Demographics Of Aging,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Demographics Of Aging, Lisa Stebbins, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The experience of growing older in the 21st century is vastly different from the past. The advancement in technology, medicine, and lower rates of death at birth has allowed for the population to shift in size. The shift is specifically from the baby boomers generation, which refers to the increase in birth rate from 1940’s to the early 1960’s. This generation is aging and in recent years the first baby boomers began reaching retirement age. This segment of the U.S. is the fastest growing, so it is essential to understand the growth of the aging population. This aging group is …
Self-Esteem From A Developmental Perspective,
2025
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Self-Esteem From A Developmental Perspective, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Self-esteem is among one of the most well understood components of identity development. It refers to a person’s overall positive or negative assessment of their worth. It’s needs to be noted that self-esteem is not to be confused with self-concept which encompasses the characteristics that a person ascribes to themselves [see self-concept, same volume]. Specifically, self-esteem reflects the degree to which a person feels competent and of worth. Self-esteem has been of interest to psychologists and other social scientists because it is often related to other measures positive development such as satisfaction with life and academic engagement.
Adopted Children,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Adopted Children, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Adoption is the legal transfer of parental rights and responsibilities over the care of a child from the birth parents to other adult(s), who will then raise the child. The adoption of children by non-biologically-related adults has a long and complicated history in both the United States and around the world. Over time awareness of adopted individuals, adoptive families, and birth parents and families has increased; all three groups known as the adoption triad, or adoption kinship network.
Altruism And Children,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Altruism And Children, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Altruism is the combination of willingly and spontaneously helping others. Many studies have focused on the origin of these traits, whether they are innate or learned. Researchers are examining inborn altruism and studying the influence of external forces, such as parental role modeling and prosocial tendencies, that have an influence on children's altruistic behavior (Clay, 2006). Altruism is often associated with altering levels of trust however, in children altruism takes on various forms and definitions with each developmental stage and as more complex interactions with others take place.
Groups And Development,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Groups And Development, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Peer interactions often occur in groups. Children spend an increasing amount of time in these groups as they age. Preschoolers begin to interact with each other around playsets, although these early social groups are loosely organized. It is not until they reach school age that children begin to feel as though they are true members of a peer group. A peer group interacts on a regular basis, provides a sense of belonging, has implicit or explicit norms, and has a hierarchical order. Within these groups, social status becomes important, with some members being more popular and having a greater social …
Word Learning Styles,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Word Learning Styles, Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Language acquisition is the way that humans learn and attain their spoken language. Infants are biologically equipped to attain four aspects of language. These include phonology, semantics, grammar, and pragmatics. The earliest acquired language begins with phonology, attained as early as three months and make rapid progressions to conversational language by four years of age.
Ali Ibn Sahl Rabban Al-Tabari,
2025
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Ali Ibn Sahl Rabban Al-Tabari, Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari was born to a Persian family in current-day Turkmenistan, but later moved to what is now Northern Iran. Born circa 838 CE, he died around 870 CE. A Muslim hakim (wise man), he is known for his contributions to the field of medicine and psychology. As a teacher, his legacy continued with his student, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi ("Rhazes").
Age Discrimination,
2025
Missouri State University
Age Discrimination, Ruth V. Walker, Jessica L. Spauldin
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Ageism refers to discrimination toward individuals due to their age. Although younger adults may experience ageism, researchers and governmental policies recognize ageism as discrimination toward older adults. Women define ageism as a societal fixation with youth in addition to discrimination against older adults. Ageism is unique from other “isms” because everyone who lives long enough may be subjected to this particular form of prejudice.
Albert Bandura,
2025
Troy University Panama City
Albert Bandura, Jennifer L. Marshall, Allison Hutchinson
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Albert Bandura (born December 4, 1925 Mundare, Canada - Present, Professor Emeritus at Stanford University in Stanford, California) is a social cognitive theorist who is described as the “greatest psychologist alive today” (Clay, 2016). He is ranked in a 2002 survey as one of the most prominent figures in the discipline of psychology, only behind Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, and Jean Piaget. In 2015, at the age of 90 he received the National Medals of Science, the nation’s highest honor for achievement and leadership in advancing science, from President Barack Obama.
Andrew N. Meltzoff: Social Cognition, Imitation, Cross-Modal Perception, Infant Development,
2025
Missouri State University
Andrew N. Meltzoff: Social Cognition, Imitation, Cross-Modal Perception, Infant Development, Jeffrey H. Cornelius-White, Joan E. Test
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Andrew N. Meltzoff was born on February 9, 1950 in the United States. He studied psychology at Harvard University and did graduate work at the University of Oxford, in England, with Jerome Bruner, earning his doctorate there in 1976. Meltzoff began his professional career at the University of Washington in 1977, serving as a Professor of Psychology since 1988. He is currently co-director of the University of Washington Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, an interdisciplinary research center.
Aggression In Children,
2025
University of South Alabama
Aggression In Children, Emma C. Lathan, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jose Gonzales
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Maladaptive aggression, defined by social psychologists as a set of behaviors intended to be verbally or physically harmful to others or objects, is unregulated and disinhibited, yet developmentally normative during certain stages of childhood (Connor, 2002). For example, for boys and girls, physical aggression increases at 18-months, peaks at 3.5 years, and declines with cognitive and emotional development (Teymoori et al., 2018). However, a small group of children continue to experience high levels of aggression that persist beyond developmentally appropriate behaviors. The current chapter will briefly: (i) review individual differences, including gender and age, that may affect forms of aggression …
Andreas Demetriou,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Andreas Demetriou, Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Andreas Demetriou was born August 15th, 1950 in Stongylo, Famagusta, Cyprus. Demetriou attended the University of Thessaloniki and obtained a Ph.D. in psychology in 1983. After completing his doctoral degree he was a professor of developmental and educational psychology at the University of Thessaloniki until 1996. Demetriou then became a professor at the University of Cyprus, serving in various leadership positions from 1996 to 2008, including chairing the Department of Educational Science and serving as dean for the School of Humanities and Social Sciences and dean of the School of Social Sciences and Sciences of Education. He also became the …
Anxiety In Old Age,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Anxiety In Old Age, Kim Fitzgibbon, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Anxiety can be impairing and distressing for both the individual suffering from the symptoms and those around them. Emerging research suggests that anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders in older adults are just as prevalent as with younger adults, according to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA). The ADAA states that Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is the most common anxiety disorder in the older adult population in the United States. It is also common for an older adult to have had a prior anxiety diagnosis, including GAD, when they were younger that has persisted into older age. Fear of …
Fine Motor Skills,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Fine Motor Skills, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Fine motor skills are defined as the ability to control and coordinate muscles of the hand for precise movements. These skills play an enormous role in daily activities of independent living, including dressing, feeding yourself, and self-care. Examples of fine motor skills include cutting with scissors, tying shoelaces, and writing. Gross motor skills, on the other hand, are defined as larger movements of the arms and legs. Additionally, fine motor skills typically depend on coordination between the hands and the eyes. The development of fine motor skills is dependent on the development of gross motor skills, cognitive skills, and visual …
Binge Drinking,
2025
Preferred Family Healthcare
Binge Drinking, Kayla Theberge, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Binge drinking occurs when a person consumes a large amount of alcohol in a short amount of time. Because men and women metabolize alcohol at different rates, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism defines binge drinking specifically as having five or more drinks in two hours or less for men and four or more drinks in two hours or less for women. Per these guidelines, one standard drink of alcohol is defined as containing 0.6 ounces of “pure” alcohol. By this definition, each of the following is considered one standard drink: 1.5 ounces of 80-proof hard liquor, 5 …
Adolescent Sexuality,
2025
University of Wisconsin - La Crosse
Adolescent Sexuality, Casey T. Tobin
Essays in Developmental Psychology
During adolescence, significant physical changes of a person’s life occur as they transition from childhood bodies into fertile, adult bodies via the process of puberty, the beginning of adolescence. Puberty leads to both reproductive and sexual maturation occurring over the course of several years. The ages of the stages of puberty vary between the sexes and from person to person depending on genetics, body mass index, environmental influences and hormone levels.
Sexual Harassment In Middle And High Schools,
2025
University of Wisconsin - La Crosse
Sexual Harassment In Middle And High Schools, Casey T. Tobin
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Sexual harassment includes any sort of unwanted 1) physical contact such as hugging, touching clothing, flashing sexual body parts, stroking hair or body parts, and sexual assault; 2) verbal or written communications including suggestive comments, inappropriate jokes, requests for sexual favors, comments about someone’s body, rumor spreading, or threats of sexual contact; and 3) non-verbal actions such as staring, sharing naked photographs, or making suggestive gestures or expressions. Sexual harassment also includes nonsexual aggressions directed at a student because of their gender identity or sexual orientation. For example, if a teacher makes a comment about females being less intelligent than …
Wisdom,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Wisdom, Victor Tran, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Historically, wisdom (sagacity) has its roots tied to religious traditions. From India’s Vedas, to Egyptian proverbs, and to Christian and Islamic psalms, various religions have attempted to define wisdom and have professed the importance of fostering it. While these contributions to the understanding of wisdom cannot be ignored, it was not until philosophers intervened that the world began to attempt to systematically define and analyze wisdom as its own construct.
Toy Gaacareer Plateauing,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Toy Gaacareer Plateauing, Victor Tran, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
A career plateau can be defined as a phenomenon in which an individual’s career becomes stagnant. It is imperative to distinguish the two types of career plateaus: (1) content (job content) plateauing and (2) structural (hierarchical) plateauing. Content plateauing refers to a situation in which an individual’s job content (i.e., knowledge, skills, duties, responsibilities, etc.) stops changing. While structural plateauing assumes content plateauing, it also refers to a situation in which an individual can no longer progress, advance, or be promoted within the hierarchical framework of an organization. Career plateauing is not a novel phenomenon; however, it has progressively become …
Emotions – The Basics,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Emotions – The Basics, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Charles Darwin theorized that emotions were universally experienced. This idea acknowledged that emotions can be experienced similarly and communicated via many different cultures and backgrounds. Evidence supports the concept that emotions are also biologically based therefore, they must in some sense be universal (Ortony, 1990). Emotions are recognized universally in the bases of social and biological interactions. Darwin also recognized emotions as a trait that is continuously evolving. The basic emotions become more complex and build upon each other via experiences and exposure. In the 1960’s Paul Ekman was able to combine several studies and identify six basic human emotions. …
