Tectonics and Structure Commons^™

Estimation Of Offsets In Gps Time-Series And Application To The Detection Of Earthquake Deformation In The Far-Field, Jean-Philippe Montillet, S. D. P. Williams, A. Koulali, S. C. Mcclusky

All Faculty Scholarship for the College of the Sciences

Extracting geophysical signals from Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinate time-series is a well-established practice that has led to great insights into how the Earth deforms. Often small discontinuities are found in such time-series and are traceable to either broad-scale deformation (i.e. earthquakes) or discontinuities due to equipment changes and/or failures. Estimating these offsets accurately enables the identification of coseismic deformation estimates in the former case, and the removal of unwanted signals in the latter case which then allows tectonic rates to be estimated more accurately. We develop a method to estimate accurately discontinuities in time series of GPS positions at …

The Effect Of Basement Fault Reactivation On The Triassic—Recent Geology Of Kurdistan, North Iraq, Caroline M. Burberry

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

The Zagros orogenic belt is underlain by a complex faulted Precambrian basement. Major fault trends originating in this basement have been invoked to explain large-scale structural changes along the strike of the orogen, e.g. the development of the Kirkuk Embayment (Kurdistan, Iraq) and the Lurestan Salient (Iran). However, within the Kirkuk Embayment, these structural trends have not previously been considered as an interacting group of faults which are periodically reactivated. This contribution first presents a revised basement fault map for the Kirkuk Embayment, created from interpreted gravity data, existing fault maps and remote sensing lineament analyses. This map is then …

Assessing The Relative Mobility Of Submarine Landslides From Deposit Morphology And Physical Properties: An Example From Kumano Basin, Nankai Trough, Offshore Japan, Zachary T. Moore

Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences

A prominent landslide deposit in the Slope Basin seaward of the Megasplay Fault in the Nankai Trough was emplaced by a high-mobility landslide based on analysis of physical properties and seismic geomorphology. Slide acceleration is a critical variable that determines amplitude of slide-generated tsunami but is many times a variable with large uncertainty. In recent controlled laboratory experiments, the ratio of the shear stress to yield strength (defined as the Flow Factor) controls a wide spectrum of mass movement styles from slow, retrogressive failure to rapid, liquefied flows. Here, we apply this laboratory Flow Factor approach to a natural landslide …

Geologic Map Of The Welcome Quadrangle And An Adjacent Part Of The Wells Quadrangle, Elko County, Nevada, Allen J. Mcgrew, Arthur W. Snoke

Geology Faculty Publications

Located in central Elko County, the Welcome and adjacent part of the Wells quadrangles expose a remarkable array of critical relationships for understanding the geologic history of the State of Nevada and the interior of the southwestern U.S. Cordillera. Covering the northern end of the East Humboldt Range and adjacent Clover Valley and Clover Hill, this map includes the northern terminus of the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex. The oldest rocks in the State of Nevada (the gneiss complex of Angel Lake), and Nevada’s only exposures of Archean rock, form the core of a multikilometer scale, southward-closing recumbent …

Arctic Ocean Bathymetry: A Necessary Geospatial Framework, Martin Jakobsson, Larry A. Mayer, Dave Monahan

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Most ocean science relies on a geospatial infrastructure that is built from bathymetry data collected from ships underway, archived, and converted into maps and digital grids. Bathymetry, the depth of the seafloor, besides having vital importance to geology and navigation, is a fundamental element in studies of deep water circulation, tides, tsunami forecasting, upwelling, fishing resources, wave action, sediment transport, environmental change, and slope stability, as well as in site selection for platforms, cables, and pipelines, waste disposal, and mineral extraction. Recent developments in multibeam sonar mapping have so dramatically increased the resolution with which the seafloor can be portrayed …

The Extraordinary Voyage Of Kamome; A Tsunami Boat Comes Home, Lori Dengler, Amya Miller, Amy Uyeki

Trade & Scholarly Monographs

This sweet story, intended for lower elementary grades, is intended to provide a window for discussing earthquakes, tsunamis, marine debris, preparedness and cultural awareness in the classroom and within families.

On April 7, 2013, a little over two years after the magnitude 9 Tohoku-oki Japan earthquake triggered a massive tsunami off the coast of northeastern Japan, a lone boat washed up on the shores of Crescent City, California. The confirmation of the boat as belonging to a high school in Rikuzentakata was first step in an amazing story that has linked two tsunami-vulnerable communities on opposite sides of the Pacific …

Multi-Instrumental Investigation Of Volcanic Outgassing At Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala., Carlo Prandi

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Pacaya is one of the most active volcano in the world and it is only ≈30Km South of Guatemala City, the capital of Guatemala, that has a population of about 2 million of people and a surrounding metropolitan area where ≈4.5 million of people live. So mitigate the volcanic hazard improving the knowledge and the understanding of Pacaya is fundamental to decrease the risk factor at which the surrounding population is exposed. This study aims to furnish a new large database, the analysis, the comparison and the interpretations of data that come from different techniques of sampling, about the volcanic …

Geologic Mapping In The Black Mountain Area, Northern Eastern California Shear Zone: Testing A Kinematic And Geometric Fault Slip Transfer Model, Kevin M. Delano

All Master's Theses

New geologic mapping, structural, kinematic, and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology studies in the Black Mountain area, northern eastern California shear zone, are used to test a kinematic fault slip transfer model for the Owens Valley fault-Mina deflection transition. In the Black Mountain area, range bounding ~NNW- to ~NS-striking and lesser NW- to NE-striking normal faults cut Mesozoic, Miocene (22.42 ± 0.05 Ma), Pliocene (3.53 ± 0.06 to 3.29 ± 0.02 Ma), and early-middle Pleistocene (1936 ± 12.7 to 766 ± 3.1 ka) rocks. Palinspastically restored cross-sections show that offset Pliocene markers record 1.5 +0.7/-0.6 km of ~ENE-WSW extension since …

Rapid Middle To Late Miocene Slip Along The Zanskar Normal Fault, Greater Himalayan Range, Nw, India: Constraints From Low-Temperature Thermochronometry, Brett L. Shurtleff

All Master's Theses

The Zanskar normal fault (ZF) is a NW-striking, moderately NE-dipping, normal fault that bounds the northern flank of the Greater Himalaya Range, NW India. The ZF is the far west continuation of the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS), a major arc-parallel normal sense shear zone that spans the length of the Himalayan orogen. Detailed new zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He (ZHe and AHe) and apatite fission-track (AFT) thermochronometric data from high-grade (amphibolite-migmatite) Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS) metamorphic rocks, exposed in the footwall immediately adjacent to the ZF, provide constraints on the middle Miocene to present exhumation history of the footwall. The …

4-D Evolution Of Anticlines And Implications For Hydrocarbon Exploration Within The Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, Mjahid M. Zebari, Caroline M. Burberry

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

The Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, extending from southern Iran, through northern Iraq and into Turkey, is characterized by elongate NW-trending anticlines that house large hydrocarbon accumulations. In recent years, the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq has become an area of interest for both structural studies and petroleum exploration-related investigation. Key questions to be answered concern the nature of the anticlines and whether the geometry of any associated thrusts can be predicted from surface geomorphology, as well the 4-D evolution of the area and along-strike continuity of the anticlines. To address these questions, this study combines field data, remote-sensing data concerning the …

Spatial And Temporal Variation In Penetrative Strain During Compression: Insights From Analog Models, Caroline M. Burberry

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

Penetrative strain constitutes the proportion of the total shortening across an orogen that is not accommodated by the development of macroscale structures such as folds and thrusts. The accommodation of shortening by penetrative strain is widely considered to be an important process during compression, but variation in the distribution of penetrative strain during a deformation sequence is not well understood. This study provides some first-order constraints on magnitude, timing, and distribution of penetrative strain during deformation. Eight simple models, each with a geometrically and mechanically similar starting configuration, within the limits of sandbox models, were shortened to different amounts. Model …

Proterozoic Tectonometamorphic Evolution Of The Ruby Range, Sw Montana, Usa: Insights From Phase Equilibria Modeling And In Situ Monazite Petrochronology, Martin Cramer

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Phase equilibria modeling and monazite petrochronology reveal a complex history for the Ruby Range, SW Montana, which provides insights into the reactivation and growth of the northwestern Wyoming craton. Metapelites and orthoamphibolites from three areas were investigated. Stone Creek, the structurally highest area along the western flank, records a clockwise P–T path with peak conditions of ~6.5 kbar and ~760 °C and post-peak conditions of ~6.0 kbar and ~680 °C. Monazite growth in this area occurred at 1790–1723 Ma, with monazite inclusions in garnet at 1757 ± 8 Ma. Structurally deeper rocks at Elk Gulch in the south-central part …

Structural And Hydrological Controls On The Development Of A River Cave In Marble (Tapagem Cave - Se Brazil), William Sallun Filho, Bruna Medeiros Cordeiro, Ivo Karmann

International Journal of Speleology

Tapagem Cave (or Devil’s Cave) is a river cave developed in the dolomite marble karst of the Serra do André Lopes (State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil). Although this region is a plateau with significant variation in elevation and a humid subtropical climate, the cave is an anomalous feature in the André Lopes karst because there are few other caves. The marble, which is in a synclinal structure with subjacent phyllites, is a karst aquifer perched above the regional base level (Ribeira River) and has little allogenic recharge. The cave developed on a secondary anticline on the northwest flank of …

Morphological And Structural Mapping Of The Oudemans Impact Crater Layered Central Uplift, Mars, Bahareh Kasmai

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Central uplifts in large meteorite impact craters provide valuable information about the subsurface geology of planetary bodies. Compared to impact craters on Earth, Martian central uplifts can be well exposed and can be mapped in detail by using satellite imagery. Central uplifts preserve morphological and structural features formed as result of the combination of emplacement during the impact process, post impact modification, and erosion over time. In this study, the Oudemans Crater central uplift (the largest central uplift with layers on Mars) was investigated. Oudemans (9.89 S, 268.1 E) is 124 km in diameter and is located in the Sinai …

Earthquake And Tsunami Forecasts: Relation Of Slow Slip Events To Subsequent Earthquake Rupture, Timothy H. Dixon, Yan Jiang, Rocco Malservisi, Robert Mccaffrey, Nicholas Voss, Marino Protti, Victor Gonzalez

Geology Faculty Publications and Presentations

The 5 September 2012 Mw 7.6 earthquake on the Costa Rica subduction plate boundary followed a 62-y interseismic period. High-precision GPS recorded numerous slow slip events (SSEs) in the decade leading up to the earthquake, both up-dip and down-dip of seismic rupture. Deeper SSEs were larger than shallower ones and, if characteristic of the interseismic period, release most locking down-dip of the earthquake, limiting down-dip rupture and earthquake magnitude. Shallower SSEs were smaller, accounting for some but not all interseismic locking. One SSE occurred several months before the earthquake, but changes in Mohr–Coulomb failure stress were probably too small to …

Thermal Impacts Of Salt On Sandstones And Mudstones In The Lusitanian Basin, Portugal, Brett Perry

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

In order to assess the impact of salt structures on paleotemperatures in adjacent sedimentary rocks, a field based study which quantified thermally driven diagenetic products as a function of distance from salt was undertaken. Several salt diapirs are now exposed at the surface of the Earth within the Lusitanian Basin and offered a unique opportunity to document paleothermal anomalies by studying thermally controlled diagenesis in adjacent, exposed Upper Jurassic rocks. Four transects were chosen within Upper Jurassic rocks that contained both sandstones and mudstones. Quartz cementation and albitization of feldspars, both of which are thermally driven processes, were quantified in …

Qualitative Comparison Of Offset Surfaces Between The Central And Eastern Garlock Fault, Thomas M. Crane

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

The Garlock Fault consists of three distinct segments, known as western, central, and eastern, together reaching approximately 260 km from the San Andreas Fault to the southern end of Death Valley. Although published slip rates are available along the western and central Garlock Fault segments, little is currently known of the Garlock Fault earthquake history or slip rate farther east. Using LiDAR and satellite imagery, the central and eastern Garlock Fault segments were analyzed for visibly offset, fault-adjacent, geomorphic surfaces that may potentially be used for estimating slip rate. Qualitative methods of assessing preserved alluvial surface maturity were adapted and …

The Timing Of Deformation In The Four Peaks Area, Central Arizona, And Relevance For The Mazatzal Orogeny, Calvin A. Mako

Masters Theses

The Mazatzal orogeny (1.66-1.60 Ga) is a key element of the tectonic evolution of the North American continent during the Proterozoic (Whitmeyer and Karlstrom, 2007). Recently, Mesoproterozoic detrital zircon grains (1.55-1.45 Ga) have been found in metasedimentary rocks that were thought to have been deformed during the Paleoproterozoic Mazatzal orogeny (Jones et al. 2011; Doe et al. 2012, 2013; Daniel et al. 2013). Some type examples Mazatzal deformation now seem to be too young to have been deformed in the accepted time of that orogeny (1.66-1.60 Ga) and may have been deformed in the younger, newly defined, Picuris orogeny. This …

From ~1.5 Ma To Today: Insights Into The Southern San Andreas Fault System From 3d Mechanical Models, Laura Fattaruso

Masters Theses

Three-dimensional mechanical simulations of the San Andreas fault (SAF) within the Coachella Valley in California produce deformation that match geologic observations and demonstrate the impact of fault geometry on uplift patterns. Most models that include the Coachella Valley segment of the SAF have assumed a vertical orientation, but recent studies suggest that this segment dips 60-70° northeast. We compare models with varied fault geometry and evaluate how well they reproduce observed uplift patterns. Our model with a dipping SAF matches geologic observations, while models containing a vertical fault do not. This suggests that the active Coachella Valley segment of the …

Mapping The Natural History Of The Panama Canal Zone, Casey Calamaio

Von Braun Symposium Student Posters

No abstract provided.