Attachment Theory: Schaffer And Emerson,
2025
Missouri State University
Attachment Theory: Schaffer And Emerson, Jeffery H. Cornelius-White, Joan E. Test
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emerson’s work on the development of attachment in childhood is based on the evolutionary perspective of John Bowlby. Schaffer and Emerson (1964) defined attachment as, “The tendency of the young to seek the proximity of other members of the species” (p. 6). In their view, infants and young children seek out and find comfort in being physically close to people with whom they have formed attachments.
Smith And Thelen - Dynamic Systems Theory,
2025
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Smith And Thelen - Dynamic Systems Theory, Alexandra M. Daro, Brigette O. Ryalls
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) is a broad, versatile framework used to investigate a variety of questions concerning the world and the systems that make it up. As applied to developmental psychology, DST views the human person as a system made up of and acting within other systems. Systems are any set of functions or behaviors that work together to influence, or be influenced by, other functions and behaviors. A system can be defined at various levels – cognitive processes, the human person, societies – but all systems change and shift over time. This shifting and changing often occurs within similar …
Wimmer And Perner 1983,
2025
Buffett Early Childhood Institute, University of Nebraska
Wimmer And Perner 1983, Alexandra Daro, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
False beliefs occur when individuals are unaware of a change in a situation that makes their beliefs different from reality. Children developing a theory of mind learn to distinguish their own beliefs about a situation from other individuals’ beliefs about the same situation. Through this process, children move away from assuming their thoughts are shared by everyone in their day to day experiences (an egocentric perspective normal to this developmental stage), and toward an understanding of others as individuals with minds, thoughts, and beliefs separate from their own.
Physical Growth, Adolescent,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Physical Growth, Adolescent, Alison Datoc, Vijay Bajnath, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Adolescents experience a period of substantial growth between puberty and adulthood. This growth spurt typically occurs between ages 12 and 18, and is associated with various physical changes due to fluctuations in hormones. These changes are manifested in an individual’s height, weight, and sexual characteristics, and there is considerable variation between each individual for when these changes occur.
Longevity,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Longevity, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Longevity, defined as the length of an individual life, is a topic that has been explored by the scientific community as well as across cultures for decades. Health professionals repeatedly encourage individuals to eat more vegetables, exercise more, lose weight, and engage in other health-related behaviors to live a long and healthy life; however, recent literature suggests predictors of extending life are more complex than these recommendations. While there is no specific formula to guarantee a long life, it is well-established that a multitude of factors contribute to an individual’s longevity. These factors ultimately break down into three categories- genetics, …
Multiple Regression,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Multiple Regression, Christian Delucia, Kaleb Pratt, Ashley R. Strong
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Researchers use statistical models to test hypotheses about developmental phenomena. The multiple regression model is a powerful and flexible statistical model that can be used to answer a multitude of research questions. For example, a researcher might be interested in testing whether parent substance use, peer substance use, and lower school performance are risk factors for adolescent substance use. By collecting data on a sample of adolescents, a researcher could use a multiple regression model to provide insights into this research question. Below, we provide a brief, non-technical introduction to the multiple regression model.
Subjective Well-Being,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Subjective Well-Being, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Subjective well-being (SWB) is defined as an individual’s cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life. The cognitive element encompasses how one feels about his or her life, and the affective element refers to emotions, moods, and feelings. In simpler terms, SWB represents an individual’s happiness and life satisfaction. The concept of SWB has been discussed for centuries; however, interest in this field has grown exponentially since the 1950s as Psychologists expanded their focus on negative emotional states such as depression to also explore positive emotional states such as happiness and feelings of well-being.
Stress (Personality Types),
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Stress (Personality Types), Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Both stress and personality types are multifaceted topics that have been defined in multiple ways. Examining the relationship between stress and personality types is complex; however, literature on this relationship is well-established. While early research on the relationship between personality and stress focused on unidimensional personality traits, such as the relationship between stress and Type A personality, optimism, and hostility, research in this field today takes a comprehensive approach conceptualizing personality in five dimensions. The most widely accepted method of defining personality today is the Big Five model, consisting of five independent factors of personality: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Openness to …
Work-Family Conflict,
2025
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Work-Family Conflict, Alexandra M. Daro, Samantha K. Ammons
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Individuals will take on many different roles throughout their lives. Three of the largest roles an individual can take on – employee, spouse, parent – often come into conflict with each other. Work-family conflict occurs when demands at work and demands in the family are incompatible. The term “family” can mean different things to different people. Although we often think of family members as individuals tied to us through blood or marriage, families can also be comprised of other loved ones, close friends, and even pets.
Programmed Cell Death,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Programmed Cell Death, Skyler Coetzee, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Programmed cell death (PCD) is cellular death that is deliberately induced via an intracellular program. There are two main mechanisms of PCD, apoptosis and autophagic cell death. The most common form of PCD in multicellular organisms, including humans, is apoptosis.
Gardner’S View Of Intelligence,
2025
The Center for Child Development, Issaquah, WA
Gardner’S View Of Intelligence, Seth C. Courrege, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Howard E. Gardner’s framework for understanding intelligence is one of the most well-known alternatives to the more widely-accepted Cattell-Horn-Carrol model of intelligence (CHC). In 1983, Gardner published Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, in which he rejected the idea of a single intelligence (g) in favor of multiple, relatively independent intelligences. In his introduction for the third edition of Frames of Mind, Gardner describes a myriad of inspirations for his theory, including a notable lack of research on artistic talents within cognitive psychology. Gardner argues that the traditional definition of “intelligence” is too narrow, and that some of …
Urie Bronfenbrenner,
2025
California State University, Chico
Urie Bronfenbrenner, Wallace Fullerton, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Urie Bronfenbrenner (born April 29, 1917, Moscow, Russia – died September 25, 2005, Ithaca, New York, U.S.) was a Russian-born American developmental psychologist. He is best known for ecological systems theory. This theory explains human development as the result of nested relationships between the individual and family, friends, schools, neighborhoods, society, and the time period in which the individual lived. Bronfenbrenner described these contexts as, matryoshka, or Russian nesting dolls. The individual was layered within multiple contexts, or systems and each system was represented by one of the nested dolls. The ecological system of each individual was built from five …
Adopted Children,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Adopted Children, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Views about the manner and nature of human development have changed across time (Psyking.net 2016). Some of these views have been religious (e.g., creationism) and some of these views have been more biological (e.g., preformationism). Regardless of the focus of the view, how we believe human beings develop has a profound effect on our expectations for those beings. One early view of human development from a biological perspective was Preformationism. This is explained as, “A notion that was widespread among pioneer biologists in the 18th century was that the fetus, and hence the adult organism that develops from it, is …
Metacognition,
2025
Idaho State University
Metacognition, Erika Fulton, Tina Miyake
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Metacognition is thinking about cognition or thinking about thinking. It includes what you know about how your own cognition and cognition in general work. Metacognition also involves the judgments we make about our cognition and how accurate those judgments are. Metamemory and metacomprehension are the most studied areas of metacognition and refer to the judgments we make about our memory and about our reading comprehension, respectively.
Person Perception In Childhood And Adolescence,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Person Perception In Childhood And Adolescence, William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Prior to the early 1970s little was known about how children viewed others. Previous research had focused on the types of thoughts children had about others, rather than how they arrived at and how to categorize these impressions. Additionally, it was assumed that understanding the development of impression formation in childhood would prove useful for understanding impression formation in adulthood.
Nursing Homes,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Nursing Homes, Julian Garcia, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Nursing homes are a type of residential care that typically provide continual nursing care for elderly people. Residential care refers to long-term care given to either adults or children who stay in a residential setting rather than their own home. Individuals who benefit most from nursing homes are those who do not need to be in a hospital but cannot live independently or be cared for at home. While nursing homes are most typically associated with the elderly, younger adults with different physical or mental disabilities may also benefit from them. The services at nursing homes often vary depending on …
Childbirth Approaches,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Childbirth Approaches, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
There are various approaches to childbirth, apart from the typical approach of vaginal delivery (e.g., typically done in a hospital). Another approach is a cesarean, which can classified as either an emergency or planned procedure. In the case where an emergency cesarean is needed a vaginal birth would have been detrimental to health of the mother and/or the fetus. A planned cesarean is requested ahead of time due to medical indication or requested by the mother. When requested by the mother the delivery is considered an elective surgical procedure, since it was requested without any medical or obstetrical indication. Cesareans …
Success And Intelligence,
2025
Central Michigan University
Success And Intelligence, Halie B. Hamilton, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
One of the most famous studies tracking the relationship between intelligence and success was conducted by Louis Terman. Terman’s Gifted Child Study began in the 1920s and followed nearly 1500 gifted children throughout their lives. To qualify, the children had to have an IQ of at least 140. The children were followed into adulthood to see how their intelligence was related to social and personal adjustment. Terman found that his sample showed not only positive academic outcomes, but also tended to be healthier, taller, and stronger than children with lower IQs. These positive effects persisted into adulthood. Two-thirds earned bachelor’s …
Empty Nest Syndrome,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Empty Nest Syndrome, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Empty nest is a stage in development when children leave the parental home, thus leaving it “empty.” This stage occurs when children are at the age or point in life where they are ready to become independent and create a life of their own. Parents have various reactions to this change. Many parents look forward to this transition and view it as a highly positive event, while others have a more difficult time and deal with what is commonly called the “empty nest syndrome.” Empty syndrome is typically considered a maladaptive reaction to this transition, however this significant phase of …
Dependent Care,
2025
Nova Southeastern University
Dependent Care, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The term dependent care is an umbrella for several types of care regarding family members. One can be the caretaker for disabled children, disabled adult children, or elderly parents. It is expected of parents to perform a supportive role to make sure that children get the services they need from the appropriate health care professionals. Caring for children is only made more difficult when the child, or one of the children has a disability. It is becoming common practice for children with disabilities to be cared for at home in developing countries. Where the complex medical and physical needs of …
