Maria Montessori,
2025
California State University, Chico
Maria Montessori, Vanessa Braun, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori (born August 31, 1870, Chiaravalle, near Ancona, Italy – died May 6, 1952, Noordwijk aan Zee, Netherlands) was an Italian educator. She is commonly remembered for the many schools around the globe that bear her name and implement her educational methods, the Montessori system. Maria Montessori was a scientist, educator, activist, and advocate for children.
Writing Skills: The Essentials,
2025
Rockford University
Writing Skills: The Essentials, Gina Braun
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Writing Skills are an essential component of communicating and develop over time. It does not matter the intention of writing, it is a skill used daily, and we must prepare our students to have the adequate skills they will need to function as writers. Writing skills taught in school are focused on academic writing, which should transfer and generalize across settings. Writing skills take on different forms with a variety of levels of importance. The necessary writing skills needed include; the writing process, which is supported by, mechanics, writing for a variety of purposes, and finally, building technological skills.
Friendship Among Children,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Friendship Among Children, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Friendships in childhood are essential to overall development, beyond having someone to socialize with. Research suggests that friendships in children can help mitigate psychopathology, can be considered protective factors against being bullied and acting as a bully, and help with developing strong cultural competence. Aspects of friendships such as quality and intimacy of the relationship, as well as quantity of friends have been investigated for their importance in moderating many of these factors. Lack of friendships can lead to both short-term and long-term challenges for children, such as loneliness and feeling isolated from peers, anxiety and other internalizing disorders, and …
Emotional Expression In Children,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Emotional Expression In Children, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The development of emotional expression begins from the time an infant bonds with his or her caregiver. Establishing this bond occurs through both the caregiver expressing her feelings to the child and understanding the emotions expressed by the infant. This communication is almost exclusively non-verbal for a long period of time, which requires understanding of and ability to express emotions via facial expressions and vocal inflections. Infants use non-verbal communication to express needs and wants, and the caregiver’s ability to respond to these expressions appropriately is essential to establishing emotional bonds and a confidence in the ability to have one’s …
James Mark Baldwin,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
James Mark Baldwin, Scott Harcourt
Essays in Developmental Psychology
James Baldwin was born on January 12, 1861 in Columbia, South Carolina. He attended secondary school in New Jersey. He initially planned on a life in the ministry, but in his first year at Princeton (then the College of New Jersey), he fell under the tutelage of the Scottish Realist James McCosh, and studied empirical psychology instead, graduating as valedictorian in 1894. He spent a fellowship year in Germany and France, studying with Wundt in Leipzig, before returning to Princeton for his Ph.D. He then taught at Lake Forest University for two years, during which time he married.
Ecological Systems Approach In Sociology,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Ecological Systems Approach In Sociology, Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Sociology as a philosophy is highly concerned with the collaboration of the environment and how the environment’s transactions with the individual affect one another. The Ecological Systems theory, as it is known today, speaks on the interaction between different sociological environments and how it affects the developing individual. Thanks to the work of Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree, in the United Kingdom, alongside Paul Kellogg in the United States, there is a better understanding about how an individual affects their environment and vice versa. Their work, specifically their research in assessing the needs of low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals in …
Word Learning Rules In Children,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Word Learning Rules In Children, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The ability to learn new words requires the use of numerous cognitive functions. It is expected that from the time a child begins speaking around 12 months of age to about six years old, children learn approximately 14,000 words (Templin, 1957 as cited in Brady & Goodman, 2014). From an early age, children are exposed to the language used around them and slowly develop their own use of language through recognition of objects, combination of phonemes, and memorization of visual and auditory stimuli. In order to successfully master language and learn new words, a child must integrate these processes to …
Perspective Taking Stages,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Perspective Taking Stages, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Perspective taking is the ability to gain an understanding of how another person is thinking or feeling about an event based on the information which is available. Learning to understand the perspective of another person is an ability that develops over childhood through many stages. Typically, this concept is first grasped by school age, or around 6 to 7 years of age. There are multiple types of perspectives that can be taken as well, including physical or visual perspective, affective perspective, cognitive perspective, or perspective of communication. Each of these types is important for social behaviors and the ability to …
Mamie P. Clark,
2025
Marquette University
Mamie P. Clark, Jayla Hill, Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Mamie Phipps Clark (born July 14, 1914 Hot Springs, Arkansas – August 11, 1983, New York City, New York) was an American developmental psychologist best known for her work on the development of African American children’s sense of self, specifically through a series of experiments conducted with her husband Kenneth Clark known as the “Doll Studies.” These studies would be instrumental in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education court decision in which school segregation was declared unconstitutional.
James Marcia - Identity Status,
2025
University of Cincinnati
James Marcia - Identity Status, L. Nicole Hammons
Essays in Developmental Psychology
James E. Marcia is known for his research on identity development in late adolescence, specifically his identification of four identity statuses. He was born on February 10, 1937 in Cleveland Ohio. He was an only child and describes his family as to a stable, lower middle- to middle-class family. Spending his childhood in Columbus, Ohio, Marcia enjoyed tennis, drama, speech, and music (he played both piano and trombone). After exploring history, English, and philosophy, Marcia earned his undergraduate degree in psychology from Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. He also received master’s and doctoral degrees from Ohio State University, both in …
Grandparenthood,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Grandparenthood, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The transition from parenthood into grandparenthood is a normative experience for a majority of individuals and typically occurs in middle age. However, this transition is not uncommon for individuals over 65 or under 55. An individual’s first experience with grandparenthood generally occurs in childhood, when they interact with their grandparents as grandchildren. Initially, the bond between grandparents and grandchildren is mediated by the parents. However, over time the relationship between the two becomes more direct.
Preoperational Period,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Preoperational Period, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The preoperational period is part of Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget was a cognitive psychology, who in 1936 created a model to explain how children understand the world and develop cognitively. While other contemporary theorists believed that intelligence was a fixed trait, Piaget believed that cognitive development was a process that occurred in distinct stages, and that maturation brings about changes and growth in development, rather than training (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget posited that each stage occurred at a specific time and in a specific sequential order, such every child goes through …
Embryonic Stem Cell Research,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Stem cell research is a controversial issue that has received considerable attention over the last three decades. Stem cell research began in the early 1980’s, when stem cells were obtained from mice embryos and utilized to understand the functioning of stem cells (Grivennikov, 2008). In 1998, researchers discovered techniques for obtaining embryonic stem cells from human and growing them in laboratories. Since them, substantial research has been conducted on stem cells and their potential uses, which includes increasing our understanding of diseases and how they occur, treating various diseases, and testing new medications for safety and efficacy (Taylor, 2005).
Rachel Barr,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Rachel Barr, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Dr. Rachel Barr is a developmental and clinical psychologist, and a leading expert on early learning and memory. She has published and presented on over 200 articles, encyclopedia entries, book chapters, and poster presentations on subjects related to child development and psychology and continues to do research in these fields (Rachel Barr, 2019).
Robert Stoller,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Robert Stoller, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Robert Stoller was an American psychiatrist who studied gender identity and sexuality. Stoller was born in 1924 and died in 1991 (Green, 1992). He died in a car accident near his home, at the age of 66 (Cook, 1992). Stoller received his bachelor’s degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and received his medical degree in 1948 from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (Goleman, 1991). Stoller also completed psychoanalytic training at the Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, where he worked under psychoanalyst Hanna Fenichel.
Psychological Development: Cognition, Emotions, Personality,
2025
Liberty University
Psychological Development: Cognition, Emotions, Personality, Anita Knight Kuhnley, Kelly Carapezza, Gary Sibcy
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Adolescence is considered the age that bridges childhood and adulthood, Erik Erikson, who has contributed much to our understanding of the developmental stages described adolescence as, “the age mediating between childhood and adulthood (Erikson, 1997, p.xi).” Adolescence includes the sometimes tumultuous years between the ages of 11 and 21, and the Eriksons addressed this as one stage (Newman and Newman, 2013). Some authors attribute the fact that adolescence is such a trying time to the fact that adolescents lose synapses in the brain specifically in the primary visual cortex at a rate of 5,000 per second (Bears, Connor, and Paradiso, …
Fast Mapping,
2025
University of Cincinnati
Fast Mapping, Heidi Kloos, Hannah Mcintire
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In a classic study by Carey and Bartlett (1978), preschool children were presented with two trays and prompted to: “Bring me the chromium tray, not the blue one. The chromium one.” One week later, a new task context was used to test what children thought ‘chromium’ refers to (e.g., “Show me the chromium one”). Results show that 3- and 4-year-olds were able to learn the meaning of ‘chromium’ even after a single exposure. This phenomenon was termed ‘fast mapping’. It captures the mental process of narrowing down the meaning of a word during a casual experience. In the current essay, …
Personal Control Beliefs,
2025
John F. Kennedy University
Personal Control Beliefs, Sarah Kurzu, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Personal control refers to the degree to which an individual believes one is in control of his or her own life, as opposed to one’s circumstances being the result of factors outside of one’s control. An individual with high personal control has a stronger belief that he or she is able to produce desired outcomes within a designated domain. The beliefs themselves are broken down into two main constructs: external and internal control. Internal control emphasizes the responsibility of the individual and his or her actions on the outcome, while external control determines the outcome as being guided by an …
Adolescent Depression,
2025
University of Alabama
Adolescent Depression, Skip Kumm
Essays in Developmental Psychology
It is common for teens to experience depression. Researchers have found that up to one in eight youth experience some form of depression during their teenage years. It is also well known that all adolescents face many unique challenges related to school, finding a college, peer pressure, and hormones, which may result periods of sadness, frustration, and despair; however, depression is more than just feeling sad or not being happy, depression is a serious mental condition different from typical adolescent experiences.
Generativity,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Generativity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In psychology, the term generativity refers to concern for the future and the need to offer positive contributions to future generations. The term first appeared in stage seven of Erik Erikson’s model of psychosocial development (generativity vs. stagnation). Erikson’s model postulates that generativity occurs explicitly in middle adulthood, but a more recent model of generativity created by Dan McAdams proposes that generativity occurs as a function of increasing cultural demand and concern for future generations, rather than a function of personality change (McAdams, 2001).
