Production Of Organo-Mineral Fertilizing Ameliorants Based On Phosphogypsum, Central Kyzylkum Phosphorites And Biohumus, Temur A. Ospanov, Axmed M. Reymov, Rashid K. Kurbaniyazov, Jaxanger M. Bisenbaev

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Phosphogypsum, a large-scale industrial by-product generated during phosphoric acid production, poses significant environmental challenges due to its accumulation and potential ecological impact. This study investigates the utilization of phosphogypsum as a raw material for producing fertilizing ameliorants in combination with Central Kyzylkum phosphorites and biohumus. Composite mixtures were prepared and granulated using a 30% ammonium sulfate solution as a binding agent. The chemical composition, phase structure (XRD), and microstructure (SEM–EDS) of the obtained materials were analyzed. The results demonstrate the formation of calcium phosphate and sulfate phases, including CaHPO4·2H2O, β-Ca3(PO4)2, and CaSO4·2H2O, which contribute to both fast- and slow-release nutrient …

Processing Of Wc–Co Waste With Selective Extraction Of Co3o4 By Oxidative Fusion In Nano3 Melt, Ilyos A. Bozorov, Aziz B. Ibragimov, Odiljon E. Abdurakhmonov, Mastura Kh. Aripova, Sherzod E. Abdurakhmonov

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

The aim of this study was to develop and experimentally validate a selective method for producing high-purity cobalt oxide from WC–Co hard alloy waste using oxidative fusion in a sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) melt, followed by combined aqueous and acidic purification of the solid residue. Cemented carbide scrap and waste containing 6–12 wt.% Co were used as feedstock, without prior grinding. It was found that, during heat treatment in the range of 650–900 °C, tungsten predominantly converts into soluble sodium tungstates, while cobalt concentrates in the solid residue as an oxide phase. Optimal process conditions, such as 850°C and …

Temperature-Dependent Electrocatalytic Activity Of Mxene For Hydrogen Evolution Reaction., Javlonbek I. Mamanazirov, Shavkat I. Mamatkulov

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

This study represents the synthesis technology of MXene catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and investigates the temperature-dependent electrocatalytic activity of MXene-based catalysts in alkaline media. Using a three-electrode configuration in 1M KOH, the electrochemical performance was systematically evaluated across a temperature range of 25 °C to 40 °C. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) results demonstrate a significant enhancement in catalytic efficiency at elevated temperatures, evidenced by a consistent shift in polarization curves toward lower potentials. Specifically, the overpotential required to achieve a current density of 10 mA/cmІ decreased from 257 mV at 25 °C to 203 mV at 40°C, marking …

Features Of Formation Of The Structure And Properties Nonfritted Glazes For Sanitary Ceramic Products, Ivan A. Levitskii, Mihail V. Dyadenko, Valery G. Luhin

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

The results of research on the formation of nonfritted glass-ceramic coatings for sanitary ceramic products are presented. The synthesis was carried out in a multicomponent raw material mixture including pegmatite, chalk, quartz sand with a constant content of zirconium silicate, talc, wollastonite, zinc whitewash, refractory clay and kaolin. Glazes were obtained by single firing at a temperature of 1200±5 °C for a duration of 20 hours. Samples of coatings were obtained, the processes of glaze formation were studied, the fusibility of glazes was assessed, and their physico-chemical properties were studied in relation to the features of the formation of the …

Fiber-Optic Products Based On Borosilicate Glasses, Mihail V. Dyadenko

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

The research results of the development of glass compositions for a light-guiding core, reflective and protective coats of optical fiber using a stack method are presented. The optimal ratio of glass-forming oxides and modifications in their compositions has been determined, which ensures the resistance of glasses to crystallization during the manufacture of optical fiber, its thermomechanical strength, the required geometry of optical fibers and the light transmission of fiber-optic products, amounting to 60–75%.

The influence of the chemical composition of the glasses of the light-guiding core and the light-reflecting coats on their refractive index, which determines the magnitude of the …

Synthesis Of Nanostructured Yttrium Oxide Luminescent Powders Activated By Terbium Ions, Eygeniy N. Poddenezhny, Andrei A. Boiko, Olga S. Nevzorova, Ekaterina E. Trusova, Vladimir S. Urbanovich

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

The aim of this work is to synthesize nanostructured luminescent powders of yttrium oxide doped with terbium ions. Y₂О₃:Tb³⁺ powders were obtained by thermochemical synthesis (combustion). The sources for the synthesis were nitric acid salts of yttrium and terbium. Organic acids, citric acid and acetic acid, were used as reducing agents and combustible components. It has been established that large porous aggregates with sizes up to 200 microns are formed with citric acid during combustion, and nanostructured finely dispersed powders consisting of nanocrystalline particles with sizes of 39±5 nm are formed with …

Magnetic Cellulose Nanocrystal Composites: Synthesis, Properties, Applications, And Opportunities, Mohammad Jahid Hasan, Kishore Chand, Esteban E. Ureña-Benavides, Erick S. Vasquez-Guardado

Chemical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

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Magnetic Cellulose Nanocrystal Composites: Synthesis, Properties, Applications, and Opportunities

Rheological Protocol To Assess And Optimize Latex Coagulation Dynamics For The Thin Glove Coagulant Dipping Process, Monday U. Okoronkwo, Kok Kong Ng, Wolfram Franke, Gaurav Sant

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Many products that directly impact the quality of human life today — gloves, catheters, condoms, and baby bottle teats — are made through the latex-dipping technology. While a variety of methods have been developed – e.g., particle counting, turbidimetry, microscopy, and light scattering – which are suitable for studying the coagulation of latex at very low concentrations, much less work has focused on methods suitable for in-situ characterization of latex coagulation in concentrated solutions (e.g., as relevant to the dipping process). This paper presents a process-relevant rheological protocol for assessing and optimizing latex coagulation dynamics for the thin glove coagulant …

Centrifugally Spun Silica Fibers For Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes: Structure And Cycling Stability, Alejandra Guerrero, Valeria Tirado, Jason Parsons, Mataz Alcoutlabi

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

Introduction: Silicon dioxide (SiO2) fiber structures have attracted attention as alternative anode materials for lithium-ion batteries because of their ability to improve cycling stability compared to commercial silicon particles.

Materials and methods: SiO2 composite fibers were prepared by centrifugal spinning of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/SiO2 precursor solutions followed by calcination at 500–700 ◦C for different holding times to produce short-fiber composites and micro-belt SiO2 fiber structures. The morphology and crystal structure of the SiO2 short fibers and micro-belts were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical performance was evaluated using CR2032 half-cells.

Results: The …

Optimizing Graphene Oxide In Self-Compacting Concrete: A Sustainable Nano-Material Strategy For Enhanced Durability And Structural Performance, Mohammed Shakeebulla Khan, Vijaya G. S

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

In order to reduce the environmental impact of the constructed world, advanced and sustainable construction materials are needed. This work is a summary of the comprehensive study on a novel self-compacting concrete with nano-engineered material (graphene oxide) modified self-compacting concrete (GO-SCC). The optimum dosage of GO was determined using Taguchi method, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) multi-objective statistical optimization method, and was found to be 0.10% by weight of cement (bwoc). This dosage of 0.10% GO led to the overall desirability score of 0.87, which confirmed that this was the optimum dosage for six response variables …

Comparative Analysis Of Random Forest And Artificial Neural Networks For Predicting In-Situ Soil Density, Eng. Jinan Ali Abd Al-Kareem Al-Maliki, Dr Ammar Salman Dawood, Dr. Ihsan Al-Abboodi

HBRC Journal

This study suggests that RF and ANN are proven to be robust algorithms in predicting in-situ soil density, which is considered a significant geotechnical parameter. The research is based on 86 soil samples and focuses on five main input parameters: Gravel Percentage (G%), Plastic Limit (PL%), Sand Percentage (S%), Fines Percentage (F%), and Liquid Limit (LL%). The models developed here utilize five commonly recorded index properties (G%, S%, F%, LL, and PL) for all field samples taken from the Basra-Faw Road project. The influence of moisture content and compressive energy was ignored, as all field samples acquired the same moisture …

Beneficial Investigation Of Sustainable Recycled Waste Plastic In Treating The Consolidation Behavior Of Fine Soil, Aram Mohammed Raheem, Cumaraswamy Vipulanandan, Mohammed Hiwa Abdullrahman, Ali Tariq Omer

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

Recycled waste plastic is one of the regular garbage utilized as a sustainable material in soil remediation. This study examines the efficacy of utilizing local recycled waste plastic as an ecological quantifiable along with soil containing fine particles to analyze the consolidation behavior. Various recycled waste plastic contents ranging from 2% to 10% were employed experimentally in two patterns where in the first pattern the recycled waste plastic were mixed as dry material with the fine soil particles while in the second pattern a sandwich layer of 10% of the recycled waste plastic was placed in the middle of the …

Enhanced Thermal Energy Storage In Buildings: Impregnation, Leakage, And Environmental Performance Of Organic And Inorganic Pcm Composites, Gökhan Genç, Esra Yılmaz, M. Yusuf Yazıcı

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

This study experimentally investigates the impregnation and leakage performance of various organic (tobacco, sawdust, bay leaf, black cumin) and inorganic (vermiculite, perlite, bentonite, sepiolite) carrier materials used for phase change material (PCM) integration in building applications. The commercial paraffin-based PCM RT-31 was used as the thermal storage medium. Impregnation and leakage tests were conducted to evaluate the PCM absorption capacity, form stability, and energy storage potential of each carrier. The results revealed that perlite (C = 80%) and bay leaf (C = 78%) exhibited the highest impregnation capacities due to their porous and fibrous structures; however, they also demonstrated significant …

Modeling Of Tensile Stress-Strain Response For Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concretes, Anıl Niş, Nilufer Özyurt, Turan Özturan

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

Main aim of the research was to further understand self-compacting concrete reinforced with steel fibers (SFR-SCC) behavior and to contribute modeling of the tensile stress-strain diagrams for the standardization of the fiber reinforced materials for structural utilization. Fiber reinforced materials has not been used without structural rebar because of the absence of stress-strain curve in tension required for the structural design codes. Hence, an inverse analysis (multi-layer model) was further modified for various steel fibers to predict tensile stress-strain behaviour. For this purpose, 5 different mixes; control, reinforced with long fibers with 0.5% and 1%, short fiber with 0.5% and …

Transforming Dredged Sediment Into Reactive Clay: Critical Review Of Calcination, Reactivity, And Sustainable Valorization As Supplementary Cementitious Material, Seongho Han, Sanghwon Wi, Koochul Ji, Keun Hyeok Yang, Farshad Rajabipour, Kamal H. Khayat, Jinyoung Yoon

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Dredged sediment (DS) is generated worldwide in large volumes through routine port and waterway maintenance, yet its disposal presents environmental and economic challenges. Recently, calcined dredged sediment (CDS) has emerged as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), offering a viable alternative to traditional SCMs, such as fly ash and slag cement. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of raw DS and pretreatment strategies aimed at dewatering, organic matter removal, and contaminant stabilization. The effects of calcination on the production of reactive amorphous aluminosilicates are also discussed. Emphasis is placed on physicochemical changes revealed by experimental …

The Effect Of Mwcnt-Oil Impregnation Of Sintered Components On Their Wear And Corrosion Resistance, Maha Khaled Abdelfadeel

Theses and Dissertations

Powder Metallurgy (PM) offers an advantageous route for manufacturing complex and near net-shape components. Their inherent interconnected porosity that promotes the action of self lubrication compromises their structural integrity by creating pathways for corrosion and excessive wear. This research investigates the efficacy of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a nano additive within the impregnating base oil (SN-150 base oil). An experimental matrix was designed to evaluate the influence of MWCNTs with different concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 wt.% and ultrasonic dispersion with varying sonication times of 30 and 60 minutes on the tribological and electrochemical performance of sintered steel …

Tuning Ion Mobility And Molecular Confinement In High-Performance Polymer Electrolytes For Energy Storage, Ezzeldien Yousef Muhammed Yousef

Theses and Dissertations

This research addresses the critical energy density limitations of aqueous supercapacitors, which are traditionally constrained by the narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) of water 1.23 V. By employing two distinct molecular engineering strategies, this study developed high-performance electrolyte systems that significantly extend voltage stability and thermal resilience.

The first system, CsBr@PAM/HA, utilizes a polyacrylamide and hyaluronic acid hydrogel matrix. This system exploits the chaotropic nature of Cs⁺ ions to disrupt the aqueous hydrogen-bonding network, enhancing ionic conductivity to 104 mS cm^-1. Through systematic salt screening, CsBr was identified as the optimal electrolyte, enabling a stable 2.0 V …

Low-Carbon Concrete For Sustainable Construction: A Comprehensive Review Of Performance Characteristics, Implementation Challenges, And Decarbonization Pathways, Fazel Azarhomayun, Jingjie Wei, Kamal H. Khayat

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Reducing the carbon footprint of concrete has become a central objective in sustainable construction. Low-carbon concrete (LCC), developed primarily through clinker reduction, supplementary cementitious materials, and alternative binder strategies, offers a promising route for lowering embodied emissions while maintaining the performance requirements of structural concrete. This comprehensive review consolidates the current state of knowledge on LCC, identifies critical research and implementation gaps, and examines its material composition, mixture-design methodologies, performance characteristics, structural applications, implementation challenges, and decarbonization pathways. Single-SCM systems have been reported at clinker-replacement levels approaching 50%, although durability at these replacement levels, particularly carbonation resistance, remains system- and …

Engineering Nanoelectrocatalytic Systems For Co2 And Nitrate Conversion Into Value-Added Chemicals, Abdelrahman Mohamed Abdelmohsen

Theses and Dissertations

The thesis addresses two major related environmental crises: nitrate pollution of water systems and the ever-increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Both challenges are closely linked to anthropogenic disturbance of nitrogen and carbon cycles and require sustainable, energy efficient mitigation techniques. In this study, we investigate electrochemical conversion routes as a unified approach to convert these pollutants into value-added compounds: ammonia (NH3) via nitrate reduction (NO3-RR) and ethylene (C2H4) via carbon dioxide reduction (CO2RR). The first half of this work deals with the design and engineering of Cu-Zn alloy electrocatalysts for efficient NO3-RR. Tuning the alloy composition and surface nanostructure …

Rapid-Prototyping Nanofabrication: Lcd-Based Projection Lithography And Physical Vapor Deposition, Sabeel Saleem Mohammmed

University Honors Theses

The semiconductor industry's continued growth, driven in large part by demand for artificial intelligence hardware, has highlighted the need for greater workforce development in regions adjacent to major fabrication centers like Oregon's Silicon Forest. This capstone project lays the groundwork for a small scale and student led semiconductor fabrication lab at Portland State University by demonstrating two of the core steps in chip manufacturing: photolithography and thin film deposition. Rather than relying on conventional fixed reticles, this work explores a unique, low cost approach to patterning that uses an ultraviolet-compatible liquid crystal display (LCD) as a programmable reticle, allowing arbitrary …

Metal Oxide Nanoparticle‑Integrated Phema Hydrogels: Morphology, Chemical Properties, And Biological Interaction, Venkateswar Rao, Collin Cox, Brandon Clark, Arushi Rai, Erick S. Vasquez-Guardado, Madhuri Kango-Singh, Soubantika Palchoudhury

Chemical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

Hydrogels offer attractive matrices for incorporating inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) to generate multifunctional hybrid materials, but challenges remain in scalable synthesis and correlating their properties to bio-interaction. Therefore, we report the synthesis and characterization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) hydrogels, and pHEMA hydrogels encapsulating iron oxide or zinc oxide NPs, using a modified free-radical polymerization. Dose-dependent survivorship studies on Drosophila melanogaster revealed that both NP-embedded hydrogels are tolerated over a wide dose range (e.g., 50–200 mg), although ZnO NP-gels exhibit lower survivorship at some concentrations due to their inherent composition and a wider size distribution of iron oxide NPs.

Moisture-Induced Degradation And Mechanical Durability Of Mineral-Filled Polylactide (Pla) Composites, Barbara Szaraniec, Aleksandra Ptaszkowska, Alicja Rapacz-Kmita

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

This study investigates the influence of mineral fillers on the hydrolytic stability and mechanical durability of polylactide (PLA) composites under accelerated aqueous ageing conditions. Composites containing halloysite nanotubes (HNT) and bentonite-based fillers (BM, BS, BSP) at 2 wt.% were prepared using a powder-coating and injection moulding approach. Accelerated hydrolytic degradation was conducted at 50 °C for up to six weeks. The degradation behaviour was evaluated through mass variation, water absorption, incubation medium analysis (pH and electrical conductivity), mechanical testing, surface observations, and contact angle measurements. The results revealed a clear filler-dependent response. Bentonite-filled composites exhibited increased water absorption and accelerated …

Applications Of Geosynthetics In Tunnels Construction: A Sustainable Approach To Carbon Footprint Reduction, Ibraheem Rais, Abdullah H. Alsabhan, Md. Rehan Sadique, Shamshad Alam

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

The use of geosynthetics has transformed tunnelling practices by enhancing structural integrity, durability, and environmental sustainability. This review adopts a systematic literature review design, covering publications from 2000 to 2025 sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The selected studies were screened based on relevance, quality, and focus on tunnelling applications, then thematically analyzed into four domains: geosynthetic types, applications, sustainability, and performance evaluation. This review focuses on the applications of various geosynthetics, including geotextiles, geogrids, geocomposites, geocells, and geomembranes, in tunnelling projects. These materials play crucial roles in reinforcing tunnel walls and slopes, improving load distribution, …

Investigation Of Portland Limestone Cement Blended With Biochar From Downdraft Gasification: Hydration Kinetics, Microstructure, Rheology, And Performance Mechanisms, Ugochukwu Ewuzie, Paul C. Ani, Abdulkareem O. Yusuf, Joseph D. Smith, Monday Uchenna Okoronkwo

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The widespread adoption of Portland Limestone Cement (PLC) in U.S. concrete production has necessitated research into commercially available supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) for formulating high-performance, low-carbon blended binders with PLC. This study investigated the influence of biochar (BC) in biochar-PLC composites (CBCs), focusing on hydration kinetics, microstructure, rheology, pore-solution chemistry, compressive strength, and the underlying mechanisms. Biochar was produced via downdraft gasification at 850 °C and incorporated into PLC at 5, 7, and 10% substitution by mass. Isothermal calorimetry and hydration data modeled using the Knudsen equation revealed that BC retarded early hydration but improved hydration degree and later-age heat …

Large-Scale Synthesis (75 G/Batch) Of Single-Atom Catalysts For Selective Electrochemical Co2 Reduction To Co And Commercialization Potential Analysis, Carter Racine, Ahmed Badreldin, John Pellessier, Yayun Chen, Shaoqin Chen, Shengyao Wang, Jin Feng, Chengcheng Fei, Yun Hang Hu, Ying Li

Michigan Tech Publications

A promising approach to mitigate climate change is to use renewable electricity to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into useful products like carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons. While research has largely focused on developing high-performance catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction (eCO2R), scalability of catalyst synthesis remains underexplored. Metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) catalysts with dominant single-atom sites are among the most effective materials for CO production, but conventional synthesis methods rely on energy-intensive steps and complex pre- and post-treatment processes, hindering scalability and adding negative environmental impacts. This work demonstrates a scalable, single-step synthesis of M–N–C (M = Ni/Fe) catalysts using commercially available …

Enhancing Occupational Comfort And Energy Performance In Administrative Buildings Through Thermochromic Glazing And Upvc Curtain Wall Systems, Sherihan Adel, Esraa E. Abu-Elenain

HBRC Journal

This study investigates the influence of curtain wall façade systems—defined as non-structural glazed enclosures—on workplace comfort and energy performance in administrative buildings in Cairo, Egypt. The research addresses the limited understanding of how façade orientation and the integration of sustainable materials affect building performance in hot-arid climates. The focus is on the role of Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC) frames and thermochromic glazing in enhancing thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort. A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining 600 occupant questionnaires from six office buildings with performance simulations using DesignBuilder (v6.1.0.006). The findings showed that west- and southwest-facing façades provided poor daylighting and …

``Urban Expansion And Its Relationship To The Development Of New Cities (Applied Study On The New Egyptian Cities)'', Tarek Abdel Latif Abou El Atta, Aliaa Mamdouh Mahmoud

HBRC Journal

The Egyptian government adopted a policy of establishing new cities to address urban challenges such as rapid population growth and unbalanced population distribution, with the aim of redistributing residents and achieving more balanced urban development. However, many of these cities have not achieved their planned population growth, despite the continued issuance of urban expansion decisions, raising questions about the alignment of these decisions with demographic and developmental realities. This study aims to evaluate urban expansion decisions in Egypt's new cities by analyzing their relationship with urban development factors and the city's capacity to attract residents, as well as examining their …

Recent Advances In The Rheological Properties Of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete: A Critical Review, Le Teng, Kamal H. Khayat, Jiaping Liu

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) with adapted rheology continues to attract interest considering the requirement for novel processing techniques such as self-consolidating, pumping, spraying, and three-dimensional (3D) printing. The rheology of UHPC is complex due to its high solid volume fraction, low water content, and wide range of constituent materials that affect its flow properties. This work provides guidance for tailoring the mixture proportioning of UHPC to secure proper rheological properties and performance of UHPC for various applications. In the first part of this work, key physical, physicochemical, and chemical factors that can affect the rheological properties of UHPC are discussed. Rheological …

Operation Bite Block, Jennifer Aline Robles, Laura Marie Strobbe, William Pearce Graham, Annabelle Katherine Thalken

Mechanical Engineering

Current dental bite blocks, or mouth props, are typically manufactured in fixed sizes, and often result in patient discomfort, reduced procedural efficiency, and the need for dental offices to maintain multiple product sizes. This project sought to design, prototype, and validate an adjustable dental bite block capable of accommodating a wide range of patient mouth openings while maintaining comfort, structural integrity, sterilizability, and operator usability. Working in collaboration with Dr. Alan Latta, a practicing dentist in San Luis Obispo, the design process incorporated stakeholder feedback, patent and market research, engineering analysis, and iterative prototyping to develop a solution that addresses …

Characterization Of The Thermally Driven Red Hue Effect In Coated And Uncoated Concrete Systems: Implications For Post-Fire Assessment In Wildland Urban Interface Communities, Juan C. Palominos Jr

Master's Theses

The increasing frequency and intensity of Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) wildfires, such as the destructive 2025 Pacific Palisades Fire that destroyed over 6,000 structures, have underscored the urgent need for rapid post-fire safety assessment methodologies. This study sought to quantitatively characterize the Thermally Driven Red Hue Effect (TRHE), a unique, irreversible color shift observed in architectural coatings and concrete substrates, to determine its reliability as a permanent visual record of thermal exposure. Concrete substrates were formulated with three distinct coarse aggregates: gold granite (14.7% Fe), red cinder (22.4% Fe), and green rock (33.6% Fe) and coated with a 20 PVC waterborne …