Life Sciences Commons^™

Predictors Of Outcomes Of Adult Mandibular Fractures: A Prospective Study., Norhan Yahia El-Henawy, Mohamed Ali Mahgoub, Mohamed Radwan El-Hadidy, Ahmed Hassan El-Sabbagh

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Mandibular fractures not only cause physical disfigurement and functional impairments but also significantly affect the patient’s psychological, emotional, and social well-being. Predictors are variables that may influence or explain variation in the outcome of mandibular fracture. Aim of work: To evaluate demographic, clinical, radiological, and psychosocial factors associated with early postoperative complications and postoperative depressive symptoms following surgical management of adult mandibular fractures. Methods: A prospective study evaluated patients who will undergo treatment for surgical mandibular fracture/s at Mansoura Emergency Hospital, DK, from August 2023 to July 2024. The patients were assessed by history taking, clinical picture, radiological tools, …

Red Cell Distribution Width As A Prognostic Factor And Its Comparison With Lactate In Patients With Sepsis: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study, Ahmed Taha Gad, Ghada Fathy El-Rahmawy, Naglaa Abd El-Latif El-Negeery, Eiad Ahmed Ramzy

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a straightforward and cost-effective parameter that is utilized in laboratory hematology to differentiate anemias. It is indicative of the grade of heterogeneity in erythrocyte volume. This study purpose examine the correlation among the risk of adverse results in patients with sepsis and RDW, as well as to equivalence the mortality discriminative capacity of RDW and lactate levels.

Methods: This observational prospective cohort study was done on 67 sepstic patients aged ≥ 21 years old, both sexes. Patients were owed into two groups according to RDW levels: Group A (n=35): normal RDW …

Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging In Rectal Cancer, Ebtehal A. Mohamed, Fatma Mohamed Sherif, Wael Abdulghaffar, Ahmed M Fareed, Gehad A. Saleh

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Rectal cancer (RC) is a major cancer burden globally as it is among the tumors that are most frequently diagnosed worldwide and a significant contributor to global cancer mortality yearly. Imaging with diffusion weighting (DWI) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best radiological modality for the local staging and restaging of RC due to its excellent soft-tissue contrast and high spatial resolution.

Aim of the work: This study aims to assess the value of DW-MRI in staging and assessing treatment response in patients with RC who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

Methods: Forty-two patients with RC diagnoses …

Quality-Of-Life Outcomes Of Tympanoplasty/Mastoidectomy Operations, Peter Shokr Meglaa, Ahmed Hemdan Eldeeb, Hisham Atef Abada, Yousef Kamel Shabana

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) impairs quality of life (QoL) via otorrhea, hearing loss, and psychosocial effects, with surgery (tympanoplasty/mastoidectomy) as mainstay treatment despite limited patient-centered outcome data. This study aimed to evaluate QoL changes post-tympanoplasty/mastoidectomy in CSOM using validated tools.

Methods: This prospective study included 50 adults with CSOM at Mansoura University Hospitals. Pre/postoperative assessments included Chronic Otitis Media Outcome Test-15 (COMOT-15), Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly-Screening (HHIE-S), Tinnitus Evaluation Questionnaire (TEQ), Situational Vertigo Questionnaire (SVQ), pure tone audiometry (PTA), and air-bone gap (ABG).

Results: PTA improved from 48.5±10.2 to 28.3±8.4 dB …

Fascia Transversalis Block With Different Volumes Of Local Anesthetic And Its Impact On Postoperative Pain In Major Abdominal Surgery: Prospective Randomized Study, Eman Eltabey Lotfi Taman, Mostafa Mohamed Ali Saied, Khaled Mohy Eldeen El Bahrawy, Abdelrahman Mamdouh El Naggar

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background Effective postoperative analgesia remains crucial in abdominal surgery to reduce physiological stress, improve respiratory function, and enhance recovery. The transversalis fascia plane block (TFPB) has recently emerged as an advantageous technique targeting the T12–L1 nerves responsible for somatic and visceral abdominal innervation. Objective To investigate the analgesic efficacy of different volumes of local anesthetic administered in TFPB and compare their effect on postoperative pain, visceral discomfort, and opioid requirements. Methods Eighty-one adult patients undergoing major abdominal surgery under general anesthesia were randomized into 3 groups: control (systemic analgesia only), lowvolume TFPB (20 mL total), and high-volume TFPB (25 mL …

The Role Of Adult Appendicitis Score In Reducing The Negative Appendectomy Rate, Mohamed Mahmoud Mansour El Ghzzawy, Magdy Basheer, Mohamed Balata, Amir A. Fikry

Mansoura Medical Journal

Aim: Approximately 15 – 30% of all acute appendectomies are performed based only on clinical suspicion. A negative appendectomy has a 10–12% morbidity rate, which could be detrimental to patients. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of adult appendicitis score (AAS) in accurate identification of cases with acute appendicitis.

Patients and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 150 patients who presented with manifestations of acute appendicitis admitted to Mansoura Emergency Hospital.  The AAS was calculated, the decision on appendectomy was solely based on the surgeon’s clinical judgment after taking into consideration all the findings of clinical, …

Assessment Of Health-Related Quality Of Life In Pediatric Patients With End Stage Renal Diseases, Nasteho Adan Awil, Ahmed Mahmoud Elrefaey, Abdel-Hady El-Gilany Abdel-Elfattah, Heba Mohamed El-Taher

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs when the glomerular filtration rate falls below 15 mL/min, requiring renal replacement therapy. Despite improved survival, affected children experience significant physical, emotional, and social challenges. Consequently, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is markedly reduced compared with healthy peers.

Aim: This study aimed to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and to identify factors associate with the quality of life in pediatric patients with   end stage renal disease (ESRD).

Methods:  All 60 eligible children who were enrolled in the Nephrology Unit at Mansoura University Children's Hospital …

Assessment Of Serum Level Of Lipocalin-2 In Patients With Alopecia Areata, Mohammed S. Sultan, N. M. Darwish, Hosam Abdel Tawab, Asmaa M. Shalaby

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic autoimmune disease (AID)-causing non-scarring hair loss (NSHL), mainly on the scalp. It affects about 2% of people worldwide, usually starting in the third or fourth decade. This study aimed to evaluate serum lipocalin-2 levels in AA patients compared to healthy controls (HC), and to examine their correlation with disease severity Methods: This one-year prospective case-control study included 40 AA patients from Mansoura University Hospitals and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy control. Diagnosis was based on typical, well-defined non-inflammatory scalp hair loss (HL) confirmed by dermoscopy. Controls were healthy, with no autoimmune history or …

Evaluation Of Cardiac Troponin T And Ischemia-Modified Albumin Changes With Hemodialysis Session In Pediatric Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease, Zeinab Ezz Elden Abass Abd Eldayem, Ashraf Mohammed Abdel Basset, Gehan Attia Abdehakem, Shiama Abdelmgiad, Nermin Yossef Abo Elkheir

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background : Cardiovascular status in dialysis patients is complicated by a wide range of factors that can affect long-term prognosis. Cardiac biomarkers changes with hemodialysis session could affect the cardiac integrity of those patients. Aim of the work: Assess the changes of cardiac ischemic biomarkers (Troponin T and ischemia modified albumin) before and after hemodialysis session in patients with ESRD in pediatric age group and study of correlations of changes with the hemodialysis parameters. Patients and methods: The study included 40 pediatric ESRD patients who were admitted to Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit of Mansoura University Children’s …

A Comparative Study Of Topical 5% 5-Fluorouracil With Needling Versus 100% Trichloroacetic Acid With Needling Versus Needling Alone In Treatment Of Multiple Warts, Nesma Abd-Elmonem Saad, Hassan A. Fayed, Manar Ali

Mansoura Medical Journal

Aim: This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of topical 5% 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) with Needling versus 100% Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) with Needling versus Needling Alone in treatment of multiple warts.

Methods: This study included a total of 60 patients clinically diagnosed with multiple warts, who were randomly allocated (computer-generated simple randomisation, 1:1:1, concealed in sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes) into three equal groups (n=20 per group). The first group received 100% TCA with Needling; the second group received topical 5% 5-FU combined with Needling; the third group underwent Needling alone. The study was single-blinded at the level …

Comparative Study Between Serum Levels Of Interleukin-19 And Interleukin-38 In The Egyptian Patients With Non-Segmental Vitiligo, Reem Ahmed Al Maaddawy, Mohamed Kh. Selim, Ahmed Fawzi Ismail, Ahmad S. Hasan, Manar Ali Hassan

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: The precise etiology of vitiligo remains unclear; nonetheless, it is predominantly regarded as an autoimmune disorder. This work aimed to compare serum levels of IL-19 and IL-38 between patients with non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) and healthy controls (HC). Patients and Methods: This study included 88 participants, evenly split into two groups: 44 individuals with non-segmental vitiligo and 44 healthy controls. Both groups underwent full history taking. The Vitiligo Area Severity Index (VASI) score and Vitiligo Disease Activity (VIDA) score were used to assess disease severity and activity. The levels of human IL-19 and IL-38 were also measured.

Results:Serum IL-38 …

Active Deresuscitation Strategies After Septic Shock: A Scoping Review, Alrefaey K. Alrefaey, Rania E Elbadrawy, Mohamed Aboelela, Mohammed Mamoun

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Fluid overload in septic shock patients is linked to higher morbidity and mortality. After the stabilization phase, fluid restriction may not result in the resolution of tissue edema. Active deresuscitation refers to the use of diuretics or ultrafiltration for the removal of excess fluids. Objectives: This review explores the current practices applied for the active deresuscitation strategies after stabilization of septic shock patients.  Search strategy: A literature search was performed through the following databases: Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus for relevant studies from 2015 to January 2026. Selection criteria:  The selected articles included …

The Relationship Between Acne Vulgaris And Insulin Resistance, Nora Moawad Erian, Nora Mohamed Darwish, Eman Saber Elhennawy, Fatma Faisal El Dakrory

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background Some have hypothesized that resistance to insulin, a condition in which cells become less responsive to insulin, contributes to the development and worsening of acne vulgaris. The study's primary objective was to identify any associations among resistance to insulin and acne vulgaris severity. Methods Forty patients (range: 18–40 years old) with acne vulgaris and forty healthy controls (range: 18–40 years old, sex: X), were included in this case control study. Height as well as weight were the anthropometric metrics. To determine how bad acne is, doctors utilize the Global Acne Grading System. Laboratory testing for insulin resistance was conducted …

Effect Of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation On Serum Sclerostin Levels In Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Mohamed A. Hassany, Mariam A. Fawy

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background Vitamin D deficiency and altered bone metabolism are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Sclerostin, a key inhibitor of bone formation, has been implicated in CKD–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), but the impact of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on circulating sclerostin is unclear. This work examined the effect of intramuscular cholecalciferol on serum sclerostin and bone-related markers in CKD patients. Methods This randomized controlled trial involved 128 adult CKD patients (stages 3–5), 18–70 years, both sexes, with vitamin D deficiency. Adults were equally randomized into two groups: the intervention group received intramuscular cholecalciferol (300,000 IU at baseline …

Predictors And Outcome Of Sepsis And Septic Shock Induced Acute Kidney Injury In Diabetic Patients: A Prospective Observational Study, Shrouk Essam, Rehab Shaheen Bahram Shaheen, Rasha Mahmoud Prof., Adel I. Abdelsalam

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: One characteristic of sepsis is the dysregulation of the host's reaction to infection, which can result in potentially fatal organ failure.This work aimed to assess predictors and outcome of sepsis and septic shock induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in diabetic patients. Methods: This prospective observational study included diabetic patients aged over 18 years who were admitted with sepsis or septic shock in the Medical Critical Care Unit of the Specialized Medical Hospital, Mansoura University. All patients were divided into 2 groups:AKI Group (N=74): diagnosed with AKI and No AKI Group (N=26): did not develop AKI. Results: Analysis of risk …

Fractional Ablative Co2 Laser Versus Screw Threads In Post-Traumatic Atrophic Linear Scars, Eman Emad Elfeel, Marwa Zohdy Ali, Shereen Ezzalregal Alashry, Sherihan Hassan Allam

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background Scar is the result of the natural healing and reparative process, which are frequently accompanied by a few aesthetic, functional, and social impairments and may negatively affect quality of life. Fractional CO2 laser improves both the pigmentary and textural changes by removing thin layers of skin with minimal thermal damage. Thread lifting technology is a non-surgical facial rejuvenation technology that can minimize postoperative recovery period and scar from the incision Aim To compare the efficacy of fractional ablative CO2 laser therapy versus screw threads in post-traumatic atrophic linear scars. Methods This prospective randomized clinical study included 2 groups; group …

Assessment Of Serum Level Of Il-38 In Patients With Non-Segmental Vitiligo And Its Relation To Disease Severity, Zahraa Jafar Ahmed Altaitoon, Al-Shahat Farag Ahmed Sharaf, Hamdy Fouad A. Marzo, Mohammed Samir Sultan

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Vitiligo is a common autoimmune disorder (AID) characterized by extensive loss of melanocytes, causing depigmented skin patches. Interleukin-38 (IL- 38), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, has been linked to several autoimmune conditions, but its involvement in vitiligo hasn’t been confirmed. Aim: To measure serum IL-38 levels in patients with non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) and explores how these levels relate to disease severity and activity. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional case-control study that included 40 patients with non-segmental vitiligo and 40 healthy individuals matched for age, sex, and BMI. Assessment of disease severity and activity was conducted by using the Vitiligo Area Scoring …

Impact Of Admission Hyperglycemia On In-Hospital Arrhythmia In Medical Critical Illness, Ebrahim Elsayed Tawfik, Afaf Abdel Hafez, Tarek El-Sayed Gouda, Rehab Shaheen Bahram Shaheen

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background Admission hyperglycemia is frequently encountered in critically ill patients, even in the absence of pre-existing diabetes. Acute stress hyperglycemia triggers autonomic activation, oxidative stress, and electrophysiological disturbances that may predispose to cardiac arrhythmias. Aim of work The present study aimed to explore the frequency and type of arrhythmic events among critically ill patients with admission hyperglycemia in medical intensive care units (MICU). Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 354 critically ill ICU patients . They were divided into group A with admission hyperglycemia (>180 mg/dL) and group B with admission normoglycemia (≤180 mg/dL). All patients were subjected …

Evaluation Of The Frequency Of Subclinical Peripheral Neuropathy Among Children And Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using Nerve Conduction Studies, Hadeer Ashraf Abdulwahab, Ann A. Abdelkader, Nanees Salem, Bothina Hasaneen

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: The long-term vascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) include nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and macrovascular diseases, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of subclinical peripheral neuropathy among children and adolescents with Type 1 DM using nerve conduction studies (NCSs) in relation to diabetesrelated clinical and metabolic parameters. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 children and adolescents with T1D. The patients were divided into 2 groups, symptomatic group who had symptoms or signs of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) and asymptomatic group who had no signs or symptoms of polyneuropathy. NCSs were conducted and sensory …

Readmission And Reoperation Following Transurethral Incision Of The Prostate For Benign Prostatic Obstruction: A 20-Year Retrospective Review And Analysis, Amr Wael Yehia, Mohamed Hegazy, Ahmed Refat Elnahas, Ahmed Mohamed Elshal

Mansoura Medical Journal

Introduction: Transurethral Incision of the Prostate (TUIP) is a recognized surgical treatment for benign prostatic obstruction (BPO), particularly in patients with smaller glands. While valued for its minimal invasiveness, it is associated with higher medium-term reoperation rates. This study analyzes a 20-year institutional experience to define the rate, timing, causes, and predictors of readmission and reoperation after TUIP. Methods: A retrospective review of 557 patients who underwent TUIP for BPO was conducted. Data collected included demographics, comorbidities, perioperative details and complications graded by the Clavien-Dindo system. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified predictors of readmission and reoperation if present. …

Comparative Study Between Cervical Disc Arthroplasty And Anterior Cervical Discectomy And Fusion, Samer Samy, Ayman Mohamed Basha

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) has emerged as an alternative to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), aiming to preserve segmental motion and reduce adjacent segment disease (ASD). However, evidence regarding its superiority remains controversial. This study was designed to relate ACDF and CDA following anterior cervical discectomy with respect to safety, efficacy, and impact on patient lifestyle.

Methods: This retrospective comparative study included 36 patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy between August 2021 and September 2024. Twenty patients underwent ACDF (Group A), and sixteen patients underwent CDA (Group B). Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) …

Triglyceride Glucose Index As A Predictor Of Insulin Resistance In Patients With Hypothyroidism, Nadeen El-Nakeeb, Mohammed A. Helaly, Ahmad S. Hasan, Rania Bahriz

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Thyroid hormones play a key role in glucose metabolism, and hypothyroidism is frequently associated with impaired insulin secretion, altered glucose disposal, and insulin resistance (IR).

Aim: This study aimed to assess insulin resistance in patients with hypothyroidism using the triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index in comparison with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 100 participants (50 hypothyroid patients and 50 euthyroid controls), aged 18–60 years. All subjects underwent detailed clinical evaluation, anthropometric measurements, and fasting laboratory investigations including glucose, lipid profile, insulin, TSH, and free T4. Insulin resistance was assessed using TyG …

Role Of 16s Rrna Gene And Activin-A In Detection Of Neonatal Sepsis, Reem Gomaa, Walaa Othman Elshabrawy, Nada Mohsen, Mohamed Mofreh

Mansoura Medical Journal

Objective: A bloodstream infection in a newborn less than 28 days is referred to as neonatal sepsis (NS). A novel quick and sensitive markers are required for the early detection of bacterial infections in neonates with sepsis, even if blood culture is a great way to diagnose sepsis because the results are delayed. This study was done to estimate the value of activin-A and molecular method (16S rRNA gene) by PCR as new methods for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

Methods: Fifity neonates came to the Mansoura University Children Hospital (MUCH) divided into two Groups: Group І (Sepsis group) …

Toward Interpretable Multi-Omics Multimodal Biomedical Artificial Intelligence, Yanjun Lyu

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations

The complexity of human disease arises from biological processes that unfold across multiple scales, from molecular variation through cellular function, tissue organisation, brain phenotypes, each of which is associated with distinct measurement modalities, regularities, and characteristic. Contemporary biomedical artificial intelligence has brought the opportunity to reveal the complexity with in; however, its methodological default, in which models are trained on most readily available modality, does not adequately engage with the multi-scale connected structure by which biological meaning is constituted. The research area of multi-omics and multi-modal AI for biomedicine remains at an early exploratory stage, and the work presented in …

Influence Of Microbial Communities And Dilute Heavy Metals In Green Manure On Growth In Lactuca Sativa, Robert Lemay

Student Research Projects

This experiment investigated the effects of a green manure (Lemna minor, common duckweed) grown in varying levels of heavy metals and inoculated with local microbiomes on a crop (Lactuca sativa, volcana lettuce). The growth and health of the duckweeds were measured via root length and biomass, and the health of the lettuce crop was measured via head diameter and biomass.  Two levels of heavy metal concentrations were based on real-world stormwater runoff data to mimic an agricultural environment where accumulation of metals in local water bodies may be absorbed into green manure duckweeds. One microbial treatment and …

Limitations Of Reproductive Manipulation By Bacterial Endosymbionts In A Spider Host, Jordyn D. Proctor

Theses and Dissertations--Entomology

Maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts are common in arthropods. Many of these bacteria manipulate host reproduction to favor the production of infected females, thereby increasing bacterial prevalence in the host population, even if cost is incurred to the host. However, there are also many factors that may inhibit symbionts’ ability to spread in host populations, including environmental constraints, symbiont-imposed costs on the host, interactions with co-infecting bacteria, or host biology. I explored two aspects of symbiont biology within a spider host, Mermessus fradeorum (Linyphiidae), which has varying combinations of up to five different bacterial endosymbionts in local populations: Rickettsiella, Tisiphia …

Impacts Of Livestock Dewormers On Dung Beetle Foraging Choices Across Spatial Scales, Madison L. Kluge

Theses and Dissertations--Entomology

Dung beetles provide ecosystem services in pasture systems but are vulnerable to chemical residues in livestock dung. Parasiticides containing macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are used to control parasites in livestock and are excreted unmetabolized in dung, exposing non-target organisms to these compounds. We used a multi-scale approach to examine whether ML residues alter dung beetle foraging ecology. At the field scale, we assessed dung beetle abundance and community composition using traps baited with dung from untreated cattle and cattle treated with ivermectin, moxidectin, or eprinomectin across eight farms and natural areas. At a smaller scale, we conducted behavioral assays to quantify …

Health Disparities In Cardiovascular Care: The Impact Of Diabetes Education And Post-Discharge Interventions For African American Adults At Risk For And After Myocardial Infarction, Trinity L. Billingsley

Nursing | Senior Theses

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, affecting African American adults at higher rates compared to other racial and ethnic groups. Diabetes as a comorbidity is one of the risk factors of experiencing a myocardial infarction, remaining one of the leading causes of death among individuals with diabetes. Objective: To examine the effectiveness of structured diabetes education tailored to African American adults who are at risk for and after a myocardial infarction. Additionally assessing the complications of a myocardial infarction, the outcomes associated with structured education will be compared to the outcomes of …

Data From: Mass Mortality Of Avian Migrants In New Mexico, Usa, That Coincided With An Extreme Weather Event, Dylan M. Osterhaus, Allison J. Salas, Patricia L. Cutler, Mara E. Weisenberger, Kerry Mower, Abigail J. Lawon, Timothy F. Wright, Jeanne M. Fair, Martha J. Desmond

Fish, Wildlife, & Conservation Ecology: Datasets

No abstract provided.

Adolescent Binge-Like Feeding And Neuroinflammation: Effects Of Intermittent Palatable Diet Access On Microglial Activation In The Brain In Adolescents, Jaimie T. Yu

CMC Senior Theses

Binge eating disorder (BED), one of the most common eating disorders in the United States (Definition & Facts for Binge Eating Disorder - NIDDK, n.d.), is characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food in a short period of time accompanied by a sense of loss of control. The intermittent access (INT) model reliably produces binge-like eating in adult rodents, with animals showing episodic hyperphagia upon time-limited access to a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet. In adult female rats, INT access produces elevated meal size and reduced satiety ratio relative to controls (Maske et al., 2020), and promotes microglial …