Newborn Senses,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Newborn Senses, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
When babies are born, they possess all five senses-taste, hearing, sight, touch and smell; however, some senses are more developed than others. Newborns had previously been an enigma to scientists and little was known about their intelligence, motives, and capabilities. Neuroscientists are now able to map out a timeline of when senses are developed during and after gestation; this has given the scientific community and parents everywhere a better understanding of newborns and their ability to process their environment.
Newborn Reflexes,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Newborn Reflexes, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Reflexes are characterized as involuntary movements or actions and are a key indicator of a healthy brain and nervous system in newborn babies. There are five primitive reflexes that are common for infants who do not experience central nervous system (CNS) deficits. Furthermore, newborn reflexes are also considered to add adaptive value by increasing their chances of survival.
Divorce, Effects On Relationships,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Divorce, Effects On Relationships, Nicholas Boston, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Divorce has been seen to have significant impacts on relationships both within and outside of families. In terms of friendships, the divorced couple is often seen to withdraw from other couples prior to the divorce in order to avoid sharing uncomfortable details. With more attention instead focused on friendships with individuals, divorced couples lose some, if not all, of their couple friends, whom may take sides either individually or as a couple. As well, fellow couples may not wish to be pulled into conflict. However, individual friendships tend to strengthen as the divorcees turn their freed-up time for attention towards …
Reasons For Divorce,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Reasons For Divorce, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Today, divorce is a common result for many couples regarding marital conflict and discord. The impacts of divorce have been linked to increased psychological distress, increased risk of substance abuse, depression, and poorer overall health when compared to non-divorced individuals (Amato, 2000; Hughes and Waite, 2009). Per Shelby Scott and colleagues, there are ten likely reasons for a couple to get divorced (Scott et al., 2013). By understanding these ten reasons, one may better conceptualize the overall factors that contribute to divorce.
Metabolic Theories Of Aging,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Metabolic Theories Of Aging, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Metabolic theories of aging postulate that aging is due to energy expenditure, which ultimately results in the breakdown and eventual death of cells. Historically, within the realm of metabolic theories of aging, there have been three models: The Rate-of-Living theory, The Oxidative Damage/Free Radical theory, and the Metabolic Stability theory. All three theories maintain that aging is directly related to metabolic rate, but the theories differ in how they arrive at that conclusion.
Maria Montessori,
2025
California State University, Chico
Maria Montessori, Vanessa Braun, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori (born August 31, 1870, Chiaravalle, near Ancona, Italy – died May 6, 1952, Noordwijk aan Zee, Netherlands) was an Italian educator. She is commonly remembered for the many schools around the globe that bear her name and implement her educational methods, the Montessori system. Maria Montessori was a scientist, educator, activist, and advocate for children.
Writing Skills: The Essentials,
2025
Rockford University
Writing Skills: The Essentials, Gina Braun
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Writing Skills are an essential component of communicating and develop over time. It does not matter the intention of writing, it is a skill used daily, and we must prepare our students to have the adequate skills they will need to function as writers. Writing skills taught in school are focused on academic writing, which should transfer and generalize across settings. Writing skills take on different forms with a variety of levels of importance. The necessary writing skills needed include; the writing process, which is supported by, mechanics, writing for a variety of purposes, and finally, building technological skills.
Preoperational Period,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Preoperational Period, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The preoperational period is part of Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget was a cognitive psychology, who in 1936 created a model to explain how children understand the world and develop cognitively. While other contemporary theorists believed that intelligence was a fixed trait, Piaget believed that cognitive development was a process that occurred in distinct stages, and that maturation brings about changes and growth in development, rather than training (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget posited that each stage occurred at a specific time and in a specific sequential order, such every child goes through …
Embryonic Stem Cell Research,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Stem cell research is a controversial issue that has received considerable attention over the last three decades. Stem cell research began in the early 1980’s, when stem cells were obtained from mice embryos and utilized to understand the functioning of stem cells (Grivennikov, 2008). In 1998, researchers discovered techniques for obtaining embryonic stem cells from human and growing them in laboratories. Since them, substantial research has been conducted on stem cells and their potential uses, which includes increasing our understanding of diseases and how they occur, treating various diseases, and testing new medications for safety and efficacy (Taylor, 2005).
Rachel Barr,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Rachel Barr, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Dr. Rachel Barr is a developmental and clinical psychologist, and a leading expert on early learning and memory. She has published and presented on over 200 articles, encyclopedia entries, book chapters, and poster presentations on subjects related to child development and psychology and continues to do research in these fields (Rachel Barr, 2019).
Robert Stoller,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Robert Stoller, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Robert Stoller was an American psychiatrist who studied gender identity and sexuality. Stoller was born in 1924 and died in 1991 (Green, 1992). He died in a car accident near his home, at the age of 66 (Cook, 1992). Stoller received his bachelor’s degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and received his medical degree in 1948 from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (Goleman, 1991). Stoller also completed psychoanalytic training at the Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, where he worked under psychoanalyst Hanna Fenichel.
Generativity,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Generativity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In psychology, the term generativity refers to concern for the future and the need to offer positive contributions to future generations. The term first appeared in stage seven of Erik Erikson’s model of psychosocial development (generativity vs. stagnation). Erikson’s model postulates that generativity occurs explicitly in middle adulthood, but a more recent model of generativity created by Dan McAdams proposes that generativity occurs as a function of increasing cultural demand and concern for future generations, rather than a function of personality change (McAdams, 2001).
Complex Emotions,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Complex Emotions, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Complex emotions are ways in which an individual reacts and respond to complex social situations when encountering people and situations in the social world. Thus, complex emotions are ways of coping and adapting to complex social situations. Complex emotions are mental representations that have been studied on a three-level analysis surrounding the body, mind, and society, which translates to the biological and the evolutionary, the mental and the psychological, and the social and the cultural. This approach has been referred to as the neurocognitive sociology of emotions.
Birth Complications,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Birth Complications, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Complications during childbirth can pose a serious threat to both infant and maternal health. Birth complications can lead to a variety of different health risks, ranging from minor to severe in nature. The following common labor complications can happen even after a standard pregnancy with no difficulties or high risk variables.
The Life Of Susan Sutherland Isaacs,
2025
Georgia State University
The Life Of Susan Sutherland Isaacs, Cherish J. Caldwell, Rachel C. Davis, Betty S. Lai
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Susan Sutherland Isaacs was a British psychologist and psychoanalyst who rose to prominence during the nineteenth century progressive educational movement. Isaacs is best known for her publications on the intellectual and social development of children, as well as her theories regarding the education of children through free play. Furthermore, Issacs served as the first principal of the Malting House School, one of the earliest progressive schools to incorporate the theories of psychoanalysis within its curriculum (Graham, 2009).
Parental Influence,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Parental Influence, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
An adequate level of parenting—providing enough nutrition, shelter, exposure to language and peers, or not harshly punishing children (punching, kicking, striking with a weapon)—seems to not have a long-term effect on cognitive development in children. Twin and adoption studies have found that intelligence is accounted for almost entirely by genes and nonshared environment, which includes peers, teachers, and unique experiences. However, there are parenting styles and types of home environments that are correlated with better school performance, stronger school engagement, and more words spoken at certain ages.
Gifted Children,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Gifted Children, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Children can be gifted in a variety of different areas, including musical talent, athleticism, and artistic ability among others. The focus of this entry will be solely on those children who are gifted in intellectual ability and academic achievement. Identification of intellectual giftedness usually requires an individually administered intelligence test, achieving a Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) of 130 or higher, which is a threshold that dates back to Lewis Terman’s research at Stanford in the early to mid 20th century. Although this seems like an arbitrary score, an IQ score of 130 and above is where an individual scores two …
The Marshmallow Task,
2025
West Virginia University
The Marshmallow Task, Laurel A. Brabson, Hannah M. Coffey, Mary Margaret Ruckle, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Essays in Developmental Psychology
To study the human systems of self-control during delayed gratification, Dr. Walter Mischel and colleagues developed what became the famous Marshmallow Test, published in Science in 1989. This study became a frontrunner in the field of psychology, laying the foundation for future studies in impulse control. Dr. Mischel was born in 1930 in Vienna, Austria. He was a professor at the University of Colorado, Harvard University, and Stanford University where he originally conducted the Marshmallow Test. Dr. Mischel currently holds a professorship at Columbia University.
Perception,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Perception, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Perception is the process through which humans are able to select, organize, and interpret sensory input from the external environment. This process of selection, organization, and interpretation of external sensory stimulation results in our internal representation of the outside world, as well as our conscious experience. Through the process of perception, we are able to gain information and knowledge about our environment, allowing us to safely and effectively navigate in the world.
Nutrition And Growth,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Nutrition And Growth, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
From a child’s embryonic development in the womb to adulthood, nutrition plays a key role in physical, mental, and social growth and development. Throughout the lifespan, proper nutrition and growth are essential to living a long, healthy life. Nutrition is particularly important in the developmental period.
