Veterinary Medicine Commons^™

Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity And Inhibition Of Gastritis By Magnolia Officinalis Extract, Hyun-A Lee, Sunhwa Hong, Ji-Hyun Yoo, Okjin Kim

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The potential inhibitory effect of Magnolia officinalis extract (MOE) on Helicobacter pylori was studied by using (i) disk agar diffusion assay, (ii) in vitro inhibition assays of H. pylori adhesion to human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line AGS cells, (iii) inhibition of H. pylori-induced inflammation in AGS cell, and (iv) in vivo H. pylori SS1 mouse model of infection over a period of 4 weeks. Results indicated that MOE had a wide range of inhibitory effect against H. pylori growth. The inhibition of H. pylori adherence to gastric epithelial cells was identified by MOE. In addition, MOE inhibited H. pylori-induced …

Molecular Characterization Of Common Respiratory Viral Infections In Broilers In Al-Hassa, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, Ahmed M. Al-Ali, Ibrahim M. El-Sabagh, Mahmoud H. Mohamed, Ahmed M. Alluwaimi, Ibrahim A. Arif

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) are the most significant respiratory pathogens. Several outbreaks have been reported frequently in Saudi Arabia despite of the intensive use of vaccination programs. Ten broiler flocks suffering from complicated respiratory disease were subjected to necropsy and samples were collected for molecular identification of involved viruses and pathogenic bacterial infections. Seven out of the ten flocks were positive for single or combined viral infection. The seven flocks were positive for HA test. All positive samples were subjected for molecular identification, three flocks were positive for single NDV …

Expression And Purification Of Rabies Virus Protein P: Production And Characterization Of Anti-P Polyclonal Antibodies, Yan Pan, Xian-Ming Meng, Xian-Kai Wei, Jun Li, Zhuan-Ling Lu, Hai-Bo Tang, Jing-Jing Liang, Ting Rong Luo

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Rabies virus (RV) phosphoprotein (P) is a multifunctional protein. However, the functions of this protein are not fully understood. To further investigate this question, the P protein was expressed and used to raise monospecific polyclonal antibodies. The gene coding for P protein was cloned into expression vector pET-32a (+) to yield pET-32a (+)-P. His-tagged P protein was expressed in E. coli BL21 cells and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. After purification by nickel affinity chromatography under native conditions, the recombinant P protein was used to raise anti-P polyclonal antibodies in mice. Western blot analysis showed that the P protein was recognized by …

Efficacy Of Pcdna-Alp1 Dna Vaccine Against Streptococcus Agalactiae In Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus), Phiangfhun Inthasaeng, Sasimanas Unajak, Nontawit Areechon, Ikuo Hirono, Win Surachetpong

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Streptococcosis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and S. iniae is one of the most important bacterial diseases in Nile tilapia. To prevent Streptococcus infection, various forms of vaccine including inactivated bacterial vaccines and DNA vaccines have been developed. In this study, a plasmid containing the alpha- like protein1 ( alp1) gene was constructed. Samples of 120 Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) from a provincial fish farm in Thailand were divided into four equal groups: 1) the control, injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 2) injected with pcDNA3.1 (+), 3) injected with pcDNA-Alp1 and 4) injected with inactivated Streptococcus vaccine. At four weeks …

Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Saikaew Sutayatram, Chutamas Benjanirut, Piyasiri Glangosol

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

An 8-month-old male French bulldog was referred to the Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, on June, 2018, with a history of exercise intolerance, respiratory discomfort and frequent ascites since February, 2018. Previous physical examination showed that the dog had heart murmur and hepatomegaly. Thoracic radiograph revealed severe cardiomegaly with pulmonary edema and ascites. The congenital cardiac disease was suspected. Since then the dog had been treated with diuretics (i.e. furosemide and hydralazine). The abdominocentesis was performed for a period of 4 months prior to hospital visit while frequency of fluid removal was escalated up to once a week.

Oil Palm Frond Supplementation Can Change Fatty Acid Composition Of Rumen Fluid, Muscle Tissue And Blood Cholesterol Level In Crossbred Male Sheep, Yong Meng Goh, Mohamed Ali Rajion, Saeid Jafari, Mahdi Ebrahimi

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Diet composition is the major factor influencing the fatty acid composition of products derived from ruminants. Thirty 7-month-old, Barbados Black Belly × Malin crossbred male sheep were used for the trial to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of oil palm (Eleis guineensis) frond (OPF) on the fatty acid profiles of rumen fluid, muscle tissue and blood lipid parameters. Treatment diets were control diet (CON group, n=10), 25% OPF pellet in diet (% w/w) (HAF group, n=10) and 50% OPF pellet in diet (OPF group, n=10). After 100 days of feeding, eight sheep from each group were slaughtered for sampling …

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (Snp) Of Leptin Gene In Holstein Cattle, Mohammed Baqur S. Al-Shuhaib, Sara M. A. Al-Lamy, Hafedh M. A. Al-Tayy, Tahreer M. Al-Thuwaini, Adil H. Radhi

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Leptin is a versatile important hormone that regulates several metabolic pathways, such as controlling body weight, feed intake, energy expenditure, immune function, and reproduction. This study was conducted to describe the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within bovine leptin (LEP) gene, and their possible consequences on leptin structure and function in Holstein cattle. After collecting blood samples from 60 Holstein cattle, extracting their genomic DNA, two PCR-specific primers were designed. Both PCR and SSCP experiments were optimized and performed for each PCR fragment. Each different set of SSCP resolved bands was sequenced and analyzed. Two SSCP patterns representing two genotypes (AA, …

Effect Of Adding Tributyrin In Diet On Egg Production, Egg Quality, And Gastrointestinal Tract In Laying Hens After Peak Period, Jessada Sakdee, Theerawit Poeikhampha, Choawit Rakangthong, Kanokporn Poungpong, Chaiyapoom Bunchasak

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing diet with tributyrin on productive performance, egg quality and gastrointestinal tract of laying hens during the post-peak period of egg production. In total, 384 Lohmann Brown-Classic hens aged 56 weeks were used for the 16-week experiment. The hens were divided into two groups, each group consisting of 8 replications of 24 hens each. Experimental diets were supplemented with tributyrin at the level of 0.00% (control diet) and 0.05%. Tributyrin supplementation significantly increased eggshell thickness (P<0.01) and tended to increase eggshell weight (P=0.07). However, it had no significant effect on production performance, pH in each part of the gastrointestinal tract, small intestinal morphology, populations of E. coli and Lactobacillus spp. and short chain fatty acids concentrated in the caecum of laying hens. It was concluded that tributyrin supplementation in the diet improved the eggshell thickness after the peak rate of lay, although significant effects on egg production and the gastrointestinal tract were not observed.

Efficacy Of Postoperative Oral Tepoxalin After Decompressive Surgery In Dogs With Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis, Niyada Thitaram, Herman A.W. Hazewinkel, Björn P. Meij

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Twenty-three client-owned dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLS) treated by decompressive surgery were included in this study. The dogs were assigned to postoperative medication protocols of tepoxalin (10 mg/kg, SID) for 2 weeks (8 dogs, group 1), of tepoxalin (10 mg/kg, SID) for 6 weeks (7 dogs, group 2), and of carprofen (2 mg/kg, BID) for 2 weeks (8 dogs, group 3). Gait function after decompressive surgery of the dogs was evaluated by force plate analysis (FPA) and questionnaires filled out by their owners. FPA was performed before surgery, and at 4 days, 6 weeks, and 6 months after surgery. …

Molecular Detection And Subtyping Of Blastocystis In Javan Rusa (Cervus Timorensis) And Sika Deer (Cervus Nippon) From Peninsular Malaysia, Nabilah Amelia Mohammad, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Norhayati Moktar, Tengku Shahrul Anuar

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Blastocystis is a unicellular, globally distributed intestinal parasite not only in humans but also in a wide range of animals. Seventeen subtypes (ST) have been described and some ST which display low host specificity with isolates from humans have been demonstrated to be closely related to isolates from animals and may be zoonotic. To date, no information is available on the prevalence and genetic identity of Blastocystis in Javan rusa (Cervus timorensis) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Peninsular Malaysia. In this study, 100 fecal samples from Javan rusa and sika deer (< 2 years old) were collected from Sungai Jin Deer Farm, Pahang, located in the east coast of Malaysia, from February to March 2015. Blastocystis-specific primers targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene were used to amplify the extracted DNA. Blastocystis-positive amplicons were then purified and sequenced. Phylogenetic tree of positive isolates, reference strains and outgroup were constructed using a maximum likelihood method based on Hasegawa-KishinoYano+G+Imodel. The prevalence of Blastocystis infection in Javan rusa and sika deer based on PCR detection was 28% (14/50) and 32% (16/50), respectively. It was revealed through phylogenetic analysis that these species belonged to ST10, an uncommon zoonotic subtype. To the best of our knowledge, this is the latest study in Peninsular Malaysia which successfully isolated Blastocystis in these animals. Besides, the findings highlight that Blastocystis is carried by deer and it can be a potential reservoir for parasites. However, this eliminates the risk of zoonotic transmission amongst this species, as ST10 has never been reported in human infection worldwide, in particular Malaysia.

Double-Chambered Left Ventricle In A Symptomatic Cat, Zi Ping Leong, Yoshiaki Hikasa

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This case report describes a rare presentation of a cardiac anomaly in an 8-year-old, spayed female domestic short-haired cat presented with heart failure. Complete diagnostic work-ups which included chest radiography, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and serum cardiac biomarker levels were performed. On echocardiography, a band of tissue was found extending in the left ventricular chamber, dividing the chamber into basal and apical portions, giving rise of a diagnosis of progressive double-chambered left ventricle. Suggestion to treat tachycardia and pulmonary edema was given to the veterinarian who referred the case. However, the cat was found dead one month later.

What Is Your Diagnosis?, Ninlawan Thammasiri, Nan Choisunirachon

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The patient was presented to the Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University due to the chief complains of depression and postprandial vomiting.

30-Day Oral Acetaminophen Tolerance In Adult Horses, Sarah E. Foreman

Celebration of Learning

There are no controlled studies of acetaminophen toxicity in horses. The objective was to test the hypotheses that oral acetaminophen administered at a dosage 25% higher than that sometimes used in horses would result in measurable hepatic toxicity as seen in humans and other species. Six healthy adult horses were administered 25 mg/kg acetaminophen powder in corn syrup twice daily for 30 days. Three other horses served as negative controls receiving only corn syrup. Jugular venous blood samples were obtained on days 7 and 1 before treatment; on treatment days 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 22, 26 and …

Protozoal Coinfection In Horses With Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis In The Eastern United States, Sarah Schale, Daniel Howe, Michelle Yeargan, Jennifer K. Morrow, Amy Graves, Amy L. Johnson

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Background: Infection by 2 or more protozoa is linked with increased severity of disease in marine mammals with protozoan encephalitis.

Hypothesis/Objectives: To assess whether horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona also have evidence of infection with Neospora hughesi or Toxoplasma gondii. We hypothesized that horses with EPM would be more likely than horses with cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM) to be positive for antibodies to multiple protozoan parasites.

Animals: One hundred one horses with neurologic disease: 49 with EPM and 52 with CVSM.

Methods: Case review. Archived serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 101 horses …

Serum Lipidomics Of Bovine Paratuberculosis: Disruption Of Choline-Containing Glycerophospholipids And Sphingolipids, Paul L. Wood, Erdal Erol, Glen F. Hoffsis, Margaret Steinman, Jeroen Debuck

Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Objectives: Bovine paratuberculosis is a devastating infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis that ultimately results in death from malnutrition. While the infection is characterized by a long (2–4 years) subclinical phase with immune activation, ultimately host defense mechanisms fail and the bacteria spread from the small intestine to other organs. Since both the gastrointestinal tract and liver are essential for the biosynthesis of structural glycerophospholipids, we investigated the circulating levels of these lipids in field infections and experimentally infected cattle.

Methods: Serum lipidomics of control and M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis–infected cattle were performed utilizing high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Results: In …

Effects Of Fescue Toxicosis On Whole Blood Gene Expression In Beef Cattle, Julie Atchley

Animal Science Undergraduate Honors Theses

Effects of Fescue Toxicosis on Whole Blood Gene Expression in Beef Cattle

The consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue causes negative effects on the growth, reproduction, longevity, and overall health of beef cattle; this condition, termed fescue toxicosis by researchers and producers today, costs the United States over $1 billion in losses each year. To mitigate these production losses, it is important for producers to understand how fescue toxicosis affects gene expression and physiological pathways in beef cattle. This study examined the whole blood gene expression and affected pathways in beef cows grazing both endophyte-infected (toxic) tall fescue and (non-toxic) tall …

Avs Corner, May 2018, Farzana Ferdous (Advisor), Emily Alexander, Caitlin Mathews, Megan Tamakloe, Meghan Courey

AVS Corner

No abstract provided.

Immunostimulatory Effects Of Antigen-Conjugated Inp/Zns Quantum Dot Nanoparticles In An Avian Model, Christopher Lyle

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Due to their unique physicochemical and enhanced immunostimulatory properties, quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles have shown increasing promise in biomedical research applications including bioimaging, drug delivery, and as vaccine adjuvants. Toxicity, however, remains a concern for the use of QD in these applications and thus, there is an increased demand for effective in vitro and in vivo systems to measure the bioactivity of QD. In this study in vitro and in vivo chicken models were used to investigate the effects of QD on innate and adaptive immunity. Chicken macrophage cultures were treated in vitro with QD to measure macrophage activation and …

Downregulation Of Microrna Eca-Mir-128 In Seminal Exosomes And Enhanced Expression Of Cxcl16 In The Stallion Reproductive Tract Are Associated With Long-Term Persistence Of Equine Arteritis Virus, Mariano Carossino, Pouya Dini, Theodore S. Kalbfleisch, Alan T. Loynachan, Igor F. Canisso, Kathleen M. Shuck, Peter J. Timoney, R. Frank Cook, Udeni B. R. Balasuriya

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Equine arteritis virus (EAV) can establish long-term persistent infection in the reproductive tract of stallions and is shed in the semen. Previous studies showed that long-term persistence is associated with a specific allele of the CXCL16 gene (CXCL16S) and that persistent infection is maintained despite the presence of a local inflammatory and humoral and mucosal antibody responses. In this study, we demonstrated that equine seminal exosomes (SEs) are enriched in a small subset of microRNAs (miRNAs). Most importantly, we demonstrated that long-term EAV persistence is associated with the downregulation of an SE-associated miRNA (eca-mir-128) and with an enhanced …

Bovine Mastitis Resistance: Novel Quantitative Trait Loci And The Role Of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells, Jacqueline P. Kurz

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Bovine mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, has substantial economic and animal welfare implications. A genetic basis for mastitis resistance traits is recognized and can be used to guide selective breeding programs. The discovery of regions of the genome associated with mastitis resistance, and knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible, can facilitate development of efficient mastitis control and therapeutic strategies. The objectives of this dissertation research were to identify sites of genetic variation associated with mastitis resistance, and to define the contributions of the milk-secreting epithelial cells to mammary gland immune responses and mastitis resistance. Twenty seven regions …

Evaluation Of Oocyte Developmental Competence And Potential Strategies To Improve Oocyte Quality, Min Yang

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have now been extensively used to promote reproductive efficiency as a fertility treatment not only in human medicine but also animal reproduction. ARTs serve as an important tool to advance the fundamental knowledge of reproductive processes. The quality of female’s eggs defines its ability to undergo maturation, fertilization, and development. This quality is determined by various factors and is crucial for the success of ARTs. Any alternations happening during the egg growth and maturation process can result in the decreased quality, which could have long-lasting effects on development. Improving the developmental efficiency of the egg is …

The Effect Of High Maternal Milk Production During Pregnancy On Neonatal Health And Metabolism, Katelynn Cameron, Maria L. Hoffman Phd

Senior Honors Projects

The efficiency of the dairy industry relies heavily on the production of healthy calves. However, dairy operations experience high rates of calf mortality due to digestive and respiratory issues. One factor that could predispose calves to disease is the effects of maternal programming caused by high maternal milk production during pregnancy. We hypothesized that calves born to high producing dams will exhibit increased oxidative stress as well as increased circulating triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations. Cows (n = 17) that produced ≥ 14,865 kg of milk during their lactations were classified as high producers. Alternately, cows (n = 18) that …

Fetal Demise And Failed Antibody Therapy During Zika Virus Infection Of Pregnant Macaques, Diogo M. Magnani, Thomas F. Rogers, Nicholas J. Maness, Nathan D. Grubaugh, Nathan Beutler, Varian K. Bailey, Lucas Gonzalez-Nieto, Martin J. Gutman, Núria Pedreño-Lopez, Jaclyn M. Kwal, Michael J. Ricciardi, Tereance A. Myers, Justin G. Julander, Rudolf P. Bohm, Margaret H. Gilbert, Faith Schiro, Pyone P. Aye, Robert V. Blair, Mauricio A. Martins, Kathrine P. Falkenstien, Amitinder Kaur, Christine L. Curry, Esper G. Kallas, Ronald C. Desrosiers, Pascal J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, Stephen S. Whitehead, Kristian G. Andersen, Myrna C. Bonaldo, Andrew A. Lackner, Antonito T. Panganiban, Dennis R. Burton, David I. Watkins

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of pregnant women is associated with pathologic complications of fetal development. Here, we infect pregnant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with a minimally passaged ZIKV isolate from Rio de Janeiro, where a high rate of fetal development complications was observed. The infection of pregnant macaques with this virus results in maternal viremia, virus crossing into the amniotic fluid (AF), and in utero fetal deaths. We also treated three additional ZIKV-infected pregnant macaques with a cocktail of ZIKV-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) at peak viremia. While the nmAbs can be effective in clearing the virus from …

In Vivo Structures Of The Helicobacter Pylori Cag Type Iv Secretion System, Yi-Wei Chang, Carrie L. Shaffer, Lee A. Rettberg, Debnath Ghosal, Grant J. Jensen

Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

The type IV secretion system (T4SS) is a versatile nanomachine that translocates diverse effector molecules between microbes and into eukaryotic cells. Here, using electron cryotomography, we reveal the molecular architecture of the Helicobacter pylori cag T4SS. Although most components are unique to H. pylori, the cag T4SS exhibits remarkable architectural similarity to other T4SSs. Our images revealed that, when H. pylori encounters host cells, the bacterium elaborates membranous tubes perforated by lateral ports. Sub-tomogram averaging of the cag T4SS machinery revealed periplasmic densities associated with the outer membrane, a central stalk, and peripheral wing-like densities. Additionally, we resolved pilus-like …

Can Prescribed Fire Reduce Tick Parasitism Of Birds?, Leslie A. Sterling, Kim Medley, Katie Westby, Solný Adalsteinsson

Undergraduate Research Symposium Posters

Tick-borne diseases spread through enzootic transmission cycles that often involve ticks parasitizing bird hosts. Some avian species are competent reservoirs, amplifying the pathogens that cause tick-borne illnesses in humans. Prescribed burns in forests have the potential to reduce tick-borne disease risk if they limit interactions between ticks and infectious wildlife hosts. Although prescribed burns are increasingly being used for a variety of habitat management purposes, little is known about how they affect tick-host interactions. We hypothesize that if prescribed fires reduce tick abundance, then birds in burned forest plots will host fewer ticks than birds in unburned forest plots. Experimental …

Rational Reasoning On Ractopamine: Kentucky Regulators Reach Appropriate Responses To Inconsequential Trace-Level Environmental Substance Identifications, Theodore F. Shults, Kimberly Brewer, Jake Machin, Eric Hamelback, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Paclitaxel Enhances Oncolytic Potential Of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 In Cancer Cells, Misagh Naderi

LSU Master's Theses

Taxanes are spindle poisons that bind to and stabilize microtubules resulting in mitotic arrest. Herpes simplex Typ-1 (HSV-1) virions utilize the microtubular network for intracellular transport during both virus entry and virus egress from infected cells. It has been reported previously that taxanes may synergize with oncolytic herpes simplex viruses in the treatment of experimental prostate and breast tumors in mice. Other reports have indicated that taxanes may inhibit viral replication in infected cells. In this study the previously characterized Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (OSVP), which was constructed in Kousoulas lab was used in conjugation with paclitaxel (taxol) …

Interactions And Pathogen Transmission Between Carnivores In Madagascar, Fidisoa Rasambainarivo

Dissertations

Introduced carnivores exert considerable pressure on native predators through predation, competition and disease transmission. Improved understanding of determinant factors of interactions and pathogen transmission between introduced and endemic wildlife may help to predict disease emergence, avoid pathogen spillover and help control outbreaks. Using non-invasive camera traps, I identified areas where transmission of pathogens might happen through records of shared space-use within a protected area in Eastern Madagascar. I showed that indirect interactions between animals were more likely to occur near the research station which may constitute a disease transmission hotspot for carnivores in the landscape. Secondly, I investigated the associations …

Alternative Techniques For Alfaxalone Anesthesia Induction In Dogs And Cats, Angie Lagos

LSU Master's Theses

Alfaxalone is a neuroactive synthetic steroid (Brewster & Bodor, 1990) that produces anesthetic induction with dose- and speed-dependent cardiorespiratory depression in dogs and cats (Chiu et al. 2016; Warne et al., 2015). At clinical doses in unpremedicated dogs (2 mg kg^-1) and cats (5 mg kg^-1), alfaxalone induces a mild decrease in systemic vascular resistance, systemic blood pressure (Muir et al., 2009; Muir et al., 2008), apnea, hypoventilation, and hypoxemia (Muir et al. 2009; Muir et al., 2008). The cardiorespiratory side effects from alfaxalone induction could be prevented by reducing the total dose of alfaxalone necessary …

An Evaluation Of Pathophysiology And Biomechanics Of Selected Lamenesses In The Horse, Cole Barrett Sandow

LSU Master's Theses

INTRODUCTION-Laminitis and synovitis are two common causes of equine lameness. Laminitis is most often associated with hyperinsulinemia and osteoarthritis is most commonly the result of synovitis. The objective is to evaluate biomechanical and pathophysiologic events regarding laminitis and synovitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS-The first study evaluated biomechanical effects of insulin on lamellar strength. For this experiment, lamellar explants were harvested, incubated in media only (serving as a control) or media with a high concentration of insulin for 8 hours. After incubation, structural integrity was evaluated with a mechanical testing device. Data included load to failure (N), stress to failure (MPa), elongation …