Materials Science and Engineering Commons^™

Microstructural Influence On Mechanical Properties Of A Lightweight Ultrahigh Strength Fe-18mn-10al-0.9c-5ni (Wt%) Steel, Michael Piston, Laura Bartlett, Krista R. Limmer, Daniel M. Field

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This study evaluates the role of thermomechanical processing and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a hot rolled, annealed, and aged Fe-18Mn-10Al-0.9C-5Ni (wt%) steel. The steel exhibited rapid age hardening kinetics when aged in the temperature range of 500-600 ⁰C for up to 50 h, which has been shown in other work to be the result of B2 ordering in the ferrite and K-carbide precipitation within the austenite matrix. The ultimate tensile strength increased from 1120 MPa in the annealed condition to 1230 MPa after 2 h of aging at 570 ⁰C. Charpy V-notch toughness was evaluated …

On The Recovery And Fatigue Life Extension Of Stainless Steel 316 Metals By Means Of Recovery Heat Treatment, Ali Haghshenas, M. M. Khonsari

Faculty Publications

In this paper, we propose a methodology for enhancing the fatigue life of SS316 by performing intermittent recovery heat-treatment (RHT) in the Argon environment at different temperatures. To this end, fully-reversed fatigue bending tests are conducted on the heat-treated SS316 specimens. Damping values are obtained using the impact excitation technique to assess the damage remaining in the material after each RHT and the corresponding fatigue life. Damping is also used to distinguish the three stages of the fatigue phenomenon and the onset of crack initiation. The results show that by performing intermittent RHTs, the density of dislocation is decreased substantially …

Manual For Thin Asphalt Overlays, Lerose Lane, R. Gary Hicks, Dingxin Cheng, Erik Updyke

Mineta Transportation Institute

This manual presents best practices on project selection, mix design, and construction to ensure a superior product when constructing thin asphalt overlays. Experience shows these treatments provide excellent performance when placed on pavements in fair to good condition using proper construction techniques. Though sometime referred to by other names, thin asphalt overlays have been widely used for pavement preservation throughout the world for over 50 years.

Limited infrastructure funding at the local, state, and federal levels has resulted in greater emphasis on the use of pavement preservation techniques to extend pavement life and reduce maintenance costs. Thin asphalt overlays are …

Mechanical Properties Of Direct Waste Printing Of Polylactic Acid With Universal Pellets Extruder: Comparison To Fused Filament Fabrication On Open-Source Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers, Arthur Alexandre, Fabio A. Cruz Sanchez, Hakim Boudaoud, Mauricio Camargo, Joshua M. Pearce

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most common and widespread additive manufacturing (AM) technique, but it requires the formation of filament. Fused granular fabrication (FGF), where plastic granules are directly three-dimensional (3D) printed, has become a promising technique for the AM technology. FGF could be a key driver to promote further greening of distributed recycling thanks to the reduced melt solidification steps and elimination of the filament extruder system. However, only large-scale FGF systems have been tested for technical and economic viability of recycling plastic materials. The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of the FFF and …

Parametric Nasopharyngeal Swab For Sampling Covid-19 And Other Respiratory Viruses: Open Source Design, Sla 3-D Printing And Uv Curing System, Nicole Gallup, Adam M. Pringle, Shane Oberloier, Nagendra G. Tanikella, Joshua M. Pearce

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Access to nasopharyngeal swabs for sampling remain a bottleneck in some regions for COVID-19 testing. This study develops a distributed manufacturing solution using only an open source manufacturing tool chain consisting of two types of open source 3-D printing and batch UV curing, and provides a parametric fully free design of a nasopharyngeal swab. The swab was designed using parametric OpenSCAD in two components (a head with engineered break point and various handles), which has several advantages: i) minimizing print time on relatively slow SLA printers, ii) enabling the use of smaller print volume open source SLA printers, iii) reducing …

Impact Of Arsenic Species On Self-Assembly Of Triangular And Hexagonal Tensile-Strained Gaas(111)A Quantum Dots, Christopher F. Schuck, Kevin D. Vallejo, Trent Garrett, Qing Yuan, Ying Wang, Baolai Liang, Paul J. Simmonds

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

We use dimeric arsenic (As₂) or tetrameric arsenic (As₄) during molecular beam epitaxy to manipulate the structural and optical properties of GaAs(111)A tensile-strained quantum dots (TSQDs). Choice of arsenic species affects nucleation and growth behavior during TSQD self-assembly. Previously, epitaxial GaAs(111)A TSQDs have been grown with As₄, producing TSQDs with a triangular base, and 'A-step' edges perpendicular to the three 1̅1̅2 directions. We demonstrate that using As₂ at low substrate temperature also results in triangular GaAs(111)A TSQDs, but with 'B-step' edges perpendicular to the three 112̅ directions. We can therefore invert the crystallographic …

A Review Of Inkjet Printed Graphene And Carbon Nanotubes Based Gas Sensors, Twinkle Pandhi, Ashita Chandnani, Harish Subbaraman, David Estrada

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT)-based gas/vapor sensors have gained much traction for numerous applications over the last decade due to their excellent sensing performance at ambient conditions. Inkjet printing various forms of graphene (reduced graphene oxide or modified graphene) and CNT (single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) or multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs)) nanomaterials allows fabrication onto flexible substrates which enable gas sensing applications in flexible electronics. This review focuses on their recent developments and provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in inkjet printing of graphene and CNT based sensors targeting gases, such as NO₂, Cl₂, CO₂, NH_{3 …}

Open Source High-Temperature Reprap For 3-D Printing Heat-Sterilizable Ppe And Other Applications, Noah G. Skrzypczak, Nagendra G. Tanikella, Joshua M. Pearce

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Thermal sterilization is generally avoided for 3-D printed components because of the relatively low deformation temperatures for common thermoplastics used for material extrusion-based additive manufacturing. 3-D printing materials required for high-temperature heat sterilizable components for COVID-19 and other applications demands 3-D printers with heated beds, hot ends that can reach higher temperatures than polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hot ends and heated chambers to avoid part warping and delamination. There are several high temperature printers on the market, but their high costs make them inaccessible for full home-based distributed manufacturing required during pandemic lockdowns. To allow for all these requirements to be met …

Economic Savings For Scientific Free And Open Source Technology: A Review, Joshua M. Pearce

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Both the free and open source software (FOSS) as well as the distributed digital manufacturing of free and open source hardware (FOSH) has shown particular promise among scientists for developing custom scientific tools. Early research found substantial economic savings for these technologies, but as the open source design paradigm has grown by orders of magnitude it is possible that the savings observed in the early work was isolated to special cases. Today there are examples of open source technology for science in the vast majority of disciplines and several resources dedicated specifically to publishing them. Do the tremendous economic savings …

Open Source Arc Analyzer: Multi-Sensor Monitoring Of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Adam M. Pringle, Shane Oberloier, Aliaksei Petsiuk, Paul G. Sanders, Joshua M. Pearce

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Low-cost high-resolution metal 3-D printing remains elusive for the scientific community. Low-cost gas metal arc wire (GMAW)-based 3-D printing enables wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) for near net shape applications, but has limited resolution due to the complexities of the arcing process. To begin to monitor and thus control these complexities, the initial designs of the open source GMAW 3-D printer have evolved to include current and voltage monitoring. Building on this prior work, in this study, the design, fabrication and use of the open source arc analyzer is described. The arc analyzer is a multi-sensor monitoring system for quantifying …

Partially Reprapable Automated Open Source Bag Valve Mask-Based Ventilator, Aliaksei Petsiuk, Nagendra G. Tanikella, Samantha Dertinger, Adam Pringle, Shane Oberloier, Joshua M. Pearce

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

This study describes the development of a simple and easy-to-build portable automated bag valve mask (BVM) compression system, which, during acute shortages and supply chain disruptions can serve as a temporary emergency ventilator. The resuscitation system is based on the Arduino controller with a real-time operating system installed on a largely RepRap 3-D printable parametric component-based structure. The cost of the materials for the system is under $170, which makes it affordable for replication by makers around the world. The device provides a controlled breathing mode with tidal volumes from 100 to 800 mL, breathing rates from 5 to 40 …

Finite Element Analysis Investigation Of Hybrid Thin-Ply Composites For Improved Performance Of Aerospace Structures, Alana M. Zahn

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations

Commercial and private aircraft have a need for strong yet light materials in order to have the most ideal performance possible. This study looks at the use of thin-ply composite materials to improve the performance of aircraft structures by means of weight savings and/or strength increase when compared to laminates that are composed of exclusively standard-ply materials. In order to perform an investigation based solely on finite element analysis, validation efforts were performed using test data from open hole tension, open hole compression, notched tension, and notched compression specimens. Once the models were validated sufficiently, the same modeling practices were …

Conductivity Reversal In Silicon Doped With S And Zn, Abdulaziz Shavkatovich Mavlyanov, Nurullo Zikrillayev, Maruf Khaqqulov, Erkin Khaltursunov, Farhod Shakarov

Acta of Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent

Based on experimental results of investigation of type of conductivity of silicon samples doped with sulfur at Т=1250°С, and thereafter with zinc at T=1200°С, the authors put forward the hypothesis about self-assembly of “binary” elementary cells where atoms of elements of group II (Zn) and IV (S) allegedly form ZnS-type compounds in Si. The thermodynamic conditions required for buildup of such elementary cells and assembly of various associations in the basic lattice of silicon including self-assembly of ZnS clusters were theoretically determined and experimentally justified.

Additively Manufactured Parametric Universal Clip-System: An Open Source Approach For Aiding Personal Exposure Easurement In The Breathing Zone, Kirsi Kukko, Jan Sher Akmal, Anneli Kangas, Mika Salmi, Roy Björkstrand, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen, Jouni Partanen, Joshua M. Pearce

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Design for additive manufacturing is adopted to help solve problems inherent to attaching active personal sampler systems to workers for monitoring their breathing zone. A novel and parametric 3D printable clip system was designed with an open source Computer-aided design (CAD) system and was additively manufactured. The concept was first tested with a simple clip design, and when it was found to be functional, the ability of the innovative and open source design to be extended to other applications was demonstrated by designing another tooling system. The clip system was tested for mechanical stress test to establish a minimum lifetime …

Assessment Of Material State For Predicting The Durability Of Composites, Vamsee Vadlamudi, Muthu Ram Prabhu Elenchezhian, Partha Pratim Das, Rassel Raihan, Kenneth Reifsnider

Institute of Predictive Performance Methodologies (IPPM-UTARI)-Archive

The long term behavior of composites have been extensively studied for the last four decades. Given the heterogeneity of these materials, the damage accumulation mechanisms lead to superior fatigue performance of composites compared to metals. However, due to the ‘sudden death’ behavior controlled by defect coupling, the precursor to fracture plane development of these materials, the challenge remains on how to assess the real-time material state and predict when it becomes critical? In the recent past, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BbDS) has been used successfully to assess the material state and predict the material state change (triggered by defect coupling) for …

Unsupervised Learning Methods For Identification Of Defects In Heterogeneous Materials, Muthu Ram Prabhu Elenchezhian, Vamsee Vadlamudi, Rassel Raihan, Kenneth Reifsnider

Institute of Predictive Performance Methodologies (IPPM-UTARI)-Archive

The complexity of composite materials due to the nature of their numerous laminated layers, stacking sequences, type of fibers, resin, and other external factors has challenged the world of structural health monitoring (SHM) and non-destructive inspection (NDI). Post-processing of these SHM and NDI methods has been mostly a manual time-consuming process, with human inspection causing errors associated with the bias decision made by NDI inspectors. Recent advances also call for Cure On The Fly (COTF), by integrating NDI with advanced technologies and analysis techniques such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for on-line real-time predictions of a defect, …

Environmental Investigation Of Bio-Modification Of Steel Slag Through Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation, Junke Zhang, Peidong Su, Yadong Li, Lin Li

Civil and Architectural Engineering Faculty Research

Steel slag (SS) is one of byproduct of steel manufacture industry. The environmental concerns of SS may limit their re-use in different applications. The goal of this study was to investigate the leaching behavior of metals from SS before and after treated by microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure and water leaching tests were performed to evaluate the leaching behavior of major elements (Fe, Mg and Ca) and trace elements (Ba, Cu and Mn) in three scenarios. The concentrations of leaching metals increased with the content of SS. After it reached the peak …

Decentralized Renewable Hybrid Mini-Grids For Rural Communities: Culmination Of The Irep Framework And Scale Up To Urban Communities, Blessing Ugwoke, Adedoyin Adeleke, Stefano P. Corgnati, Joshua M. Pearce, Pierluigi Leone

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

The Integrated Rural Energy Planning (IREP) framework offers a unified road map for locating, planning and operating decentralized renewable hybrid off-grid energy systems for localized (rural) applications in low-income countries. This paper presents the culmination of the IREP framework and aims to illustrate the final step of the IREP framework for two communities in Nigeria. It is focused on two aspects. Firstly, the techno-economic modeling (investment and operation optimization) of a hybrid mini-grid system using HOMER Pro, a techno-economic evaluation tool; and evaluating the benefits of demand side management (DSM) based on energy efficiency on the overall system economics using …

The Influence Of Ti, Nb And V On The Hot Ductility Of As-Cast Microalloyed Steels, Madhuri Varadarajan, Laura Bartlett, Ronald J. O'Malley, Semen Naumovich Lekakh

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Microalloying with Ti, Nb and V, both individually and in combination, is a common method for producing steels with high strength and toughness. However, interaction with other elements and impurities can lead to cracking during continuous casting and rolling. The hot ductility of commercially cast V, Nb and Nb-V-Ti steels has been investigated using two experimental methods: tensile testing utilizing a servo-hydraulic load frame with a resistance furnace and thermomechanical testing using rapid joule heating. The temperature-dependent ductility of these steels is compared for both test methods. Factors that influence the ductility of these steels are discussed.

Interactions Between Dry Vibratable Tundish Linings And Steel Melts, Tyler M. Richards, Ronald J. O'Malley, Jeffrey D. Smith, Todd P. Sander

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Interactions between two tundish working linings and molten steel were investigated using industrial samples and laboratory testing. Periclase-based dry vibe linings from two production facilities were sampled and examined after casting: one containing 30 wt.% olivine and one without olivine. Cathodoluminescence imaging, secondary electron microscopy, energydispersive spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis were performed to characterize the interactions. An experiment was developed to replicate the conditions found in a production tundish on the laboratory scale. Results comparing interactions observed in laboratory lining tests and commercial lining samples for the two lining materials are presented and discussed.

New Experimental Apparatus To Investigate Hot Tearing Behavior In Steel, Yanru Lu, Laura Bartlett, Ronald J. O'Malley, Semen Naumovich Lekakh, Mario F. Buchely

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Hot tearing is a complex thermomechanical phenomenon occurring in the semi-solid region. Strain in this region can induce cracking and localized alloying element segregation. An apparatus for investigating hot tearing was developed utilizing a servo-motor controlled cylinder to apply a pre-determined amount of strain to the solidifying shell. A special mold was developed using filling and solidification modeling to ensure that dendrite growth was perpendicular to applied strain. A computer-automated system was utilized to control the strain and strain rate and measure the force and displacement. Solidification experiments utilizing AISI 1020 steel validated the apparatus capabilities and optimized testing parameters.

Scale Formation On 430 Stainless Steel In A Simulated Slab Combustion Reheat Furnace Atmosphere, Richard Osei, Semen Naumovich Lekakh, Ronald J. O'Malley

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Scale formed during slab reheating can be difficult to remove by high-pressure descaling, having a negative impact hot roll surface quality. A large-capacity thermogravimetric apparatus that replicates the combustion atmosphere and temperature in a slab reheat furnace was used to investigate scale formation on 430 stainless steel. Effects of reheating parameters (temperature, time and atmosphere) on oxidation kinetics were investigated. Oxidized samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction to document the microstructure and morphology of scale. Mechanisms for the formation of multi-layered oxide structures that complicate oxidation kinetics and scale removal are discussed.

A Modified Johnson-Cook Model Incorporating The Effect Of Grain Size On Flow Stress, S. Ganguly, Mario F. Buchely, K. Chandrashekhara, Semen Naumovich Lekakh, Ronald J. O'Malley

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The mechanical properties of steel are influenced by grain size, which can change through mechanisms such as nucleation and growth at elevated temperatures. However, the classic Johnson-Cook model that is widely used in hot deformation simulations does not consider the effect of grain size on flow stress. In this study, the Johnson-Cook model was modified to incorporate the effects of austenite grain size on flow stress. A finite element model was employed to characterize the effects of grain size on the flow stress for different steel grades over a range of temperatures (900⁰ to 1300⁰). Simulation results show good agreement …

Peritectic Behavior Detection In The Fe-C-Mn-Al-Si Steel System Using Fiber Optic Temperature Mapping, Muhammad Roman, Damilola Balogun, Rex E. Gerald Ii, Laura Bartlett, Jie Huang, Ronald J. O'Malley

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Peritectic reactions can cause surface defects and breakouts in continuous casting and the peritectic region is often avoided by adjusting the chemical composition of the steel to cast outside of the peritectic sensitivity range. However, the combined effects of C, Mn, Al, and Si on the boundaries that map peritectic region are still disputed for many advanced high strength steel grades. An apparatus for performing controlled solidification experiments is being developed to characterize the effects of chemical composition on the uniformity of shell growth during solidification using a copper chill mold with an embedded fiber-optic temperature sensor that enables high …

Retention Of Amorphous Silica In Rice Hulls At High Temperatures, Takeshi Okutani

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Rice hulls contain around 20 wt% amorphous silica (rice hull silica). Rice hullsilica containing no potassium impurity crystallized from amorphous silica to cristobaliteat 1300C. When a small amount of MgO or -Fe2O3 or Al2O3 were added to the rice hull silica, the rice hull silica crystallized to cristobalite at 1500C. MgO, -Fe2O3 and Al2O3 diffused to silica as Mg2+, Fe3+ and Al3+ at high temperatures. These ions broke the SiO4 tetrahedron network, so that the amorphous state of rice hull silica was maintained. As sintering occurred at 1500C in rice hull silica mixed with additives such as MgO, the melting …

Effects Of Solid Lubricants On Properties Of Al-Si-Sic Composite Powderproduced By Gas Atomization Technique, Haris Rudianto, Sang Sun Yang, Yong Jin Kim, Ivo Dlouhy, Wahyu Caesarendra

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Al-Si-SiC composites powder was analyzed in this research. The powder was made by gas atomizing process. Powder characterization was done to observe its morphology, particle size distribution and thermal properties. Effects of lubricants were intensively investigated in this research with compositions and pressure variables. It is assumed that higher amount of solid lubricant put into the powder, the lower ejection force needed to take out compacted powder. Finding appropriate solid lubricant is necessary to improve green and sintering properties. EBS (ethylene bis stearamide), aluminum stearate, zinc stearate and paraffin wax were used for investigation. Sintering under ultra high purity nitrogen …

Observation Of Structural, Spectral Characterizations And Correlation Of Physical Parameters On Vo2+ Ions Doped Cadmium Lithium Sodium Borate Glasses, Mekala Avinash, Shaik Johny Basha, Vinukonda Khidhirbrahmendra, Annur Vivekananda Chandrasekhar, Renduchintala Venkata Satya Sri, Nagoji Ravikumar

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

A series of quinary 0.1 mol% VO2+ doped Cadmium Lithium Sodium Borate(CLNB) glass system with varying alkali (Li2O/Na2O) content were prepared by the classical melt quenching technique. The current research was carried out to observe the physical, structural and spectral parameters alter with the variation of alkali content in nonlinear manner. Physical properties such as the oxide ion polarizability (∝ைయష), optical basicity of prepared glass (Λth), Yamashita and Kuroswa's interaction parameter (Α) and the third order nonlinear optical polarizability ((3)) are calculated by compared with altering the alkali mol% and also correlate them with each other. Physical parameters are varying …

Optimization Of Wet Sliding Wear Parameters Of Titanium Grade 2 And Grade 5 Bioimplant Materials For Orthopedic Application Using Taguchi Method, Sachin Ganeshrao Solanke, Vivek R. Gaval

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

In this research ball on disc wear tests have been carried out on Titanium grade 2 and Titanium grade 5 material using ASTM G-99 standard at room temperature in simulated body fluid. The tribological property such as the weight loss was studied by using the Taguchi design of experiments. The design of experiment was done using an L18 orthogonal array. An analysis of variance demonstrated that the individual contribution such as the applied normal load factor was 91.17% for weight loss, which means it is highest individual contribution as compared to other factors so it was concluded that weight loss …

Corrosion And Cavitation Erosion Properties Of Sub-Micron Wc-Co /Cr3c2-Nicr Multi-Layered Coating On Aluminium Substrates, Srinivas Vadapalli, Umachaitanya Pathem, Venkata Ramana S N Vuppala, Kodandarama Rao Chebattina, Jaikumar Sagari

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Marine and automobile components are subjected to corrosion and cavitation erosion during their service. This paper aims to study the use of hard coatings on aluminium substrates with multiple layers of coating comprising of sub-micron sized WC-Co andCr3C2-NiCr for enhancement of hardness, corrosion and cavitation erosion properties. Coatings are applied on aluminium substrates using high-velocity liquid fuel (HVLF) spray technique and the coating parameters are optimized for best results. The results indicate that multiple layered coating with alternate film coatings of Cr3C2-NiCr & submicron WC-Co has significantly improved the hardness of aluminium surface. The resistance to corrosion with multiple layers …

Influence Of Cnts Addition On Structural And Superconducting Properties Of Mechanically Alloyed Mgb2, Sigitdwi Yudanto, Yulia Puspa Dewi, Perdamean Sebayang, Septian Adichandra, Agung Imaduddin, Budhy Kurniawan, Azwar Manaf

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

The result of adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the lattice parameters, critical temperature and electrical resistivity of the MgB2 superconductors is reported.Structurally, the addition of CNTs was found to decrease the a-lattice from 3.086 Å of CNTs free sample to 3.078 Å and 3.074 Å of 5% and 10% CNTs added samples due to a substitution of C at the B site which presence in the form of Mg(B1-xCx)2 main phase. The doping level x of CNTs added samples were 2.25 at% and 3.75 at% respectively. The unreacted CNTs presence as the second phase and further acting as the suppression …