Veterinary Medicine Commons^™

Clinical And Biochemical Effects Of Intra-Articular Autologous Conditioned Serum And Triamcinolone In An Equine Model Of Synovitis, Ana Velloso Alvarez, Anne Wooldridge, Fred Caldwell, Sandra Zetterström, Bruno C. Menarim, Taylor J. Towns, Emily C. Graff, Lindsey Boone

Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Synovitis is a key contributor to the development of OA, and early modulation of the synovial environment may help limit downstream cartilage damage. This study compared the clinical and biochemical effects of intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and autologous conditioned serum (ACS) in an equine model of IL-1β–induced synovitis. Six healthy adult horses were used in a crossover design involving five groups: PBS (negative control), IL-1β (positive control), IL-1β + ACS, IL-1β + TA, and an exploratory ACS-alone group administered post hoc to isolate its effects without IL-1β interference. Both TA and ACS mitigated inflammation through distinct profiles. TA was superior …

Monitoring Of African Horse Sickness Virus-Specific Antibodies In Horses, Northeastern Thailand, Napawan Bunpapong, Kitikhun Udom, Ekkapat Chamsai, Patchara Phuektes, Suphattra Jittimanee, Suphannika Phutthachalee, Supassama Chaiyawong, Kamonpan Charoenkul, Alongkorn Amonsin Prof. Dr.

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

African horse sickness (AHS) is caused by infection with the African horse sickness virus (AHSV). In March 2020, AHS was first reported in Thailand due to the importation of subclinically infected host animals, such as zebras. In this study, we conducted a serological survey for AHSV-specific antibodies across 21 horse farms in the northeastern provinces (n=3) of Thailand. A total of 600 serum samples were collected for cross-sectional (n = 292) and longitudinal serological monitoring (n = 308). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020, during which serum samples (n = 292) were collected and tested for AHS antibodies using …

The Survey Of The Prevalence Of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (Egus) In Non-Racing Thoroughbred Horses In Thailand, Teerapol Tum Chinkangsadarn, Sangtawan Tubkleaw, Ananya Rungjarusub, Jitsupa Trangkatarn, Kawinthida Thaworn, Parichart Tesena

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This study aimed to determine the prevalence, types, and risk factors of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) in non-racing Thoroughbred horses in Thailand. A total of 56 Thoroughbreds, aged 5 to 22 years (mean age: 12.43 ± 4.65 years), were included. Before sedation, a comprehensive history and physical examination were conducted. Gastroscopy was performed to identify gastric ulcers, using the Equine Gastric Ulcer Council 0–4 scoring system for non-glandular ulcers, while glandular ulcers were assessed as present or absent. Data on breed, age, sex, activity status, behavior, appetite, and medical rehistory were collected. The overall prevalence of gastric ulcers was …

Gene Expression In Relation To Bone Fractures In Throughbred Racehorses, Anna M. Rauber-Ramos

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

Evidence that fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses are outcomes of chronic bone microdamage has led to extensive research into identifying horses at increased risk of fracture. This includes the use of biomarkers and messenger RNA (mRNA) as a measure of bone turnover. Previous research has found expression differences in horses with fractures compared to controls. Utilizing pre-race whole blood samples collected over an 18-month period from Thoroughbred racehorses in Southern California, RNA-sequencing was conducted on horses with bone fractures and race-matched controls to identify differences in gene expression. Focusing on third metacarpal (MC3) and proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fractures, differentially expressed …

Trace Level Benzoylecgonine Detections In Equine Plasma/Serum – A Proposed Interim Plasma Level Regulatory “Cut-Off“, Andreas F. Lehner, Kimberly Brewer, Levent Dirikolu, Abelardo Morales Briceñod, Robert Holland, George Maylin, Clara Fenger, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Cocaine is a widely used human recreational substance routinely transferring at pharmacologically irrelevant trace level amounts to non-user humans and horses. Horses and humans rapidly demethylate cocaine to benzoylecgonine which is excreted in urine at concentrations approaching two thousand times higher than the corresponding plasma cocaine concentrations. In human workplace drug testing, these usually pharmacologically irrelevant trace level urinary detections of benzoylecgonine are handled by application of a 100 ng/ml urinary “cut-off“, as presented by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In horse racing several American states have long used published urinary “cut-offs“ for benzoylecgonine of from …

An Accidental Discovery Of Ductal Adenocarcinoma Of The Pancreas In An Adult Horse With Severe Abdominal Pain, Thita Wonghanchao, Kanokpan Sanigavatee, Chanoknun Poochipakorn, Onjira Huangsaksri, Phudit Maneesaay, Rungrueang Yodsheewan, Metha Chanda

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

A native pony, eight years old and male, was tentatively diagnosed with abdominal pain and treated immediately. Sequential hematological profiles revealed increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatinine, as well as reduced albumin. After the pony's death, which occurred eight days after treatment began, a necropsy was performed. The liver's external surface showed small foci, but no gross lesion was observed in the pancreas, which was enlarged. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the liver showed multifocal inflammation in the hepatic parenchyma, coinciding with bile duct hyperplasia. The pancreas H&E staining showed well-differentiated tubular glands with …

Molecular And Sequencing Study And Identification Of Novel Sem-Type In Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci Involving The Upper Respiratory Tract In Iran, Sina Moghaddam, Samad Lotfollahzadeh, Taghi Zahraei Salehi, Ali Hassanpour, Hamid Tavanaei Manesh, Iraj Ashrafi Tamai

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

BACKGROUND: Beta-hemolytic streptococci involving the upper respiratory tract cause strangles and strangles-like diseases in horses and cause severe economic damage to the equestrian club each year. Therefore, careful epidemiological study of these bacteria, evaluation of phylogenetic connections and SeM-typing can be useful to determine the source and epidemiological characteristics of the disease outbreak. Isolates were analyzed using molecular and phylogenetic methods and to determine antibiotic resistance pattern in Iranian isolates. Molecular and phylogenetic methods were used to evaluate Iranian streptococcal isolates, and the similarity of the Iranian SeM-97 sequence with other alleles was assessed using the Neighbor-joining method with the …

The Pathophysiology Of Equine Glandular Gastric Disease: Investigating The Role Of The Mucosal Microbiome And Bile Acid Reflux, Linda Paul

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) is a common disease of athletic horses that can affect performance and welfare. Clinical signs are non-specific and diagnosis is made using gastroscopy after a prolonged fasting period. Effective prevention and treatment strategies for EGGD are lacking despite its widespread prevalence and negative effects. The goal of this research was to investigate the pathophysiology of EGGD. Objectives included: 1) compare the gastric glandular mucosal microbiome in horses with and without EGGD, 2) assess the influence of dietary and management factors on the gastric microbiome, and 3) evaluate the pyloric gastric fluid bile acid profile in …

Long-Term Monitoring Of Clodronate In Equine Hair Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Heather K. Knych, D. S. Mckemie, S. Yim, S. D. Stanley, R. M. Arthur

UK CARES Faculty Publications

Given the potential for long-term inhibition of bone remodeling/healing and detrimental effects to horses in training, bisphosphonates are tightly regulated in horseracing. Hair has proven to be an effective matrix for detection of drug administration to horses and has been particularly effective in detecting drugs for a long period of time post administration. Thus, hair may prove to be a useful matrix for detection of administration of this class of drugs. The objective of the current study was to develop an assay and assess the usefulness of hair as a matrix for long-term detection of clodronate to horses. Seven horses …

Regenerative Medicine For Tendon/Ligament Injuries: De Novo Equine Tendon/Ligament Neotissue Generation And Application, Takashi Taguchi

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Tendon and ligament injuries are debilitating conditions across species. Poor regenerative capacities of these tissues limit restoration of original functions. The first study evaluated the effect of cellular administration on tendon/ligament injuries in horses using meta-analysis. The cellular administration was effective in restoring ultrasonographic echogenicity and increasing vascularity during early phase of healing. Additionally, it improved microstructural organization of healed tissue in terms of cellularity and fiber alignment. However, the study did not support its use for increasing rate of return to performance, expression/deposition of tendon-specific genes/proteins, or mechanical properties.

The findings led to the second study that engineered implantable …

Effects Of High-Speed Training On Messenger Rna Expression In Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses, Mackenzie Grace Johnson

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

Accumulating high-speed exercise has been identified as a significant risk factor for catastrophic injuries in racing Thoroughbreds. Injuries, regardless of severity, are a main cause of withdrawal from the racing industry, raising animal welfare concerns and resulting in significant economic losses. While most of the current literature focuses on catastrophic injuries incurred during racing rather than training, the present study aims to help fill this gap as well as discuss the associated risk factors. The evaluation of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression changes provides an efficient and straightforward approach to identifying horses at risk for catastrophic injury. While alternative injury risk …

Effects Of Corn Supplementation On Serum And Muscle Microrna Profiles In Horses, Clarissa Carver, Jason E. Bruemmer, Stephen Coleman, Gabriele Landolt, Tanja Hess

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Laminitis associated with equine metabolic syndrome causes significant economic losses in the equine industry. Diets high in non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) have been linked to insulin resistance and laminitis in horses. Nutrigenomic studies analyzing the interaction of diets high in NSCs and gene expression regulating endogenous microRNAs (miRNA) are rare. This study's objectives were to determine whether miRNAs from dietary corn can be detected in equine serum and muscle and its impacts on endogenous miRNA. Twelve mares were blocked by age, body condition score, and weight and assigned to a control (mixed legume grass hay diet) and a mixed legume hay …

Comparison Of An Antioxidant Source And Antioxidant Plus Bcaa On Athletic Performance And Post Exercise Recovery Of Horses, Emily Kent, Stephen J. Coloman, Jason E. Bruemmer, Renan Regatieri Casagrande, Christine Levihn, Grace Romo, Kevin Herkelman, Tanja Hess

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Antioxidant supplementation decreases postexercise oxidative stress but could also decrease muscle pro- tein synthesis. This study compared the effects of three diets: low antioxidant (control, CON), high an- tioxidant (AO), and branched-chain amino acid high antioxidant (BCAO) supplementation on postexercise protein synthesis and oxidative stress. We hypothesized that supplementing antioxidants with branched- chain amino acids(BCAA) would reduce oxidative stress without hindering muscle protein synthesis. Eigh- teen mixed-breed polo horses (11 mares and 7 geldings, with age range between 5 and 18 years, were on CON diet for 30 days (from day -45 until day 0) and then were assigned to …

The Past, Present, And Future Of Equine Science, Sarah H. White-Springer, Jason E. Bruemmer, Robert J. Coleman

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

A core group of 27 equine nutritionists and physiologists joined together in the late 1960s to formally address and enhance the direction of equine research, creating the Equine Nutrition and Physiology Soci- ety. In 2003, that growing society transformed into the Equine Science Society, which now serves as the preeminent, internationally recognized scientific equine organization. In recent years, it has been appre- ciated that equine science encompasses a wide range of focus areas, including exercise science, nutrition, genetics, reproductive physiology, teaching and extension, production and management, and mix of other specialties, qualified as biosciences. Additionally, trainees are highly valued in …

Effect Of A Glp-1 Mimetic On The Insulin Response To Oral Sugar Testing In Horses, Darko Stefanovski, Mary A Robinson, Andrew Van Eps

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND: Insulin dysregulation (ID) is the most important risk factor for the development of laminitis in horses and therapies to control it are needed.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of a single dose of the synthetic GLP-1 analog exenatide on postprandial insulin dynamics. We hypothesized that exenatide would improve insulin sensitivity and lower postprandial blood insulin concentrations.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, crossover, experimental study.

ANIMALS: Six horses (3 mares, 3 geldings; 2 with normal insulin regulation [NIR] and 4 with mild ID).

METHODS: Horses completed both study arms: subcutaneous administration of exenatide (or no treatment) 30 min before an oral sugar …

Diagnostic Imaging And Hematological And Cytological Analyses Play A Vital Role In Clinical Investigation And Selection Of Therapeutic Approaches In A Polo Pony With Septic Olecranon Bursitis, Rungrueang Yodsheewan, Ravisara Limsripan, Metha Chanda

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

A 19-year-old gelding polo pony was presented with a prominent protuberance at the tip of the right elbow and five days later, developed a marked swelling on the entire right foreleg with a high fever. Ultrasonography, performed on the caudal elbow region, demonstrated heterogeneous echogenic materials encapsulated in the fibrous capsule. The initial hematological analysis revealed anemia and a normal white blood count (WBC). Hyperbilirubinemia was detected biochemically. Pale yellow/turbid fluid was aspirated from the protuberance area, which showed septic exudate characteristics and contained Streptococcus spp. The pony was diagnosed with septic olecranon bursitis associated with streptococcal infection. The fluid-filled …

Intra-Articular Buprenorphine In Horses, Gabriel Castro-Cuellar Dr

LSU Master's Theses

Opioid drugs have the potential of provide local analgesia in inflamed joints. To date, morphine is the only opioid that has been tested for intra-articular (IA) administration in horses. Having an alternative drug, other than morphine, could widen the therapeutic options, particularly in cases of drug shortages or inaccessibility to specific drugs. The work presented in this dissertation reports the cytotoxic effects of buprenorphine on cultured equine chondrocytes, and the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and analgesic effects, of IA administered buprenorphine in horses with experimentally induced synovitis.

To evaluate the potential cytotoxic effects on equine cartilage, chondrocytes were obtained from normal equine …

Changes In Serum Pon1 Activity, Gene Expression And Their Association With Lipid Profile Parameters In Healthy Darehshori Neonatal Foals: A Preliminary Study, Rouzbeh Razavi Dehkordi, Gholam Ali Kojouri, Behnaz Karimi, Ali Mohammad Ahadi

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) contributes to the antioxidant mechanisms that prevent lipoprotein oxidation and act as a negative acute-phase protein. This study aimed to evaluate changes in serum PON1 activity, the leukocyte PON1 gene expression, as well as lipid profile tests (LDL, HDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol) in 16 healthy Darehshori newborn foals up to 60 days of life. Blood samples were collected at 1, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days used for detecting biochemical parameters, PON1 activity, and, and its gene expression, using realtime RT-PCR. Low levels of PON1 activity were observed at birth, which increased significantly with increasing age at …

Decoding The Equine Genome: Lessons From Encode, Sichong Peng, Jessica L. Petersen, Rebecca R. Bellone, Theodore S. Kalbfleisch, N. B. Kingsley, Alexa M. Barber, Eleonora Cappelletti, Elena Giulotto, Carrie J. Finno

Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

The horse reference genome assemblies, EquCab2.0 and EquCab3.0, have enabled great advancements in the equine genomics field, from tools to novel discoveries. However, significant gaps of knowledge regarding genome function remain, hindering the study of complex traits in horses. In an effort to address these gaps and with inspiration from the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project, the equine Functional Annotation of Animal Genome (FAANG) initiative was proposed to bridge the gap between genome and gene expression, providing further insights into functional regulation within the horse genome. Three years after launching the initiative, the equine FAANG group has generated data …

Development Of A Perineural Injection Of The Caudal Cervical Spinal Nerve Roots In Horses, Jonuel A. Cruz-Sanabria

LSU Master's Theses

Neck pain in horses can result in lameness and poor performance and can occur from arthritis of cervical articular process joints (APJs). Current treatment consists of direct injection of corticosteroids into the cervical APJs; however, this does not alleviate pain in all horses. New bone formation around the APJ can also result in compression of the spinal nerve roots and pain. The purpose of this study was to develop an ultrasound-guided cervical perineural injection technique and assess the safety of performing the technique in normal healthy horses. An ultrasound-guided cervical perineural injection technique of the caudal cervical spinal nerve roots …

Successful Atac-Seq From Snap-Frozen Equine Tissues, Sichong Peng, Rebecca Bellone, Jessica L. Petersen, Theodore S. Kalbfleisch, Carrie J. Finno

Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

An assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) has become an increasingly popular method to assess genome-wide chromatin accessibility in isolated nuclei from fresh tissues. However, many biobanks contain only snap-frozen tissue samples. While ATAC-seq has been applied to frozen brain tissues in human, its applicability in a wide variety of tissues in horse remains unclear. The Functional Annotation of Animal Genome (FAANG) project is an international collaboration aimed to provide high quality functional annotation of animal genomes. The equine FAANG initiative has generated a biobank of over 80 tissues from two reference female animals and experiments to begin …

“Adopt-A-Tissue” Initiative Advances Efforts To Identify Tissue-Specific Histone Marks In The Mare, N. B. Kingsley, Natasha A. Hamilton, Gabriella Lindgren, Ludovic Orlando, Ernest Bailey, Samantha Brooks, Molly Mccue, Theodore S. Kalbfleisch, James N. Macleod, Jessica L. Petersen, Carrie J. Finno, Rebecca R. Bellone

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Generation Of A Biobank From Two Adult Thoroughbred Stallions For The Functional Annotation Of Animal Genomes Initiative, Callum G. Donnelly, Rebecca R. Bellone, Erin N. Hales, Annee Nguyen, Scott A. Katzman, Ghislaine A. Dujovne, Kelly E. Knickelbein, Felipe Avila, Theodore S. Kalbfleisch, Elena Giulotto, Nicole B. Kingsley, Jocelyn Tanaka, Elizabeth Esdaile, Sichong Peng, Anna Dahlgren, Anna Fuller, Michael J. Mienaltowski, Terje Raudsepp, Verena K. Affolter, Jessica L. Petersen, Carrie J. Finno

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Following the successful creation of a biobank from two adult Thoroughbred mares, this study aimed to recapitulate sample collection in two adult Thoroughbred stallions as part of the Functional Annotation of the Animal Genome (FAANG) initiative. Both stallions underwent thorough physical, lameness, neurologic, and ophthalmic (including electroretinography) examinations prior to humane euthanasia. Epididymal sperm was recovered from both stallions immediately postmortem and cryopreserved. Aseptically collected full thickness skin biopsies were used to isolate, culture and cryopreserve dermal fibroblasts. Serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and gastrointestinal content from various locations were collected and cryopreserved. Under guidance of a board-certified veterinary anatomic …

Investigation Of Equine In Vivo And In Vitro Derived Metabolites Of The Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (Sarm) Acp-105 For Improved Doping Control, Malin Nilsson Broberg, Heather Knych, Ulf Bondesson, Curt Pettersson, Scott Stanley, Mario Thevis, Mikael Hedeland

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) have anabolic properties but less adverse effects than anabolic androgenic steroids. They are prohibited in both equine and human sports and there have been several cases of SARMs findings reported over the last few years. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolite profile of the SARM ACP-105 (2-chloro-4-[(3-endo)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl]-3-methylbenzonitrile) in order to find analytical targets for doping control. Oral administration of ACP-105 was performed in horses, where blood and urine samples were collected over a time period of 96 h. The in vivo samples were compared with five in vitro incubation models encompassing …

Maturation Of Equine Proximal Sesamoid Bones In Thoroughbred Horses, Angela Maria Mangine

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

Proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) injuries account for approximately 50% of all fatal catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses. In addition, PSB fractures are not uncommon in Thoroughbred foals and yearlings as a result of energetic or intense free exercise. The ability to interpret some PSB pathology assessments, however, is more difficult given the limited information published on the normal development and maturation of these paired sesamoid bones. In addition, the level of normal variation in PSB morphological and structural parameters within the Thoroughbred population as a function of age, body size, gender, and inter-animal variation are not well documented, complicating …

Structural Adaptation Of Equine Proximal Sesamoid Bones To High-Speed Exercise, Kathryn Mary Babiarz

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

Proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fractures are one of the most commonly reported catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMI) in Thoroughbred racing. Despite the seriousness of these injuries, an understanding of the structural changes that occur normally within PSBs in response to the biomechanical forces of high-speed exercise and how they relate to pathological events leading to fracture remain limited. To address this critical knowledge gap, PSBs from Thoroughbred horses were analyzed with both computed tomography (CT) and microcomputed tomography (µCT) to assess their morphological and structural parameters. Comparisons were made using samples from the left and right forelimbs of Thoroughbreds of both …

Muscle Mass And Immune Function In The Senior Horse, Alisa Christina Herbst

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

Senior horses (≥ 15 years) represent up to one-third of the global equine population, and the proportion of old horses (≥ 20 years) in the U.S. has been steadily increasing. Aging is associated with a loss of skeletal muscle mass in horses, and while age-related muscle loss is comparingly well characterized in humans, little is currently known concerning underlying mechanisms, adverse outcomes, or the prevalence of low muscle mass in senior horses. One factor proposed to play a role in the development of age-related muscle atrophy in humans is inflamm-aging, a low-grade inflammation that affects elderly people and that has …

Dexamethasone Serum Concentrations After Intravenous Administration In Horses During Race Training, S. Mcclure, C. K. Fenger, K. Kersh, Bradley Brown, G. Maylin, W. Duer, L. Dirikolu, K. Brewer, Jacob Machin, Thomas Tobin

Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Dexamethasone (DXM) sodium phosphate is a widely used corticosteroid for inflammatory conditions in horses, regulated in racing jurisdictions in the USA by a 0.005 ng/ml serum/plasma threshold. This study seeks to describe serum concentrations of DXM at 48 and 72 h after intravenous administration of 20 mg DXM sodium phosphate over 1 to 5 days, and to identify a possible source of DXM overages. 74 horses (39 Thoroughbreds, 13 Standardbreds, 22 Quarter Horses) in active race training received 20 mg DXM sodium phosphate. Serum was collected before injection, at 48 and 72 h post last injection, and analysed by LC/MS-MS …

Cellular Proliferation Of Equine Bone Marrow- And Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Decline With Increasing Donor Age, Jasmin Bagge, James N. Macleod, Lise C. Berg

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Background: Bone marrow (BM)- and adipose tissue (AT)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used increasingly for autologous cell therapy in equine practice to treat musculoskeletal and other injuries. Current recommendations often call for 10–100 million MSCs per treatment, necessitating the expansion of primary cells in culture prior to therapeutic use. Of concern, human and rodent studies have shown a decline of both MSC recovery from sampled tissue and in vitro proliferative capacity with increasing donor age. This may be problematic for applications of autologous cell-based therapies in the important equine demographic of older patients.

Objectives: To investigate the effect of …

The Effect Of Hay Net Use On Cribbing Horses, Lauren Wesolowski

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Projects

Cribbing is a stereotypic behavior observed in horses, wherein the animal grasps a solid object with its front incisors and contracts its neck muscles to suck in air through its mouth, resulting in an audible grunt. Stereotypic behaviors such as cribbing are thought to be done in response to stress or insufficient stimulus in an animal’s living environment. Slow feeding hay nets can increase the amount of time horses spend eating daily hay rations. This research aims to use slow feeding hay nets to create a feeding process that is closer to natural grazing behavior and provide more stimulation for …