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- CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018) (45)
- American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present) (7)
- CCFSS Newsletters (1999 - 2008) (2)
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Articles 1 - 30 of 63
Full-Text Articles in Structural Engineering
Corrosion Of Galvanized Fasteners: Appendix, Steel Framing Alliance
Corrosion Of Galvanized Fasteners: Appendix, Steel Framing Alliance
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)
No abstract provided.
Performance Comparison Of A Roundabout Versus Two-Way Stop Controlled (Twsc) Intersections, Deogratias Eustace
Performance Comparison Of A Roundabout Versus Two-Way Stop Controlled (Twsc) Intersections, Deogratias Eustace
Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Mechanics Faculty Publications
The superior safety record of modern roundabouts is well known in Western Europe, Australia and in most British-influenced countries around the world. The experience from a single modern roundabout installed in the City of Manhattan, Kansas, some three years ago, also shares the same experience. A major study of the performance of Manhattan, Kansas, modern roundabout was conducted at Kansas State University (KSU) and was co-sponsored by Mac-Blackwell National Rural Transportation Study Center, Kansas State University, and the City of Manhattan. The study examined three intersections, one modern roundabout and two Two-Way Stop Controlled (TWSC) intersections with similar traffic conditions. …
Another Look At The L'Ambiance Plaza Collapse, Rachel Martin, Norbert J. Delatte
Another Look At The L'Ambiance Plaza Collapse, Rachel Martin, Norbert J. Delatte
Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications
The collapse of the L'Ambiance Plaza building, under construction in Bridgeport, Conn., in 1987, killed 28 construction workers. A number of concurrent investigations were undertaken to attempt to determine the cause. At least six separate theories were developed. However, a prompt legal settlement kept these investigations from being completed. This paper reviews the collapse and discusses the competing theories. The failure focused controversy on the safety of the lift-slab construction method. Because there is a need in civil engineering education for case studies to illustrate ethical and professional issues as well as technical principles, this paper also addresses these aspects. …
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Steel Beam-Column Sub-Frames: Pilot Study, M. F. Wong, K. F. Chung
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Steel Beam-Column Sub-Frames: Pilot Study, M. F. Wong, K. F. Chung
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation on the structural performance of bolted moment connections in cold-formed steel beam-column sub-frames. A total of eight tests with three different connection configurations in both internal and external columns were carried out. Double lipped C-sections back-to-back with hot rolled steel gusset plates of 10 mm and of 16 mm in two different shapes were tested; four bolts per member were used in the connections. Among the tests, three different modes of failure were identified and the measured moment resistances at the connections were found to vary from 36% to 97% of …
Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections For Type 304 And 3cr12 Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, P. Van Tonder, Q. C. Oliphant, G. J. Van Den Berg
Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections For Type 304 And 3cr12 Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, P. Van Tonder, Q. C. Oliphant, G. J. Van Den Berg
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In this paper the results of a study on eccentrically loaded bolted connections in lipped channels are presented. The steels chosen for this study are AISI Type 304 and Type 3CR12 stainless steel. It is concluded in this investigation that an acceptable prediction of the strength of eccentrically loaded bolted connections of stainless steel lipped channels may be obtained through the combination between the eccentric loaded equation and the normal bolted connection equations for stainless steel.
Cyclic Pull-Out Strength Of Steel Roof And Wall Cladding Systems, Mahen Mahendran, Dhammika Mahaarachchi
Cyclic Pull-Out Strength Of Steel Roof And Wall Cladding Systems, Mahen Mahendran, Dhammika Mahaarachchi
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
When crest-fixed thin steel roof cladding systems are subjected to wind uplift, local pull-through or pull-out failures occur prematurely at their screwed connections. During high wind events such as storms and cyclones these localised failures then lead to severe damage to buildings and their contents. In recent times, the use of thin steel battens/purlins has increased considerably. This has made the pull-out failures more critical in the design of steel cladding systems. Recent research has developed a design formula for the static pull-out strength of steel cladding systems. However, the effects of fluctuating wind uplift loading that occurs during high …
Fire Resistance Of Loadbearing Lsf Assemblies, Farid Alfawakhiri, Mohamed A. Sultan
Fire Resistance Of Loadbearing Lsf Assemblies, Farid Alfawakhiri, Mohamed A. Sultan
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents an analytical thermal-structural model for loadbearing lightweight steel framed (LSF) walls exposed to fire on one side. The model reflects temperature and deformation data from six standard fire resistance tests conducted recently by the National Research Council of Canada in partnership with the North American steel industry. Some characteristic patterns in thermal transmission and structural behaviour are discussed. Temperature histories across LSF assemblies are simulated numerically by explicit integration of transient heat transfer equations. The apparent thermal properties are calibrated for gypsum board and three types of insulation. Analytical procedures are presented to simulate lateral deformation histories …
A General Design Rule For Bearing Failure Of Bolted Connections Between Cold-Formed Steel Strips, K. F. Chung, K. H. Ip
A General Design Rule For Bearing Failure Of Bolted Connections Between Cold-Formed Steel Strips, K. F. Chung, K. H. Ip
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents the results of a finite element investigation on the structural performance of cold-formed steel bolted connections. A parametric study on various connection configurations was performed to relate the bearing resistances of cold-formed steel bolted connections with steel strengths and thicknesses, and bolt diameters. A semi-empirical design rule for bearing resistances of bolted connections based on finite element results is proposed in which the bearing resistances are directly related with the design yield strength, and the design tensile strength of steel strips, steel thickness, and also with bolt diameters. Design expressions for resistance contributions due to both bearing …
Flexural Behavior Of Profiled Composite Beams, Jun-Yep Song, Young Bong Kwon
Flexural Behavior Of Profiled Composite Beams, Jun-Yep Song, Young Bong Kwon
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The behavior of composite beams, which are composed of cold-formed steel sheeting and normal strength concrete, has been studied. A series of flexural tests of composite beams has been executed and analytical methods to trace the nonlinear behavior of composite beams have been developed. The nonlinear moment-curvature relation of the composite beam has been described using a simple power model and cross section analysis procedure. The load-deflection behavior of the composite beam simulated by the step-by-step numerical integration method has been compared with test results.
Knee Joints In Cold-Formed Channel Portal Frames, Julie Mills
Knee Joints In Cold-Formed Channel Portal Frames, Julie Mills
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Light gauge cold-formed channel sections are frequently used in portal frame construction for small span agricultural and industrial sheds. A testing program at the University of South Australia has shown that the knee joint currently used in these sheds fails at bending moments well below required design values. An alternative joint construction using multiple Teks screws is being developed and is exhibiting much better performance.
Evaluation Of Cold-Formed Steel Connections Attached With Pneumatically Driven Pins, Wimal Suaris, Stuart Werner Baur
Evaluation Of Cold-Formed Steel Connections Attached With Pneumatically Driven Pins, Wimal Suaris, Stuart Werner Baur
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A comprehensive experimental study was conducted to examine the shear and tensile strength of pneumatically driven pin connections used in cold-formed steel construction. This study included the key parameters that influence the connection strength: steel thickness (16-, 18- and 20-gauge steel), sheathing thickness (1/2" Unipan and 1/2" Dens-Glass Gold). The shear design values given in the AlSI design specifications for screw connections are compared with those obtained from a series of lap shear tests and a good agreement is obtained. Initial analysis of the AlSI design equation for tensile failure due to pull-over yielded poor results when compared to the …
Purlin Design To Aisi Lrfd Using Rational Buckling Analysis, Murry J. Clarke, Gregory J. Hancock
Purlin Design To Aisi Lrfd Using Rational Buckling Analysis, Murry J. Clarke, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The latest edition of the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members was published in 1996 (AISI, 1996). Design rules are presented in both allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD) formats. The LRFD rules of the latest AISI Specification form the basis of the Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4600:1996 Cold-Formed Steel Structures (SA/SNZ, 1996), which was published in late 1996 and supersedes the corresponding Australian permissible stress Standard AS 1538-1988. One of the main applications of cold-formed steel is purlins and girts in metal roof and wall …
Pull-Through Failures Of Crest-Fixed Steel Claddings Initiated By Transverse Splitting, Dhammika Mahaarachchi, Mahen Mahendran
Pull-Through Failures Of Crest-Fixed Steel Claddings Initiated By Transverse Splitting, Dhammika Mahaarachchi, Mahen Mahendran
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Crest-fixed steel claddings made of thin, high strength steel often suffer from local pull-through failures at their screw connections during high wind events such as storms and hurricanes. Currently there aren't any adequate design provisions for these cladding systems except for the expensive testing provisions. Since the local pull-through failures in the less ductile steel claddings are initiated by transverse splitting at the fastener hole, analytical studies have not been able to determine the pull-through failure loads. Analytical studies could be used if a reliable splitting criterion is available. Therefore a series of two-span cladding tests was conducted on a …
The 1999 Supplement To The Aisi Design Specification, Roger L. Brockenbrough
The 1999 Supplement To The Aisi Design Specification, Roger L. Brockenbrough
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The AISI Committee on Specifications for Cold-Formed Steel recently developed Supplement No. 1 to the 1996 Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members. The Supplement reflects new information developed through research projects, brings provisions in agreement with other specifications where appropriate, and also provides certain clarifications and corrections. The Supplement and the Specification have both been recently accepted as ANSI standards. The present paper reviews the major items included in the Supplement. The Committee continues to sponsor research projects aimed at developing a better understanding of particular areas of cold-formed steel behavior and more comprehensive design rules. Projects …
Yield Strength Increase Of Cold Formed Sections Due To Cold Work Of Forming, P. A. Sloof, R. M. Schuster
Yield Strength Increase Of Cold Formed Sections Due To Cold Work Of Forming, P. A. Sloof, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The design approach for predicting the increase in yield strength due to cold work of forming in the AISI 1996 Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural members is different from the approach used by the CSA Standard, CSA S136-94, Cold Formed Steel Structural Members. The AISI approach is based on the experimental work conducted by Karren and Winter, while the S136 approach is based on theoretical work by Lind and Schroff. Lind and Schroff used Karren and Winter's data to substantiate their theory. Karren and Winter conducted tests on five full sections and also collected strength data on …
Lessons From Recent Collapses Of Metal Buildings, David B. Peraza
Lessons From Recent Collapses Of Metal Buildings, David B. Peraza
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents case studies of three roof collapses of metal buildings, discusses the most signigicant features of each case, and summarizes lessons learned that can be used to reduce future failures.
Racking Performance Of Long Steel-Frame Shear Walls, Alexander J. Salenikovich, Daniel J. Dolan, Samuel W. Easterling
Racking Performance Of Long Steel-Frame Shear Walls, Alexander J. Salenikovich, Daniel J. Dolan, Samuel W. Easterling
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The response of cold-formed steel-frame shear walls to lateral forces is the focus of the paper. Results are presented for monotonic and cyclic tests of sixteen full-size shear walls with and without openings. Walls of five configurations with sheathing area ratio ranging from 1.0 to 0.3 were tested. The specimens were 12-m (40-ft.) long and 2.4-m (8-ft.) high with 11-mm (7/16-in.) oriented strandboard (OSB) sheathing. One specimen had additional 13-mm (0.5-in.) gypsum wallboard sheathing. All specimens were tested in horizontal position with no dead load applied in the plane of the wall. Resistance of walls was compared with predictions of …
Estimation Of Restraint Forces For Z-Purlin Roofs Under Gravity Loads, M. C. Neubert, Thomas M. Murray
Estimation Of Restraint Forces For Z-Purlin Roofs Under Gravity Loads, M. C. Neubert, Thomas M. Murray
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The current specification provisions for the prediction of lateral restraint forces in Z-purlin supported roof systems under gravity loads are in Section D3.1 of the 1996 AlSI Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (1996). The provisions need refinement, because they are empirical, have an incorrect treatment of roof slope and system effects, and ignore the effect of panel stiffness on restraint forces. Therefore, a new restraint force design procedure, having a stronger reliance on engineering principles, is proposed. Elastic stiffness models, with varying roof slope, panel stiffness, and cross-sectional properties, were used to develop the procedure. A …
Finite Element Analysis Of Cold-Formed Channel Columns, Ben Young, Jintang Yan
Finite Element Analysis Of Cold-Formed Channel Columns, Ben Young, Jintang Yan
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper presents a numerical investigation into the behaviour and strengths of cold-formed plain and lipped channel columns using finite element analysis. A non-linear finite element model is developed and verified against the fixed-ended channel column tests conducted by Young and Rasmussen (1998a, 1998b and 1998c). Geometric and material non-linearities were included in the finite element model. It is demonstrated that the finite element model closely predicted the ultimate loads and the behaviour of the tested cold-formed channel columns. Hence, the model was used for an extensive parametric study of cross-section geometries. Furthermore, the results of the numerical investigation are …
Compression Tests On Cold-Formed Angles Loaded Parallel With A Leg, Dan Popovic, Kim J. R. Rasmussen, Gregory J. Hancock
Compression Tests On Cold-Formed Angles Loaded Parallel With A Leg, Dan Popovic, Kim J. R. Rasmussen, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes a series of compression tests on cold-formed equal angles with slender cross-section. The angles were tested between pinned ends and loaded axially with eccentric load which caused bending parallel with a leg. The test data are compared with the design rules of the Australian and American specifications for cold-formed and hot-rolled steel structures, as well as the ASCE Standard for the Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures. The rules of the specifications for cold-formed steel structures (AS/NZS4600 and AlSI) are shown to be very conservative. The cause of the conservatism is explained and improved design rules are …
On The Structural Behavior Of Composite Beams Using Cold-Formed Shapes, Maximiliano Malite, Walter A. Nimir, Jose Jairo De Sales, Roberto Martins Goncalves
On The Structural Behavior Of Composite Beams Using Cold-Formed Shapes, Maximiliano Malite, Walter A. Nimir, Jose Jairo De Sales, Roberto Martins Goncalves
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed shapes have been increasingly employed in the construction of small multiple-floored buildings in Brazil, because wide flange shapes required to meet the demand are unavailable on the Brazilian market. Because existing codes fail to cover the design of composite beams constituted of cold-formed shapes, Brazilian design engineers have usually disregarded the contribution of the slab or have adopted improvised calculations that may to lead to unsafe results. The structural behavior of composite beams, constituted of cold-formed double channel shapes and connected to the concrete slab by means of shear connectors that were also cold-formed, was investigated experimentally. Simply supported …
Elastic-Plastic Interactive Buckling Of Thin-Walled Steel Compression Members, Dan Dubina, Viorel Ungureanu
Elastic-Plastic Interactive Buckling Of Thin-Walled Steel Compression Members, Dan Dubina, Viorel Ungureanu
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In the actual design codes the interaction formula for local and overall buckling modes of thin-walled steel compression (TWSC) members, the effect of local buckling. is introduced by means of effective strength of short members. This paper proposes to replace, into the Ayrton-Perry interaction formula, the short member "effective" strength, which is based on the "effective width" approach by the plastic strength evaluated by means of local plastic mechanism analysis. There are some papers by Murray et al. [1,2,3], in which the plastic mechanisms corresponding to the local buckling of plates and TWSC members in compression are analysed. On this …
A Theoretical And Experimental Analysis Of Cold-Formed Steel Shapes Subjected To Bending - Channel And Simple Lipped Channel, Roberto Martins Goncalves, Maximiliano Malite, Carlos Eduardo Javaroni
A Theoretical And Experimental Analysis Of Cold-Formed Steel Shapes Subjected To Bending - Channel And Simple Lipped Channel, Roberto Martins Goncalves, Maximiliano Malite, Carlos Eduardo Javaroni
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed steel shapes have been widely employed in steel construction, where they frequently offer a lower cost solution than do traditional laminated shapes. A classic application of cold-formed steel shapes is purlins in the roof panel of industrial buildings, connected to the roof panel by means of screws. The combined effect of these two elements has been the subject of investigations in some countries. Design criteria were included in the AISI Code in 1991 and 1996. This paper presents and discusses the results obtained from bending tests carried out on shapes commonly used in Brazil, i.e., the channel and the …
Spatial Buckling Behavior Of High-Rise Rack Frames, Lip H. Teh, Gregory J. Hancock, Murray J. Clarke
Spatial Buckling Behavior Of High-Rise Rack Frames, Lip H. Teh, Gregory J. Hancock, Murray J. Clarke
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper investigates the global elastic buckling behavior of a high-rise adjustable pallet rack frame composed of thin-walled open sections. It is concluded that the simple element used in many commercial programs for 3D frame analysis is not sufficiently refined for accurate linear buckling analyses of high-rise rack frames.
Flexural Wrinkling Behaviour Of Lightly Profiled Sandwich Panels, Mahen Mahendran, D. Mcandrew
Flexural Wrinkling Behaviour Of Lightly Profiled Sandwich Panels, Mahen Mahendran, D. Mcandrew
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In Australia, sandwich panels are commonly made of flat or lightly profiled steel faces and expanded polystyrene foam cores. Flexural wrinkling is often the governing criterion in the design of these panels. The use of lightly profiled faces is expected to increase the flexural wrinkling stress considerably whereas the presence of joints between the polystyrene foam slabs in the transverse direction introduces a reduction to the flexural wrinkling stress. Therefore a series of full scale experiments and finite element analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of lightly profiled faces and transverse joints on the flexural wrinkling stress of panels …
Stub Column Tests On Cold-Formed Steel Angle Sections, M. Dhanalakshmi, N. E. Shanmugam
Stub Column Tests On Cold-Formed Steel Angle Sections, M. Dhanalakshmi, N. E. Shanmugam
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An investigation on the ultimate load capacity of non-perforated and perforated equal angle cold-formed steel stub columns is presented in this paper. An experimental study has been undertaken to study the behavior of such members subjected to compression. Members were tested to failure under axial or eccentric loading. A comparison of experimental and finite element failure loads, as well as the failure modes of tested specimens, shows that the finite element model is capable of predicting the ultimate load capacity and the failure modes with reasonable accuracy.
Lateral Buckling Of Prismatic Members About An Imposed Axis Of Rotation, Leopold K. Sokol
Lateral Buckling Of Prismatic Members About An Imposed Axis Of Rotation, Leopold K. Sokol
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper deals with the lateral buckling of prismatic members whose position of the axis of rotation is imposed by the conditions of lateral support. As a function of the type of connection with the lateral support, the rotation may be free or hindered (elastic end restraint). This may concern, for instance, the case of a purlin stabilized by a roof structure or of a column stabilized by an external cladding or by another type of efficient continuous bracing. Usually, the check of this type of instability is complex and leads to sophisticated and tedious computations. In order to avoid …
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Channels Subjected To Combined Bending And Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Channels Subjected To Combined Bending And Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An experimental investigation of cold-formed channels subjected to combined bending and web crippling is described in this paper. A series of tests was performed on unlipped channels rolled from high strength structural steel sheets having nominal plate thickness up to 6 mm, and a maximum web slenderness value of 45. This value is considerably lower than the intended web slenderness values used in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures. In the past, the typical thickness of cold-formed steel members was less than 3 mm, and …
Calibration Of Cold Formed Steel Shear Equations, B. Craig, R. M. Schuster
Calibration Of Cold Formed Steel Shear Equations, B. Craig, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
There is a difference in the shear design criteria between the Canadian cold formed steel design Standard, CSA S136-94 (from here on referred to as S136) and the American Iron and Steel Institute Specification for the design of cold formed steel structures, AISI-96 (from here on referred to as AISI). The focus of this paper was to carry out the appropriate calibrations for the factor of safety, Ω, and the resistance factor, Ï•, using the current design approaches of both countries. In the case of the S136 Standard, only the resistance factor was determined. It was assumed at the outset …
Lateral Strength Of Wind Load Bearing Wall Stud-To-Track Connection, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
Lateral Strength Of Wind Load Bearing Wall Stud-To-Track Connection, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A common application of cold formed steel in building construction is for wind load bearing steel studs (curtain walls). These wall studs are designed to carry lateral load only, and frame into horizontal steel track members at the top and bottom of the wall assembly. The stud-to-track connection consists of studs framing perpendicularly into the track and are connected with sheet metal screws. The design of the wall stud must include a check of the web crippling capacity at the end reactions. The current design expressions, however, do not apply to the type of bearing in these stud-to-track connections. Reported …