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Articles 7351 - 7380 of 9760

Full-Text Articles in Veterinary Medicine

Seasonal Effects On The Reproductive Performance Of Gilts And Sows, Padet Tummaruk, Wichai Tantasuparuk, Mongkol Techakumphu, Annop Kunavongkrit Sep 2002

Seasonal Effects On The Reproductive Performance Of Gilts And Sows, Padet Tummaruk, Wichai Tantasuparuk, Mongkol Techakumphu, Annop Kunavongkrit

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Although the domestic pig is not a true seasonal breeder, a seasonal effect on reproductive performance exists. A reduction in reproductive performance during some periods of the year is most pronounced in primiparous sows and is manifested in various ways such as, delayed puberty, prolonged weaning-to-first-service interval (WSI), increased number of sows returning to oestrus after mating, decreased conception rate, decreased farrowing rate (FR), decreased litter size and an increased incidence of abortion. Both high ambient temperatures and/or changes in photoperiod have been reported to be the cause of these problems. The pig is considered to be a short-day seasonal …

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A Modified Pelvic Fixation Technique Using Screws For The Treatment Of Hip Dysplasia In Dogs, Kiatpichet Komin, Marissak Kalpravidh, Atichat Brahmasa Sep 2002

A Modified Pelvic Fixation Technique Using Screws For The Treatment Of Hip Dysplasia In Dogs, Kiatpichet Komin, Marissak Kalpravidh, Atichat Brahmasa

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Eight dysplastic hips of seven dogs suffering from mild hip dysplasia, as classified by the Orthopedic Foundation of Animals (OFA), were treated using a modified pelvic fixation technique. After pelvic, ischial and ilial osteotomies, the pelvis was plane-adjusted and fixed using screws to increase the acetabular coverage over the femoral head. Evaluation was made of the animals gait, by hip palpation and by taking OFA standard, ventrodorsal radiographs before and immediately after the surgical operation, followed by further evaluation 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks later. The degree of acetabular coverage over the femoral head was …

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Radiographic Evaluation Of Coxofemoral Joint Laxity In Dogs Part I : New Stress - Radiographic Positioning Techniques, Phiwipha Kamonrat, Duangdaun Kaenkangploo Sep 2002

Radiographic Evaluation Of Coxofemoral Joint Laxity In Dogs Part I : New Stress - Radiographic Positioning Techniques, Phiwipha Kamonrat, Duangdaun Kaenkangploo

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Two new stress-radiographic positioning techniques, namely 60O and 90O stress techniques, were introduced for quantifying hip joint laxity in dogs. The comparative characteristics and efficiency of these new techniques with angled hindlimbs were evaluated relative to the standard hip-extended radiographic technique. Forty, healthy, mongrel dogs with normal hip joint conformation were anesthetized and placed in dorsal recumbency before 3 radiographs of the standard, 60O, and 90O stress techniques were taken. For the 60O stress technique, hindlimbs were extended in parallel to each other at 60O angled to the table top and stifles were slightly rotated inward; femoral heads were manually …

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Radiographic Evaluation Of Coxofemoral Joint Laxity In Dogs Part Ii: Comparison Of Stress - Radiographic Positioning Techniques In Dogs With Hip Dysplasia, Duangdaun Kaenkangploo, Phiwipha Kamonrat, Marissak Kalpravidh Sep 2002

Radiographic Evaluation Of Coxofemoral Joint Laxity In Dogs Part Ii: Comparison Of Stress - Radiographic Positioning Techniques In Dogs With Hip Dysplasia, Duangdaun Kaenkangploo, Phiwipha Kamonrat, Marissak Kalpravidh

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Two stress-radiographic positioning techniques for evaluation of coxofemoral joint laxity in dogs with hip dysplasia were compared with the standard technique. Forty, healthy, large breed dogs were divided into two groups of 20 dogs. Group 1 had normal hips. Group 2 were dogs with mild to moderate grade of hip dysplasia according to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) standard. Dogs were anesthetized and placed in dorsal recumbency before 3 radiographic techniques, standard hip-extended, 60O and 90O stress techniques, were taken. For the 60O stress technique, hind legs were extended in parallel to each other at 60O to the table …

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Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Kris Angkanaporn, Sumpun Thammacharoen Sep 2002

Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Kris Angkanaporn, Sumpun Thammacharoen

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

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Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat Sep 2002

Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

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A Novel Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Transcript (Al-Rna) Antisense To The 5′ End Of The Latency-Associated Transcript Produces A Protein In Infected Rabbits, Guey-Chuen Perng, Barak Maguen, Ling Jin, Kevin R. Mott, John Kurylo, Lbachir Benmohamed, Ada Yukht, Nelson Osorio, Anthony B. Nesburn, Gail A. Henderson, Melissa Inman, Clinton J. Jones, Steven L. Wechsler Aug 2002

A Novel Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Transcript (Al-Rna) Antisense To The 5′ End Of The Latency-Associated Transcript Produces A Protein In Infected Rabbits, Guey-Chuen Perng, Barak Maguen, Ling Jin, Kevin R. Mott, John Kurylo, Lbachir Benmohamed, Ada Yukht, Nelson Osorio, Anthony B. Nesburn, Gail A. Henderson, Melissa Inman, Clinton J. Jones, Steven L. Wechsler

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Following primary ocular infection, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) establishes a lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia. Latency-associated transcript (LAT), the only known viral gene abundantly transcribed during HSV-1 neuronal latency, is required for high levels of reactivation. Recently we showed that three different mutants that do not alter the LAT promoter but contain deletions within the 5′ end of the primary LAT transcript affect viral virulence (G. C. Perng et al., J. Virol. 75:9018-9028, 2001). In contrast, in LAT-null mutants viral virulence appears unaltered (T. M. Block et al., Virology 192:618-630, 1993; D. C. …

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A Mutation In The Latency-Related Gene Of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Disrupts The Latency Reactivation Cycle In Calves, Melissa Inman, Luciane Lovato, Alan R. Doster, Clinton J. Jones Jul 2002

A Mutation In The Latency-Related Gene Of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Disrupts The Latency Reactivation Cycle In Calves, Melissa Inman, Luciane Lovato, Alan R. Doster, Clinton J. Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is an important pathogen of cattle, and infection is usually initiated via the ocular or nasal cavity. Following acute infection, the primary site for BHV-1 latency is the sensory neuron. Reactivation from latency occurs sporadically, resulting in virus shedding and transmission to uninfected cattle. The only abundant viral transcript expressed during latency is the latency-related (LR) RNA, suggesting that it mediates some aspect of latency. An LR mutant was constructed by inserting three stop codons near the beginning of the LR-RNA, suggesting that expression of LR proteins would be altered. The LR mutant grew with wild-type …

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Phylogenetic Analysis Of Brazilian Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2 (Bvdv-2) Isolates: Evidence For A Subgenotype Within Bvdv-2, Eduardo F. Flores, Julia F. Ridpath, Rudi Weiblen, Fernanda S. F. Vogel, Laura H.V.G. Gil Jun 2002

Phylogenetic Analysis Of Brazilian Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2 (Bvdv-2) Isolates: Evidence For A Subgenotype Within Bvdv-2, Eduardo F. Flores, Julia F. Ridpath, Rudi Weiblen, Fernanda S. F. Vogel, Laura H.V.G. Gil

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Phylogenetic analysis divides bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) into two different genotypes (BVDV1 and BVDV2). BVDV1 strains have been further subdivided into two to 11 subgenotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of BVDV2 isolates, however, has not been able to identify discrete subgenotypes. In this study, we identified six South American BVDV2 strains and one North American BVDV2 strain that cluster to a separate genetic group within BVDV2, thus representing a distinct subgenotype. The 5’ untranslated region (UTR) sequence homology between these six strains and other BVDV2 from North America, Europe and Asia (81.7%) is lower than the homology used to segregate BVDV1 …

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An Electron Microscopic Study From Blood Cells And Platelets Of Swamp Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis), Wimon Pothiwong, Siripen Vethchagarun, Kriengyot Sajjarengpong, Adisorn Adirekthaworn Jun 2002

An Electron Microscopic Study From Blood Cells And Platelets Of Swamp Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis), Wimon Pothiwong, Siripen Vethchagarun, Kriengyot Sajjarengpong, Adisorn Adirekthaworn

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Blood cells and platelets from five swamp buffaloes, three males and two females, were studied by electron microscope. The blood cells could be categorized into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The red blood cells were round and had neither nucleus nor organelles. The white blood cells were divided into two groups; one with granules and the other without granules. The granulocytes (neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil) were round or oval and their nuclei were lobulated. The cytoplasm contained free ribosomes, a few mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Specific granules of various sizes were distributed in the cytoplasm and the …

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Superovulation Responses In Rabbits To Different Doses Of Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Mongkol Techakumphu, Pranee Numchaisrika, Vaneda Suktrakun, Suthai Phanitkitcharoen, Astasit Kaewnanuer, Somchai Suwajanakorn Jun 2002

Superovulation Responses In Rabbits To Different Doses Of Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Mongkol Techakumphu, Pranee Numchaisrika, Vaneda Suktrakun, Suthai Phanitkitcharoen, Astasit Kaewnanuer, Somchai Suwajanakorn

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The objective of the experiment was to study the number of oocytes recovered, their quality and the recovery rate after superovulation, in order to use the oocytes, as a cytoplasm recipient in a nuclear transfer program. A total of 38, New Zealand White mature, doe rabbits were divided into 3 groups, according to the chosen dose of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH); 21 mg (group A), 28 mg (group B) and 40 mg (group C). Five IM injections of FSH were given at 12 hr interval by increasing doses for group A and B and a constant dose for group C. …

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Superior Check Ligament Desmotomy For The Treatment Of Chronic Superficial Digital Flexor Tendinitis In Horses., Atichat Brahmasa, Voraphan Na Songkla Jun 2002

Superior Check Ligament Desmotomy For The Treatment Of Chronic Superficial Digital Flexor Tendinitis In Horses., Atichat Brahmasa, Voraphan Na Songkla

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Bilateral check ligament desmotomies were performed on 7 horses (2 males and 5 females) that had been suffering from either, unilateral or bilateral, chronic, superficial digital flexor tendinitis,for 3-10 months. Healing was uneventful in all cases. Eight to twelve months postoperatively, all horses returned to racing with no subsequent injury to the previously affected tendons. However, typical, palpable, fibrotic enlargement remained within the palmar aspect of the superficial digital flexor tendons of all the horses.

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Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Kris Angkanaporn, Sumpun Thammacharoen, Phiwipha Kamonrat Jun 2002

Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Kris Angkanaporn, Sumpun Thammacharoen, Phiwipha Kamonrat

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

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What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich Jun 2002

What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

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Weaning-To-First Service Interval: It’S Impact On Subsequent Reproductive Performance In Sows And Alternative Ways To Improve Mating Efficiency In Weaned Sows, Padet Tummaruk, Wichai Tantasuparuk, Mongkol Techakumphu, Annop Kunavongkrit Jun 2002

Weaning-To-First Service Interval: It’S Impact On Subsequent Reproductive Performance In Sows And Alternative Ways To Improve Mating Efficiency In Weaned Sows, Padet Tummaruk, Wichai Tantasuparuk, Mongkol Techakumphu, Annop Kunavongkrit

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The objective of this paper is to review current knowledge on the relationship between weaning-to-first-service interval (WSI) in sows and subsequent reproductive performance, in order to optimize and improve mating efficiency. WSI is an important indicator of sows reproductive performance and is closely associated with subsequent fertility. Sows with a WSI of 4-5 days have a larger subsequent litter size, compared to those with a WSI of 7-10 days. Studies have demonstrated that the WSI influences the duration of oestrus, being shorter in sows with a longer WSI. In sows with a short duration of oestrous, the duration from the …

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Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat Jun 2002

Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

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Isolation And Characterization Of Endophytic Colonizing Bacteria From Agronomic Crops And Prairie Plants, Denise K. Zinniel, Patricia A. Lambrecht, N. Beth Harris, Zhengyu Feng, Daniel Kuczmarski, Phyllis Higley, Carol A. Ishimaru, Alahari Arunakumari, Raul G. Barletta, Anne K. Vidaver May 2002

Isolation And Characterization Of Endophytic Colonizing Bacteria From Agronomic Crops And Prairie Plants, Denise K. Zinniel, Patricia A. Lambrecht, N. Beth Harris, Zhengyu Feng, Daniel Kuczmarski, Phyllis Higley, Carol A. Ishimaru, Alahari Arunakumari, Raul G. Barletta, Anne K. Vidaver

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Endophytic bacteria reside within plant hosts without causing disease symptoms. In this study, 853 endophytic strains were isolated from aerial tissues of four agronomic crop species and 27 prairie plant species. We determined several phenotypic properties and found approximately equal numbers of gram-negative and gram-positive isolates. In a greenhouse study, 28 of 86 prairie plant endophytes were found to colonize their original hosts at 42 days postinoculation at levels of 3.5 to 7.7 log10 CFU/g (fresh weight). More comprehensive colonization studies were conducted with 373 corn and sorghum endophytes. In growth room studies, none of the isolates displayed pathogenicity, …

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Composition And Method For The Prevention And Treatment Of Oxidative Damage In Ocular Tissues, Marjorie F. Lou, Nalini Raghavachari;, Fengyu Qiao Apr 2002

Composition And Method For The Prevention And Treatment Of Oxidative Damage In Ocular Tissues, Marjorie F. Lou, Nalini Raghavachari;, Fengyu Qiao

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Thioltransferase and derivatives thereof are provided. Methods of treating or preventing cataract formation comprosing administering thioltransferase or a derivative thereof are also provided. Thioltransferase or derivatives thereof are also useful for treating or preventing diseases resulting from or associated with oxidative stress. Human lens thioltransferase and a DNA sequence encoding the same are also provided.

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The Use And Abuse Of Aesculapian Authority In Veterinary Medicine, Bernard Rollin Apr 2002

The Use And Abuse Of Aesculapian Authority In Veterinary Medicine, Bernard Rollin

Professional Veterinary Ethics Collection

No abstract provided.

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Bse: Risk, Uncertainty, And Policy Change, Enda Cummins, Pat Grace, Kevin Mcdonnell, Shane Ward Mar 2002

Bse: Risk, Uncertainty, And Policy Change, Enda Cummins, Pat Grace, Kevin Mcdonnell, Shane Ward

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

The authors discuss how, in our "risk society," a range of potential risks and uncertainties are associated with new technologies and new diseases, such as BSE. These risks bring with them worries about human health, while the ability to assess and manage new health scares is an essential skill for government and related industries.

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Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Kris Angkanaporn, Sumpun Thammacharoen Mar 2002

Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Kris Angkanaporn, Sumpun Thammacharoen

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

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What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich Mar 2002

What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

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Dna Vaccine Development For Fish, Chanagun Chitmanut Mar 2002

Dna Vaccine Development For Fish, Chanagun Chitmanut

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

DNA vaccines might be a new option to help prevent the economic losses caused by infectious fish diseases. It might also reduce the use of the imported antibiotics. The subject of this review is the development of DNA vaccines for fish. The previous successes of DNA vaccines against various diseases in livestock challenge fish immunologists to research and develop such a vaccine for fish. Evidence of success includes proteins expressed inside fish cells, the enhancement of neutralizing antibodies and the ability of immunized fish to survive after exposure to deadly pathogens. However, other issues need to be resolved, such as …

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The Effect Of Different Concentrations Of Ethylene Glycol On Ultra-Rapid Freezing Of Pig Oocytes, Anucha Sattanawongs, Apisit Kittavornrat, Ruttapong Ruttanapumma, Nawapen Phutikanit, Mongkol Techakumphu, Wanpen Adulyanubab Mar 2002

The Effect Of Different Concentrations Of Ethylene Glycol On Ultra-Rapid Freezing Of Pig Oocytes, Anucha Sattanawongs, Apisit Kittavornrat, Ruttapong Ruttanapumma, Nawapen Phutikanit, Mongkol Techakumphu, Wanpen Adulyanubab

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of ethylene glycol on the normality and the in vitro maturation of pig oocytes, after ultra-rapid freezing on a microscope copper grid. Immature pig oocytes were exposed to different concentrations of ethylene glycol at levels of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 molar for 20 seconds, at room temperature (25 oC), laid on a microscope copper grid and then plunged directly to -196 oC where they were kept for 10 seconds. The oocytes normality after thawing and the percentage that show in vitro maturation (MII) …

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Histochemistry And Histoenzymatic Studies Of Liver After A Single Oral Dose Of Aflatoxin B1 In Broiler Chicks, Manakant Intarakamhaeng, Phiphob Sodsee, Paisarn Muendech, Theerayuth Kaewamatawong, Jiroj Sasipreeyajan, Anong Bintvihok, Achariya Sailasuta Mar 2002

Histochemistry And Histoenzymatic Studies Of Liver After A Single Oral Dose Of Aflatoxin B1 In Broiler Chicks, Manakant Intarakamhaeng, Phiphob Sodsee, Paisarn Muendech, Theerayuth Kaewamatawong, Jiroj Sasipreeyajan, Anong Bintvihok, Achariya Sailasuta

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Two hundred and forty, 5 day-old broiler chicks (Shaver starbo) were divided into three groups of 80 birds. Birds in group 3 were orally intubated and given a single dose of sterile water, olive oil and 5 mg/kg of aflatoxin B1. Clinical signs, gross pathology, histochemistry and histoenzymatic studies of liver were observed for 10 days. Eight birds from each group were randomly selected, sacrificed and necropsied everyday. The aflatoxin B1 group (group 3) showed depression and a decrease in feed consumption and body weight, in comparison with groups 1 and 2. Fatty degeneration of the liver was clearly demonstrated …

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Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat Mar 2002

Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

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Anatomical And Electrophysiological Analysis Of The Trigeminal Nerve In A Teleost Fish, Oncorhynchus Mykiss, Lynne U. Sneddon Feb 2002

Anatomical And Electrophysiological Analysis Of The Trigeminal Nerve In A Teleost Fish, Oncorhynchus Mykiss, Lynne U. Sneddon

Veterinary Science and Medicine Collection

The trigeminal nerve in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, was examined for the presence of A-delta and C fibres. Sections of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve were found to comprise a range of fibre types including Adelta and C fibres. The size range of the cell bodies of the trigeminal ganglion reflected the fibre range since they correlated with the size range of axons in the nerve branches. Electrophysiological recordings of evoked activity from the ganglion confirmed the presence of these fibre types and the proportion of these mirrored the proportion of fibre types in the anatomical analyses. …

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Osmosensitive Release Of Neurotransmitter Amino Acids: Relevance And Mechanisms, Herminia Pasantes-Morales, Rodrigo Franco, Lenin Ochoa, Benito Ordaz Feb 2002

Osmosensitive Release Of Neurotransmitter Amino Acids: Relevance And Mechanisms, Herminia Pasantes-Morales, Rodrigo Franco, Lenin Ochoa, Benito Ordaz

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Hyposmolarity activates amino acid efflux as part of the corrective volume process in a variety of cells. This review discusses the mechanism of amino acid release in brain cells preparations. Results present evidence of substantial differences between the efflux of taurine and that of GABA and glu-tamate, which besides a possible role as osmolytes, have a main function as synaptic transmitters. The differences found concern the efflux time course, the sensitivity to Cl– channel blockers, the modulation by tyrosine kinases, the influence of PKC and the effect of cytoskeleton disruptive agents. While taurine efflux features fit well with the …

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A Gene Capable Of Blocking Apoptosis Can Substitute For The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency-Associated Transcript Gene And Restore Wild-Type Reactivation Levels, Guey-Chuen Perng, Barak Maguen, Ling Jin, Kevin R. Mott, Nelson Osorio, Susan M. Slanina, Ada Yukht, Homayon Ghiasi, Anthony B. Nesburn, Melissa Inman, Gail A. Henderson, Clinton J. Jones, Steven L. Wechsler Feb 2002

A Gene Capable Of Blocking Apoptosis Can Substitute For The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency-Associated Transcript Gene And Restore Wild-Type Reactivation Levels, Guey-Chuen Perng, Barak Maguen, Ling Jin, Kevin R. Mott, Nelson Osorio, Susan M. Slanina, Ada Yukht, Homayon Ghiasi, Anthony B. Nesburn, Melissa Inman, Gail A. Henderson, Clinton J. Jones, Steven L. Wechsler

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

After ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, the virus travels up axons and establishes a lifelong latent infection in neurons of the trigeminal ganglia. LAT (latency-associated transcript), the only known viral gene abundantly transcribed during HSV-1 neuronal latency, is required for high levels of reactivation. The LAT function responsible for this reactivation phenotype is not known. Recently, we showed that LAT can block programmed cell death (apoptosis) in neurons of the trigeminal ganglion in vivo and in tissue culture cells in vitro (G.-C. Perng et al., Science 287:1500–1503, 2000; M. Inman et al., J. Virol. 75:3636–3646, 2001). Consequently, …

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Predicting The Spatial Dynamics Of Rabies Epidemics On Heterogeneous Landscapes, David L. Smith, Brendan Lucey, Lance A. Waller, James E. Childs, Leslie A. Real Jan 2002

Predicting The Spatial Dynamics Of Rabies Epidemics On Heterogeneous Landscapes, David L. Smith, Brendan Lucey, Lance A. Waller, James E. Childs, Leslie A. Real

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Often as an epidemic spreads, the leading front is irregular, reflecting spatial variation in local transmission rates. We developed a methodology for quantifying spatial variation in rates of disease spread across heterogeneous landscapes. Based on data for epidemic raccoon rabies in Connecticut, we developed a stochastic spatial model of rabies spread through the state’s 169 townships. We quantified spatial variation in transmission rates associated with human demography and key habitat features. We found that large rivers act as semipermeable barriers, leading to a 7-fold reduction in the local rates of propagation. By combining the spatial distribution of major rivers with …

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