Virus Diseases Commons^™

Interactions Between Hiv And Opioids On Antiretroviral Accumulation, The Blood Brain Barrier, And The Inflammatory Response In The Brain., Kara Rademeyer

Theses and Dissertations

The complex mechanisms related to HIV infection, neurodegeneration, and chronic neuroinflammation collectively describe neuroHIV (Hauser et al. 2007; Chang et al. 2014; Smith et al. 2014). Specifically, opioid abuse, poor penetration of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, chronic inflammation and neuronal injury/degeneration are all implicated in neuroHIV (Fantuzzi et al. 2003; Letendre et al. 2004; Verani et al. 2005; Duncan and Sattentau 2011; Hong and Banks 2015; Simoes and Justino 2015; Olivier et al. 2018; Murphy et al. 2019; Osborne et al. 2020). For the first time, we demonstrate that morphine, fentanyl, and methadone in vivo alter the brain accumulation of ARVs, …

Teaching Assistant Responses To Covid-19: Investigating Relationships Between Stress, Self-Efficacy, And Approaches To Teaching, Cody R. Smith, Deepika Menon, Annette Wierzbicki, Jenny Dauer

Department of Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education: Faculty Publications

This study investigates the self-efficacy of undergraduate and graduate TAs associated with changes in instruction after the COVID-19 disruption to the spring 2020 semester.

Guiding research questions include: (i) What are the relationships among TA teacher efficacy and stress resulting from the COVID-19 disruption? (ii) What experiences do TAs describe that contribute to their stress and teacher efficacy?

Implications of the results for supporting TAs during similarly stressful events and circumstances are discussed.

A Systematic Review To Study The Global Patterns And Policies Of Hiv Harm Reduction Programs And Their Impact Among People Who Inject Drugs, Noura Shaltout, Rania Soliman, Lamia Refaey, Rim Ghazal, Mirna Atteya, Nahla Elmedany

Papers, Posters, and Presentations

Aim: This study aims to provide an updated estimate of HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) globally, as well as investigate different policies and methods for applying harm reduction. This article focuses on the two major and the most frequently used harm reduction techniques, Syringe-Service Programs (SSPs) and Opioid Agonist Therapy (OAT). Methods: A comprehensive systematic review was undertaken across multiple international databases during the period of (August-December 2021). For studies conducted before 2005, we used data from a previous published systematic review. Thirty-six studies were included, including studies that had performed HIV testing and had a confirmed …

Role Of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response In Parainfluenza Virus Acute To Persistent Infections, Lauren L. Abbitt

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Persistent viral infections are a major health concern, with persistently infected (PI) cells being a source of continued shedding of virus and generation of viral mutants. Here, we hypothesized that cells persistently infected with the enveloped virus parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) would show altered expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins and increased resistance to death caused by drug-induced ER stress. To test this, lysates of mock-infected, PIV5 acute-infected, and PIV5 PI human lung A549 cells were collected and levels of ER stress proteins were compared. Western blotting revealed that immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP/GRP78) was present in higher …

Does The Cdc Covid-19 Exposure Assessment Criteria For Healthcare Personnel Work In A Healthcare Setting In Pakistan?, Imran Hassan, Unab Khan, Shehreen Ali, Asif Hakim, Asad Ali

Department of Family Medicine

Objective: To evaluate the real-world performance of the CDC's "Interim US guidance for risk assessment and work restriction for healthcare personnel with exposure to COVID-19" at a private healthcare system in Pakistan.
Study design: Retrospective observational study.
Place and duration of study: The Aga khan University Hospital, Karachi, and its associated healthcare facilities in all four provinces of Pakistan, from February to September 2020.
Methodology: Healthcare personnel (HCPs) assessed and tested for exposures to COVID-19 were included in the study. An exposure category was assigned to each HCP presenting with exposure to COVID-19 based on the CDC criteria. Percentage positivity …

Adaptive Leadership In Local Responses To Covi D-19: Cases Of The Cities Of Santa Rosa And Valenzuela, Philippines, Miriam Caryl Carada, Therese Pardo, Aileen Lapitan

Journal of Public Affairs and Development

The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) created a disruption to the global landscape that called for the quick response of key governance actors, specifically an adaptive approach by the local leaders. In this study, we analyze strategies of two local chief executives to draw insights about how adaptive leadership practiced in the context of two cities in the Philippines deemed to excel in managing the pandemic at the height of its onslaught. Owing to COVID restrictions at the time of the study, secondary data from various social media accounts, local government portals, and news websites were utilized together with the accounts from …

Generation Of Chimeric Rhinoviruses Presenting Sars-Cov-2 Broadly Neutralizing Epitopes And Their Antigenicity Characterization, Danish Ansari

Biotechnology Theses

The global COVID pandemic is not yet fully under control as there were over 21 million new cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections and over 50,000 deaths globally as of January of 2022. A heavily mutated variant of concern, Omicron is responsible for most of these cases which demands an urgency for a new vaccine. NIH reports over 180 vaccine candidates that use various strategies currently in development. However, a recurring concern with these vaccines is that the continuous viral mutations decrease the efficacy of vaccines. Therefore, we proposed to construct a human rhinovirus (HRV) based chimeric virus containing highly conserved, broadly …

Survey Of West Nile And Banzi Viruses In Mosquitoes, South Africa, 2011-2018, Caitlin Macintyre, Milehna Mara Guarido, Megan Amy Riddin, Todd Johnson, Leo Braack, Maarten Schrama, Erin Gorsich, Antonio Paulo Gouveia Almeida, Marietjie Venter

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

We collected >40,000 mosquitoes from 5 provinces in South Africa during 2011-2018 and screened for zoonotic flaviviruses. We detected West Nile virus in mosquitoes from conservation and periurban sites and potential new mosquito vectors; Banzi virus was rare. Our results suggest flavivirus transmission risks are increasing in South Africa.

Characterization Of The Function And Regulation Of The Hmpv Phosphoprotein, Rachel Thompson

Theses and Dissertations--Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a non-segmented, negative strand RNA virus (NNSV) that frequently causes respiratory tract infections in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Despite the initial identification of HMPV in 2001, there are currently no FDA approved antivirals or vaccines available. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of HMPV replication is critical for the identification of novel therapeutic targets. A key feature in the replication cycle of HMPV and other NNSVs is the formation of membrane-less, liquid-like replication and transcription centers in the cytosol termed inclusion bodies (IBs). Recent work on NNSV IBs suggests they display characteristics of biomolecular condensates formed …

Proposing An Rna Interference (Rnai)-Based Treatment For Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Hiv) By Analyzing The Post-Transcriptional Gene Targeting Of Sars-Cov-2, Hepatitis C Virus, And A549 Lung Cancer Cells, Arjun Jagdeesh

Undergraduate Research Posters

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cell lymphocytes in humans, leading to the development of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated. While current treatment methods, including antiretroviral combination treatments, effectively limit HIV replication, HIV can evade these treatments due to its high mutation rate. Long-term antiretroviral treatment can also be toxic to patients, meaning patients would benefit from a new mechanism of HIV treatment. RNA interference (RNAi) is an antiviral pathway found in mammals, plants, and insects that involves a small-interfering RNA that is incorporated into a protein complex called the RNA-induced Silencing Complex …

Genetic Sequencing Of Breakthrough Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections In Fully Vaccinated Healthcare Workers, Sara Haddad, John Zurlo, Zi-Xuan Wang, Bonnie Richards, Nitika Badjatia, Dagan Coppock

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

Introduction

Since the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), several efforts have been made to prevent infection, culminating in the development of highly effective vaccines. However, as genetic variants of the virus have emerged, concerns have arisen regarding potential limitations of available vaccines.

Methods

In this article, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections among 520 healthcare workers in a 950-bed hospital from March 1, 2021, to October 31, 2021, and stratified them according to the type of vaccine received. We tested for associations between Alpha and Delta strains of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical characteristics.

Results

During the study period, …

Stressors And Hormone Levels: Predictors Of Covid-19 Health Outcomes In Latine Adults, Wendy Rodriguez

CMC Senior Theses

The Coronavirus 2019 Disease (COVID-19) has been shown by multiple studies to have disproportionate impacts on some individuals, especially minority populations. These may be attributed to differences in biological (sex), gender, social or cultural factors. In this study, we aim to identify and investigate the gender and social predictors that may be involved in the pathogenesis of the virus and its health outcomes. To achieve this, a literature review expands on relevant topics that better contextualize COVID-19’s complex nature. The potential role of hormones, estrogen, and testosterone is considered across different sexes and genders as protective agents against COVID-19. This …

Sheprep: Examining The Influence Of The Messaging And The Messenger Associated With Prep Uptake Among African American Women, Christian C. Spears

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

African American Women (AAW) make up less than 15% of the female population in the United States but account for over 50% of new HIV diagnoses among females. This largely preventable health disparity can be mitigated by advocating and prescribing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), a preventive HIV medication, to persons at risk. Despite advances in medication options, there are less than 13% of Black people who could benefit from having been prescribed PrEP, and limited research and promotion on the effectiveness of PrEP for AAW. The “ShePrEP Study” aimed to assess awareness, perceptions, and receptivity toward PrEP among AAW. This study …

Corrigendum: Evolution, Ecology, And Zoonotic Transmission Of Betacoronaviruses: A Review, Herbert F. Jelinek, Mira Mousa, Eman Alefishat, Wael Osman, Ian Spence, Dengpan Bu, Samuel F. Feng, Jason Byrd, Paola A. Magni, Shafi Sahibzada, Guan K. Tay, Habiba S. Alsafar

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

In the published article, there was an error in the legend for Figure 1 as published. The figure legend did not indicate that it has been adapted from Plowright et al. (2017). Copyright permission was obtained from Springer Nature to adapt Figure 1 from Plowright et al. (2017). The corrected legend appears below. Figure 1. Zoonotic risk distribution, pathway to spillover, and the multimodal role of the determinants of spillover. The zoonotic risk is demonstrated by the accumulated distribution of reservoir hosts and vectors that play a role in the pathway to spillover. The risk of spillover is determined by …

Covid-19 In Western Australia: ‘The Last Straw’ And Hopes For A ‘New Normal’ For Parents Of Children With Long-Term Conditions, Stephanie Smith, Mary Tallon, James Smith, Lauren Jones, Evalotte Mörelius

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Children with long-term conditions are vulnerable due to the treatments required for their conditions. Since the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Western Australians experienced restrictions that changed daily life activities but were able to return to some of their previous routines due to the restrictions. Aim: The study explored the stress experiences of parents caring for children with long-term conditions during COVID-19 in Western Australia. Design and Participants: The study was codesigned with a parent representative caring for children with long-term conditions to ensure essential questions were targeted. Twelve parents of children with various long-term conditions …

Physical Education And Covid-19: What Have We Learned?, Valeria Varea, Ana Riccetti, Gustavo González-Calvo, Marcela Siracusa, Alfonso García-Monge

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The aim of this paper is to explore what we have learned during the COVID-19 pandemic in the field of Physical Education in three different countries: Argentina, Spain and Sweden. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews, and the concept of field agency is used to make sense of the data. Differences were found among the three countries, regarding the content of the classes, the use of resources, the emotions of teachers, and the use of physical contact. This was also a result of the regulations and resources in place. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the nature of the field …

Covid-19 Newsletter (Vol. 151), Center For Disaster Medicine, New York Medical College

COVID-19 Newsletter

No abstract provided.

Cuidado De La Vida, Un Reto Para El Mundo: Investigaciones Y Experiencias En Salud Publica, Sandra Patricia Carmona Urueña, María Nieves Ávila Ávila, Claudia Del Rocio Contreras Rodríguez, Olga Montiagudo Piqueras, Yolanda Bermúdez Niño, Tatiana Carolina Cantor Caicedo, Yensy Katherine Dimaté Villalobos, Danna Garnica Navarro, Shanda Demorest, María Victoria Rojas Martínez, Daniel Esteban Niño Moreno, Lina María Moreno Rubiano, Anyi Tatiana Rondón Barreto, Marcela Alejandra Bermúdez Valdés, Flor Alba Martínez Pinzón, Marcela Tamayo Ortiz

Ciencias de la Salud

El marco sanitario de España está determinado por la Ley General de Sanidad (lgs), Ley 14/1986, en la que el primer principio general estipula que: “Los medios y actuaciones del sistema sa nitario estarán orientados prioritariamente a la promoción de la salud ya la prevención de las enfermedades” (25 de abril de 1986). Ello supone una concepción integral de la salud, por lo que estos servicios han de incorporar las acciones de promoción de la misma y de prevención de las enfermedades, de igual modo que de las asistenciales, las curativas, las rehabilitadoras o los cuidados paliativos. . Así mismo, …

Covid-19 Newsletter (Vol. 150), Center For Disaster Medicine, New York Medical College

COVID-19 Newsletter

No abstract provided.

Engagement Journalism In Action: Supporting New Yorkers With Long Covid, Sarah Luft

Capstones

What do asthma and long COVID have in common? 1 in 13 U.S. adults are living with them. This report is a recap of my efforts to address the information needs of New Yorkers with long COVID as a student in CUNY's Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism engagement program. For my final project, I partnered with THE CITY, a nonprofit news outlet serving New Yorkers, to expand the MISSING THEM project. The report details the what, why, and how of my engagement reporting process, including a community engagement framework, a service journalism series, and lessons to carry forward. You …