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Articles 3001 - 3030 of 4027

Full-Text Articles in Structural Engineering

Seismic Performance Of Wall-Stud Shear Walls, Ludovic A. Fulop, Dan Dubina Oct 2002

Seismic Performance Of Wall-Stud Shear Walls, Ludovic A. Fulop, Dan Dubina

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The ever-increasing need for housing generated the search for new and innovative building methods to increase speed, efficiency and enhance quality, one direction being the use of light steel profiles as load bearing elements and different materials for cladding. Wind and seismic behavior of these structures is influenced by the hysteretic characteristics of the shear wall panels. In this paper a review of actual research in the field and results of a full-scale shear test program on wall panels are presented. Based on tests, a numerical equivalent model for hysteretic behavior of wall panels working in shear was built to …

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Stress/Strain Distributions And Role Of Sheathing In Partition Wall Panels Subjected To Compression, J. Evans, J. Evans, Y. S. Tian, C. Y. Barlow Oct 2002

Stress/Strain Distributions And Role Of Sheathing In Partition Wall Panels Subjected To Compression, J. Evans, J. Evans, Y. S. Tian, C. Y. Barlow

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Built upon a companion study [1] on the load carrying capacity of cold-formed steel wall panels, the stress/strain distributions in each constituent of a panel - middle and side studs, top and bottom tracks, boards, and screws - are examined in detail with extensive use of strain gauges. These are subsequently synthesized to analyse the structural performance of the panel as a whole. Panels with 1-side sheathing and one middle stud were tested under vertical compressive loading. The main variables considered are screw spacing (300 mm, 400 rnm, or 600 mm) in the middle stud, board type (oriented strand board …

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Direct Strength Method For The Design Of Purlins, Luis Quispe, Gregory J. Hancock Oct 2002

Direct Strength Method For The Design Of Purlins, Luis Quispe, Gregory J. Hancock

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The Direct Strength Method (DSM) has recently been developed by Schafer and Pekoz for the design of cold-formed steel structural members. What is now required is the calibration of the method against existing design methodologies for common structural systems such as roof and wall systems. The paper firstly explains the application of the DSM for the design of simply supported and continuous purlins. Some generalizations, such as how to handle combined bending and shear at the ends of laps, have had to be made to implement the method for continuous purlin systems. The method is then applied to study a …

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Numerical And Experimental Studies Of An Innovative Cold-Formed Steel Building System, Greg Darcy, Mahen Mahendran Oct 2002

Numerical And Experimental Studies Of An Innovative Cold-Formed Steel Building System, Greg Darcy, Mahen Mahendran

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents the details of a new innovative cold-formed steel building system that has no conventional frames, purlins or girts. As this building system uses a new structural system, the load paths and structural behaviour are unknown, therefore, full-scale testing is essential. A series of full-scale tests of a 5.4 m x 5.4 m cold-formed steel building subjected to simulated wind loads was conducted. The results have shown that in its present state, this new building system is not adequate for its intended purpose and optimisation is required. To achieve this optimisation, analytical modelling will be used. To date, …

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On The Computation Of The Cross-Section Properties Of Arbitrary Thin-Walled Structures, Chunting Xiang, Paul A. Seaburg, Robert Crain, Albert C. J. Lou Oct 2002

On The Computation Of The Cross-Section Properties Of Arbitrary Thin-Walled Structures, Chunting Xiang, Paul A. Seaburg, Robert Crain, Albert C. J. Lou

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

In this paper, a generalized computational algorithm based on the line chain and tree models is developed for the cross section properties of arbitrarily configuration struts without closed loops. The two C++ programs for such models are developed. However, the two models cannot apply to struts with any cross-section possessing closed loops. Therefore, the further investigation should be completed.

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Progress On The Direct Strength Method, Benjamin W. Schager Oct 2002

Progress On The Direct Strength Method, Benjamin W. Schager

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The Direct Strength method is a new design procedure for cold-formed steel members. The method employs elastic buckling solutions for the cross-section, instead of the element-by-element plate buckling solutions used in traditional design. The use of cross-section elastic buckling solutions insures inter-element compatibility and equilibrium. The Direct Strength method uses strength formulas on the gross section, similar to conventional column curves, for capacity prediction in local and distortional buckling. This avoids effective section calculations altogether. The reliability of the Direct Strength method is demonstrated for a broad selection of beams and columns by comparison with existing test data. Extension of …

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Variables Affecting The Shear-Bond Resistance Of Composite Floor Deck Systems, R. Tremlay, P. Gignac, G. Degrange, Colin A. Rogers Oct 2002

Variables Affecting The Shear-Bond Resistance Of Composite Floor Deck Systems, R. Tremlay, P. Gignac, G. Degrange, Colin A. Rogers

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The 1 1/2" composite deck section is among the more popular floor systems used in the construction of steel buildings in North America. The shear-bond between the steel deck and the concrete normally controls the capacity of a composite floor slab. Shear-bond can, for the most part, be attributed to the presence of mechanical interlock that results from the use of embossments formed in the deck webs during the rolling process. However, the extent of shear resistance between the concrete and the steel can also vary depending on the deck profile, steel thickness and grade, coating, as well as the …

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Vibration Characteristics Of Lightweight Floors Using Cold-Formed Steel Joist, L. Xu, F. M. Tangorra, W. C. Xie Oct 2002

Vibration Characteristics Of Lightweight Floors Using Cold-Formed Steel Joist, L. Xu, F. M. Tangorra, W. C. Xie

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Presented in this paper are the results of a recent study carried out at the University of Waterloo on vibration characteristics of cold-formed steel-supported residential floor systems and different design criteria available for the evaluation of lightweight floor systems. Laboratory tests were conducted for the floors with different spans and assemblies. Both static and dynamic tests were carried out on the floor systems. The static tests were used to evaluate the stiffness and the load sharing among the joists, while the dynamic tests were used to evaluate the relevant dynamic characteristics, such as natural frequencies and damping ratios, of the …

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Gbt-Based Distortional Buckling Formulae For Thin-Walled Channel Columns And Beams, Nuno Silvestre, Dinar Camotim Oct 2002

Gbt-Based Distortional Buckling Formulae For Thin-Walled Channel Columns And Beams, Nuno Silvestre, Dinar Camotim

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

After a brief outline of the Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) fundamentals and linear stability analysis procedure, the main concepts and steps involved in the derivation of GBT -based fully analytical formulae are described and discussed. Such formulae provide distortional bifurcation stress estimates in cold-formed steel channel columns and beams with arbitrary sloping single-lip edge stiffeners and pinned/free-to-warp or fixed/warping-free end sections. The application of the proposed formulae is illustrated in detail and, in order to assess their accuracy and validity, results concerning several specific channel columns and beams are presented. In particular, the GBT-based analytical estimates are compared with exact …

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Inelastic Response Of Arc-Spot Welded Deck-To-Frame Connections For Steel Roof Deck Diaphragms, M. Peuler, R. Tremblay, Colin A. Rogers Oct 2002

Inelastic Response Of Arc-Spot Welded Deck-To-Frame Connections For Steel Roof Deck Diaphragms, M. Peuler, R. Tremblay, Colin A. Rogers

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

An experimental program was undertaken to investigate the inelastic seismic response of metal deck roof diaphragm systems. The load carrying capacity of roof diaphragms subjected to lateral loads is directly dependent on the shear strength of the connections. Hence, as part of this larger research program, a study on the inelastic performance of arc-spot welded deck-to-frame connections was completed. The connection project involved the monotonic, cyclic and seismic testing of 235 specimens, with and without weld washers, with different electrode types, and with various steel deck and frame thicknesses. Currently, welded washer connections are recommended for the improvement of weld …

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Self-Drilling Screw Joints For Cold-Formed Channel Portal Frames, Julie Mills, Roger A. Laboube Oct 2002

Self-Drilling Screw Joints For Cold-Formed Channel Portal Frames, Julie Mills, Roger A. Laboube

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cold-formed C channel sections have been used in portal frame construction for agricultural sheds for many years in Australia. The knee joint designs have been copied from hot-rolled portal frames, regardless of the fact that many designers believe this is not realistic. Earlier testing conducted at the University of South Australia demonstrated that these concerns were justified and that the joint designs widely used in practice do not match the moment capacity of the sections and fail prematurely. An alternative joint design has been developed using self- drilling screws. The joint demonstrates excellent moment capacity and rigidity, and is simple …

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Testing Of Bolted Cold-Formed Steel Connections In Bearing (With And Without Washers), J. A. Wallace, R. M. Schuster Oct 2002

Testing Of Bolted Cold-Formed Steel Connections In Bearing (With And Without Washers), J. A. Wallace, R. M. Schuster

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Presently there are two cold-formed steel structural design documents in North America, i.e., in the USA, the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, published by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI 1996) and in Canada, the Standard for Cold-formed Steel Structural Members, published by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA 1994). The bearing strength of bolted connections is treated differently in these two design documents. The North American Specification for the Design of Cold-formed Steel Structural Members (NAS 2001) contains a new approach for bearing of bolted connections. This approach is similar to the current S136 Standard …

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Experimental Analysis Of Cold-Formed Steel Channel And Lipped-Channel Profiles Connected To Roof Panel - R-Factor Analysis, Maximiliano Malite, Carlos Eduardo Javaroni, Roberto Martins Goncalves Oct 2002

Experimental Analysis Of Cold-Formed Steel Channel And Lipped-Channel Profiles Connected To Roof Panel - R-Factor Analysis, Maximiliano Malite, Carlos Eduardo Javaroni, Roberto Martins Goncalves

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents and discusses test results of simulated suction effect due wind action on purlin-channel and lipped-channel sections carried out in a "vacuum box". The chosen profile sections and their dimensions are those frequently used in steel construction in Brazil. The experimental results and the failure mode analysis of the purlin behaviour subjected to suction effect were compared with the theoretical analysis and R-factor for all load steps. The tests were carried out in a " vacuum box" with plan dimensions of 4 m x 6 m, where the suction effect due to wind was simulated. The air contained …

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Calibrations Of Bolted Cold-Formed Steel Connections In Bearing (With And Without Washers), Roger A. Laboube, J. A. Wallace, R. M. Schuster Oct 2002

Calibrations Of Bolted Cold-Formed Steel Connections In Bearing (With And Without Washers), Roger A. Laboube, J. A. Wallace, R. M. Schuster

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The bearing strength of bolted connections is treated differently in the two current North American Cold-Formed Steel Design documents, the AISI Specification in the USA (AISI 1996a) and the S136 Standard in Canada (CSA 1994). In the case of the S136 Standard (CSA 1994), only one expression is presented that applies to all bolted connections such as single and double shear, as well as, with and without washers. In the AISI Specification (AISI 1996a), however, a distinction is made between single shear and double shear connections and the use of washers. Contained in this paper are the calibration results of …

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An Experimental Study On The Load Carrying Capacity Of Cold-Formed Steel Studs And Panels, J. Wang, Y. S. Tian, T. J. Lu, C. Y. Barlow Oct 2002

An Experimental Study On The Load Carrying Capacity Of Cold-Formed Steel Studs And Panels, J. Wang, Y. S. Tian, T. J. Lu, C. Y. Barlow

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A full-scale experimental study on the structural performance of load-bearing wall panels made of cold-formed steel frames and boards is presented. Six different types of C-channel stud, a total of 20 panels with one middle stud and 10 panels with two middle studs were tested under vertical compression until failure. For panels, the main variables considered are screw spacing (300 mm, 400 mm, or 600 mm) in the middle stud, board type (oriented strand board - OSB, cement particle board - CPB, or calcium silicate board - CSB), board number (no sheathing, one-side sheathing, or two-side sheathing), and loading type …

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Standard Test Method For Determining The Web Crippling Strength Of Cold-Formed Steel Members, R. M. Schuster, Roger A. Laboube Oct 2002

Standard Test Method For Determining The Web Crippling Strength Of Cold-Formed Steel Members, R. M. Schuster, Roger A. Laboube

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)

No abstract provided.

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Standard Test Method For Determining The Web Crippling Strength Of Cold-Formed Steel Members, Roger A. Laboube, R. Schuster Oct 2002

Standard Test Method For Determining The Web Crippling Strength Of Cold-Formed Steel Members, Roger A. Laboube, R. Schuster

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)

No abstract provided.

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North American Specification For Design Of Cold-Formed Steel, Roger L. Brockenbrough, Helen H. Chen Aug 2002

North American Specification For Design Of Cold-Formed Steel, Roger L. Brockenbrough, Helen H. Chen

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

For over fifty years, the American Iron and Steel Institute has published the widely used Specification for the Design of Cold-Fom1ed Steel Structural Members. Recently, as a result of collaborative efforts with representatives of Canada and Mexico, the AISI Specification was expanded into a new document for use in all three countries. Now known as the North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, the new edition supersedes the previous AISI Specification and the Canadian Sl36 Standard. This paper reviews the differences between the previous AISI Specification and the new North American Specification. The basic core document …

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Calibrattions Of Cold-Formed Steel Welded Connections, F. M. Tangorra, R. M. Schuster, Roger A. Laboube Aug 2002

Calibrattions Of Cold-Formed Steel Welded Connections, F. M. Tangorra, R. M. Schuster, Roger A. Laboube

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The purpose of this project was to recalibrate the welded connection equations currently contained in the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specification for the Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members (AISI 1996a). Only one factor of safety of 2.50 is presented for the each of the various types of welded connections when using allowable stress design (ASD), but different respective resistance factors are given for load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The data used was solely taken from the research conducted by Pekoz and McGuire (Pekoz and McGuire 1979). Calibrations were carried out and based on both the …

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A Study On The Factors That Influence The Acoustic Performance Of A Steel Stud Wall Assembly, Hyun-Suk Chung, Gap-Deug Kim, Kwan-Seob Yang, Kyung-Woo Kim Aug 2002

A Study On The Factors That Influence The Acoustic Performance Of A Steel Stud Wall Assembly, Hyun-Suk Chung, Gap-Deug Kim, Kwan-Seob Yang, Kyung-Woo Kim

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

With the recent introduction of light gauge steel framing systems in the concrete-dominated Korean construction industry, more buildings are built with drywall that is mainly composed of steel studs and gypsum boards. While load-bearing steel studs are extensively applied in residential construction, nonload-bearing steel studs are applied in various building fields such as commercial, educational, as well as residential. As building projects involving steel stud walls are becoming to increase, higher demands in performance are requested from architects and builders, especially in the field of sound performance. A series of acoustic test were performed in the nationally certified sound-testing laboratory …

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Aisi Committee On Framing Standards Enabling The Widespread And Economic Useof Steel Framing, Kevin R. Bielat, Jay W. Larson Aug 2002

Aisi Committee On Framing Standards Enabling The Widespread And Economic Useof Steel Framing, Kevin R. Bielat, Jay W. Larson

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The American Iron & Steel Institute launched the Committee on Framing Standards in 1998 with the mission to eliminate regulatory barriers and increase the reliability and cost competitiveness of cold-formed steel framing through improved design and installation standards. Building on the internationally recognized AISI Specification, and working closely with the Steel Framing Alliance, Light Gauge Steel Engineers Association, Steel Stud Manufacturers Association and Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute, this relatively new organization has developed and published four new ANSI-accredited consensus standards. Topics include General Provisions, Truss Design and Header Design, as well as a comprehensive Prescriptive Method for One and …

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The Effect Of Ca Content On Cao-Zeolite On Nitrogen Adsorption Capacity, Mohammad Nasikin, Tania Surya Utami, Agustina Tp Siahaan Aug 2002

The Effect Of Ca Content On Cao-Zeolite On Nitrogen Adsorption Capacity, Mohammad Nasikin, Tania Surya Utami, Agustina Tp Siahaan

Makara Journal of Technology

In industry, Ca zeolite is used as nitrogen selective adsorbent with the use of PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption)/VSA (Vacuum Swing Adsorption) methods. Natural zeolite modified to be Cao-zeolite by ion exchange process using Ca(OH)2. Adsorption test was done on CaO-zeolite with different Ca concentration to understand how it’s adsorption phenomena on oxygen and nitrogen. Adsorption test has been done for CaO-zeolite with Ca concentration = 0,682%, 0,849% and 1,244% to oxygen and nitrogen with equal concentration seperately. Pressure variation has being done three times (5 minutes long each time) adsorption time to analyze the connection between adsorption time and how …

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Cetane Number Booster Additive For Diesel Fuel Synthesized From Coconut Oil, Mohammad Nasikin, Rita Arbianti, Abdul Azis Aug 2002

Cetane Number Booster Additive For Diesel Fuel Synthesized From Coconut Oil, Mohammad Nasikin, Rita Arbianti, Abdul Azis

Makara Journal of Technology

To reduce NOx, SOx, HC, and particulates that produce because of using diesel fuel, can be done by increasing cetane number. One of methods is adding an additive to diesel fuel. 2-Ethyl Hexyl Nitrate (2-EHN) is a commercial additive that an organic nitrate. Making an additive in this research is used palm oil by nitration reaction that used HNO3 and H2SO4. Result of this reaction is methyl ester nitrate that has a structure looks like 2-EHN. IR spectra from research show that methyl ester nitrate is indicated by spectrum NO2 at 1635 cm-1. This result show that methyl ester nitrate …

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The Role Of Si3n4 Amorphous Phase In Nc-Tin/A-Si3n4 Nanocomposites In Increases The Hardness And Thermal Stability, Keba Moto Aug 2002

The Role Of Si3n4 Amorphous Phase In Nc-Tin/A-Si3n4 Nanocomposites In Increases The Hardness And Thermal Stability, Keba Moto

Makara Journal of Technology

The role of Si3N4 amorphous phase in nc-TiN/a-Si3N4 nanocomposites will be shown and compared with polycrystalline ZrN/Ni which has no such amorphous phase (non-composites). The presence of amorphous phase Si3N4 increases the hardness of film as well as the toughness of the bulk nanocomposites under indentation load. It has been observed that nc-TiN/a-Si3N4 nanocomposites films has higher thermal stability than ZrN/Ni polycrystalline films.

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The Effects Of Corrosive Chemicals On Corrosion Rate Of Steel Reinforcement Bars: I. Swamp Water, Sulistyoweni Widanarko, Henki W. Ashadi, Andri Krisnadi Wicaksono Aug 2002

The Effects Of Corrosive Chemicals On Corrosion Rate Of Steel Reinforcement Bars: I. Swamp Water, Sulistyoweni Widanarko, Henki W. Ashadi, Andri Krisnadi Wicaksono

Makara Journal of Technology

Most of infrastructures using steel concrete to reinforce the strength of concrete. Steel concrete is so vulnerable to chemical compounds that can cause corrosion. It can happen due to the presence of chemical compounds in acid environment in low pH level. These chemical compounds are SO4 2-, Cl-, NO3 -. There are many swamp area in Indonesia. The acid contents and the concentration of ion sulphate, chlorides, and nitrate are higher in the swamp water than in the ground water .The objective of this research was to find out the influence of corrosive chemicals in the swamp water to the …

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Biodiesel's Characteristics Preparation From Palm Oil, Tilani Hamid. S, Rachman Yusuf Aug 2002

Biodiesel's Characteristics Preparation From Palm Oil, Tilani Hamid. S, Rachman Yusuf

Makara Journal of Technology

Biodiesel’s characteristics preparation from palm oil. Using vegetable oils directly as an alternative diesel fuel has presented engine problems. The problems have been attributed to high viscosity of vegetable oil that causes the poor atomization of fuel in the injector system and pruduces uncomplete combustion. Therefore, it is necessary to convert the vegetable oil into ester (metil ester) by tranesterification process to decrease its viscosity. In this research has made biodiesel by reaction of palm oil and methanol using lye (NaOH) as catalyst with operation conditions: constant temperature at 60 oC in atmosferic pressure, palm oil : methanol volume ratio …

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Development Of Hardness Measurement Procedure For Nanocomposite Nc-Tin/A-Si3n4, Keba Moto Aug 2002

Development Of Hardness Measurement Procedure For Nanocomposite Nc-Tin/A-Si3n4, Keba Moto

Makara Journal of Technology

Hardness of nc-TiN/a-Si3N4 nanocomposites which was determined by using two methods of measurements i. e. depth sensing method and remaining plastic indentation area that were magnified by using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) lie in the good agreement. The hardness value is not influenced by the biaxial and residual compressive stress. The measurement of the biaxial stress on the substrate shows a very small value of biaxial stress as well as the constant hardness and crystallite size against annealing temperature. Therefore, the reported hardness value here is the intrinsic value that depend on its microstructure properties.

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Analogy Method Development For Cost Estimation Of Software Design, Riyanarto Sarno, Joko Lianto Buliali, Siti Maimunah Aug 2002

Analogy Method Development For Cost Estimation Of Software Design, Riyanarto Sarno, Joko Lianto Buliali, Siti Maimunah

Makara Journal of Technology

The important aspect of planning and managing software development project is to estimate the cost of a project. There are several methods for estimating the cost of a software development project, and the Analogy method is a method which gives relatively better estimates. This paper shows that the modified Analogy method selects a closer project reference, estimates more accurate project effort and cost. This study enhances the cost estimate technique by including valid and complete cost parameters, therefore the estimate of a project cost is better than the result of the standard Analogy method.

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The Effects Of Corrosive Chemicals On Corrosion Rate Of Steel Reinforcement Bars: Ii. Swamp Sludges, Henki W. Ashadi, Sulistyoweni Widanarko, Irma Gusniani Aug 2002

The Effects Of Corrosive Chemicals On Corrosion Rate Of Steel Reinforcement Bars: Ii. Swamp Sludges, Henki W. Ashadi, Sulistyoweni Widanarko, Irma Gusniani

Makara Journal of Technology

A polluted environment will influence the building age. The objective of this research was to find out the influence of corrosive chemicals within the sludge swamp area with the corrosion rate of steel concrete. Corrosion in steel concrete usually occur in acid area which contain of SO4 2-, Cl- and NO3 -. The research treatment used by emerging ST 37 and ST 60 within 60 days in ‘polluted’ sludge swamp area. Three variation of ‘polluted’ swamp sludge were made by increasing the concentration a corrosive unsure up to 1X, 5X and 10X. The corrosion rate measured by using an Immersion …

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Ccfss Technical Bulletin August 2002, Wei-Wen Yu Center For Cold-Formed Steel Structures Aug 2002

Ccfss Technical Bulletin August 2002, Wei-Wen Yu Center For Cold-Formed Steel Structures

CCFSS Technical Bulletins (1993 - 2020)

No abstract provided.

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