Rapuano Jan 2025

Late Byzantine And Early Islamic Bathhouse Remains And Vestiges Of Earlier Periods At Azor (With A Contribution By Raz Kletter) (Pp. 73–124), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Lev Kapitaikin, Yehudah Rapuano

'Atiqot

Excavations at Azor revealed architectural remains of a bathhouse that functioned over a long timespan, extending from the late Byzantine (fifth–first third of the seventh centuries CE) to the Early Islamic (ninth century CE) periods. The finds include plastered and tiled walls, hypocaust remains, cement water conduits, segments of clay pipes and ceramic tiles. These bathhouse remains are an important addition to the few known ancient bathhouses within the greater Tel Aviv area from this period. Sporadic finds recovered from fills point to the likely presence of a late EB I settlement and an Iron I–II occupation, including two cult …

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Ḥorbat Basha: A Roman–Byzantine-Period Site In The Hinterland Of Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 25*–69*; English Summary, Pp. 166–168), Ilan Peretz Jan 2025

Ḥorbat Basha: A Roman–Byzantine-Period Site In The Hinterland Of Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 25*–69*; English Summary, Pp. 166–168), Ilan Peretz

'Atiqot

The salvage excavation conducted at Ḥorbat Basha exposed traces of a building, walls, floors and habitation levels from the Roman period (second–late third/early fourth centuries CE), as well as two phases of a simple and complex winepress with secondary surfaces, dating to the Late Roman–Byzantine periods (late third/early fourth–sixth centuries CE). The finds include potsherds, glass fragments and coins. The site is part of an array of settlements in Ashqelon’s agricultural hinterland, whose occupants evidently produced wine. Ḥorbat Basha underwent abandonment and destruction during the late Byzantine period, probably following a local large-scale disaster, such as a plague in the …

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The Coins From Ḥorbat Basha (Pp. 65–71), Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From Ḥorbat Basha (Pp. 65–71), Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

The excavations at Ḥorbat Basha yielded 53 coins, 24 of which were identified. All the coins are bronze, except for a silver fraction of a dirham. The bulk of the numismatic evidence comprises Late Roman minimi, dating from the first quarter of the fourth century until the mid-fifth century CE; five were discovered at the bottom of a collecting vat of a winepress. The absence of sixth-century CE coins at the site stands in contrast to the abundance of pottery and glass vessels from this period—a phenomenon previously recorded at other sites in the region.

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The Inscriptions On The Milestones From The Bet Neṭofa Valley (Pp. 61–64), Benjamin Isaac Jan 2025

The Inscriptions On The Milestones From The Bet Neṭofa Valley (Pp. 61–64), Benjamin Isaac

'Atiqot

Three milestones, inscribed in Latin, were found in the excavations in the Bet Neṭofa Valley. Two milestones are attributed the reign of Hadrian, one is dated to the beginning of his reign, in 120 CE, and the other, to his visit to the region in 130 CE. The third milestone dates to the days of Constantine the Great and his sons, between 333 and 337 CE. These milestones are important evidence of the earliest and latest recorded stages of systematic road-planning in Judea-Palestina.

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A Milestone Station In The Bet Neṭofa Valley, North Of Ẓippori, And Its Place In The Roman Imperial Road System In The Galilee (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–24*; English Summary, Pp. 163–165), Yotam Tepper Jan 2025

A Milestone Station In The Bet Neṭofa Valley, North Of Ẓippori, And Its Place In The Roman Imperial Road System In The Galilee (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–24*; English Summary, Pp. 163–165), Yotam Tepper

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation in the western Bet Neṭofa Valley exposed a square foundation, three large stone bases and three milestones. The three milestones are inscribed in Latin and seem to have been erected along a road that ran from north to south in two main phases: during the days of Hadrian (120 CE and 130 CE), and later, during the reign of Constantine (333–337 CE). The stone-built foundation dates to the fourth century CE. One of its stones bore a worn relief of an animal, probably a lion in profile. Its location beside the road suggests that it was a …

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Five Incised Stone Slabs From Maresha (Pp. 45–60), Yael Young Jan 2025

Five Incised Stone Slabs From Maresha (Pp. 45–60), Yael Young

'Atiqot

A group of five fragmentary stone slabs, each bearing incised or engraved figures, was unearthed within Subterranean Complex 57 at Maresha in the Judean Shephelah. The incisions belong to two categories based on their composition: arbitrary (i.e., graffito art) or planned. It is difficult to attribute graffito-art to a specific period on stylistic grounds alone; however, based on comparisons with graffito art previously documented at the site and its vicinity, the slabs probably date to the Hellenistic period (third or second centuries BCE).

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