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Articles 9151 - 9180 of 30042
Full-Text Articles in Mechanical Engineering
การพัฒนาระบบติดตามสถานะรถยนต์สำหรับธุรกิจแบ่งปันรถยนต์โดยใช้ช่อง Obd-Ii, สรวิชญ์ สาครินทร์
การพัฒนาระบบติดตามสถานะรถยนต์สำหรับธุรกิจแบ่งปันรถยนต์โดยใช้ช่อง Obd-Ii, สรวิชญ์ สาครินทร์
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
ในช่วงไม่กี่ปีที่ผ่านมานี้ ธุรกิจแบ่งปันรถเช่าทั่วโลกเติบโตขึ้นอย่างมาก แต่การเช่ารถยนต์นั้นยังมีปัญหาอยู่สองข้อคือความไม่สะดวกต่อการทำสัญญาเช่ารถยนต์และการที่ไม่สามารถติดตามสถานะของรถยนต์ได้ เพื่อที่จะติดตามสถานะของถยนต์ เราต้องการระบบที่สามารถดึงข้อมูลดิบจากรถยนต์ส่งขึ้นสู่คลาวเซิฟเวอร์ในเวลาจริง ในช่วงเวลาเดียวกัน เทคโนโลยีอินเทอร์เน็ตทุกสรรพสิ่งได้ถูกนำไปใช้ในหลายๆอุตสาหกรรมเพื่อเพิ่มศักยภาพในการทำงาน เช่นอุตสาหกรรมการแพทย์ การเกษตร และการขนส่งอัจฉริยะ ดังนั้นธุรกิจแบ่งปันรถเช่านั้นจึงยังมีช่องว่างสำหรับการพัฒนาเพิ่มเติมด้วยเทคโนโลยีนี้เช่นกัน งานวิจัยนี้ได้ทำการพัฒนาอุปกรณ์สำหรับเชื่อมต่อภายในรถยนต์เรียกว่ากล่องโคบอกซ์ อุปกรณ์สามารถดึงข้อมูลที่ต้องการจากรถยนต์และสั่งล้อคหรือปลดล้อคได้ด้วยช่องโอบีดีทู อุปกรณ์สามารถรับสัญญาณตำแหน่งจีพีเอสและส่งข้อมูลที่ต้องการสู่คลาวไฟร์เบสเซิฟเวอร์ได้บนเวลาจริง อย่างไรก็ตาม ระบบติดตามสถานะของรถยนต์นี้สามารถทำงานได้ดีในรถยนต์ Toyota Altis 2016 เท่านั้น ผู้วิจัยจึงมีแผนในการพัฒนาระบบติดตามเพื่อรองรับกับรถยนต์รุ่นต่างๆต่อไปในอนาคต
Propagation Of Errors Through Coning, Sculling, And Scrolling Correction Algorithms, James D. Brouk, Kyle J. Demars
Propagation Of Errors Through Coning, Sculling, And Scrolling Correction Algorithms, James D. Brouk, Kyle J. Demars
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This paper investigates the propagation of estimation errors through a common coning, sculling, and scrolling architecture used in modern day inertial navigation systems. Coning, sculling, and scrolling corrections often have an unaccounted-for effect on the error statistics of inertial measurements used to describe the state and uncertainty propagation for position, velocity, and attitude estimates. Through the development of an error analysis for a set of coning, sculling, and scrolling algorithms, mappings of the measurement and estimation errors through the correction term are adaptively generated. Using the developed mappings, an efficient and consistent propagation of the state and uncertainty, within the …
Development Of Cellulose Acetate-Based Scaffold For Bone Tissue Engineering Applications, Ruhit Sinha
Development Of Cellulose Acetate-Based Scaffold For Bone Tissue Engineering Applications, Ruhit Sinha
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Cellulose Acetate (CA) based biomaterials are being used as substrates for bone ingrowth applications due to their nontoxic and nonirritant nature coupled with optimum morphology and stiffness. Electrospinning with additives and/or post-treatment has emerged as a viable protocol to further improve mechanical properties of CA and expand its utility. Herein, we highlight the role of potassium chloride (KCl) in association with airdrying to enhance the elastic modulus and tensile strengths of CA fibers. Salt aggregation in between fibers is observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), however, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis signifies the interactions between K+ ions and acetyl groups. The …
Energy Efficiency And Alternative Energy Generation In Existing Buildings On A College Campus, Sameer Keshavan
Energy Efficiency And Alternative Energy Generation In Existing Buildings On A College Campus, Sameer Keshavan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Universities and colleges are looking for ways to be sustainable and save energy costs on their campuses. In terms of raw dollars, “America’s colleges and universities spend almost $7 billion a year in energy and utilities”. Campus buildings consume more than 80% of the energy utilized by the universities and it is often used in the form of electricity for lighting, ventilation, air-conditioning, and natural gas for heating. By reducing energy use, it will translate into cost savings that could be utilized towards student programs, facility improvements, and other university initiatives. This can be achieved by energy conservation efforts and …
Studying The Scratching Behavior Of Nb/Nbc Nanolaminate Using Molecular Dynamics Atomistic Simulations, Md Mesbah Uddin
Studying The Scratching Behavior Of Nb/Nbc Nanolaminate Using Molecular Dynamics Atomistic Simulations, Md Mesbah Uddin
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
The scratching behavior of a Nb/NbC ceramic-metal (cermet) nanolaminate is studied to investigate the tribological properties using molecular dynamics. Many atomistic studies have reviewed the tribological properties of nanolaminates but are limited to only either metal-metal or ceramic-ceramic nanolaminates. This study aims to address how varying parameters such as metal-ceramic thickness ratio, indenter size, and scratching depth affect the tribological properties of cermet nanolaminate under a scratching load. Furthermore, the underlying deformation mechanisms are explored. To study the effect of the metal-ceramic ratio on Nb/NbC nanolaminate, molecular dynamics simulations are performed on different models varying the metal-ceramic ratio. The number …
Characterization, Modeling, And Thermal Management Of High-Performance Lithium Batteries, Minjun Bae
Characterization, Modeling, And Thermal Management Of High-Performance Lithium Batteries, Minjun Bae
Wayne State University Theses
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, as one of the most advanced commercial rechargeable batteries, play a crucial role in modern society as they are extensively used in portable electronic devices. Nevertheless, the limited electrochemical performance and poor thermal management systems of Li-ion batteries have hindered the expansion of their future applications. In search of alternative electrode materials to develop a battery with higher electrochemical performance, lithium (Li) metal has attracted much attention as an ideal alternative anode material due to its high specific capacity and lowest redox potential. However, needle-like Li dendritic growth causes severe safety concerns and thus prohibits practical applications …
Energy Conservation And Heat Transfer Enhancement For Mixed Convection On The Vertical Galvanizing Furnace, Dan Mei, Yuzheng Zhu, Xuemei Xu, Futang Xing
Energy Conservation And Heat Transfer Enhancement For Mixed Convection On The Vertical Galvanizing Furnace, Dan Mei, Yuzheng Zhu, Xuemei Xu, Futang Xing
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications
The alloying temperature is an important parameter that affects the properties of galvanized products. The objective of this study is to explore the mechanism of conjugate mixed convection in the vertical galvanizing furnace and propose a novel energy conservation method to improve the soaking zone temperature based on the flow pattern and heat transfer characteristics. Herein, the present study applied the k-ε two-equation turbulence model to enclose the Navier-Stokes fluid dynamic and energy conservation equations, and the temperature distributions of the steel plate and air-flow field in the furnace were obtained for six Richardson numbers between 1.91 ⋅ 105 …
Evaluating Compressive Properties And Morphology Of Expandable Polyurethane Foam For Use In A Synthetic Paediatric Spine, Nor Amalina Muhayudin, Khairul Salleh Basaruddin, Fiona Mcevoy, Anthony Tansey
Evaluating Compressive Properties And Morphology Of Expandable Polyurethane Foam For Use In A Synthetic Paediatric Spine, Nor Amalina Muhayudin, Khairul Salleh Basaruddin, Fiona Mcevoy, Anthony Tansey
Articles
An expandable rigid PU foam can turns into complex shapes, with a shell like structure onthe outside and honeycomb structure on the inside, which can be easily shaped to a vertebraform. The present study aims to determine whether expandable rigid polyurethane foamwas an appropriate substitute for rigid block polyurethane foam to model the trabecularbone. Static compression tests were performed to determine compressive moduli and yieldstresses on three polyurethane foam densities namely 0.16 g/cm3, 0.24 g/cm3and 0.42 g/cm3.Morphology of the PU foams for all densities was also observed. The compressive modulusfor 0.16 g/cm3and 0.24 g/cm3were found varied from 40 to 43 …
Towards Overcoming The Curse Of Dimensionality In Predictive Modelling And Uncertainty Quantification, Dan Gabriel Cacuci
Towards Overcoming The Curse Of Dimensionality In Predictive Modelling And Uncertainty Quantification, Dan Gabriel Cacuci
Faculty Publications
This invited presentation summarizes new methodologies developed by the author for performing high-order sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification and predictive modeling. The presentation commences by summarizing the newly developed 3rd-Order Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology (3rd-ASAM) for linear systems, which overcomes the “curse of dimensionality” for sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification of a large variety of model responses of interest in reactor physics systems. The use of the exact expressions of the 2nd-, and 3rd-order sensitivities computed using the 3rd-ASAM is subsequently illustrated by presenting 3rd-order formulas for the first three cumulants of the response distribution, for quantifying response uncertainties (covariance, skewness) …
On The Importance Of Second-Order Response Sensitivities To Nuclear Data In Reactor Physics Uncertainty Analysis, Dan Gabriel Cacuci
On The Importance Of Second-Order Response Sensitivities To Nuclear Data In Reactor Physics Uncertainty Analysis, Dan Gabriel Cacuci
Faculty Publications
This invited keynote presentation compares the relative importance of 1st-order versus 2nd-order sensitivities of the leakage response of an OECD/NEA benchmark (polyethylene-reflected plutonium sphere) to the nuclear data characterizing this benchmark. The imprecisely known parameters underlying the neutron transport computational model for this benchmark include 180 group-averaged total microscopic cross sections, 21600 group-averaged scattering microscopic cross sections, 60 parameters describing the fission process, 30 parameters describing the fission spectrum, 10 parameters describing the system's sources, and 6 isotopic number densities. Thus, this benchmark comprises 21886 1st-order sensitivities of the leakage response with respect to the model parameters, and 478,996,996 2nd-order …
Test 2217: Kubota M8-181, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2217: Kubota M8-181, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2218: Kubota M8-201, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2218: Kubota M8-201, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2219: John Deere 7r 290, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2219: John Deere 7r 290, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2225: John Deere 8rt 370, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2225: John Deere 8rt 370, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Test 2226: John Deere 8rt 410, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2226: John Deere 8rt 410, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary 1197: John Deere 6195m Ft4, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary 1197: John Deere 6195m Ft4, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary 1195: John Deere 6155m Ft4, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary 1195: John Deere 6155m Ft4, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary 1196: John Deere 6175m Ft4, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary 1196: John Deere 6175m Ft4, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary 1192: John Deere 6120m Ft4, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary 1192: John Deere 6120m Ft4, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Nebraska Summary 1191: John Deere 6110m Ft4, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Summary 1191: John Deere 6110m Ft4, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Ultrahigh Strength And Plasticity In Laser Rapid Solidified Al–Si Nanoscale Eutectics, Huai-Hsun Lien, Jyoti Mazumder, Jian Wang, Amit Misra
Ultrahigh Strength And Plasticity In Laser Rapid Solidified Al–Si Nanoscale Eutectics, Huai-Hsun Lien, Jyoti Mazumder, Jian Wang, Amit Misra
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications
As-cast Al–20wt.% Si alloys were processed via laser rapid solidification (LRS) techniques to create eutectic microstructures with nanoscale interconnected, nanotwinned Si fibers. LRS morphologies exhibit higher flow stress, exceeding 800 MPa and uniform plastic deformation above 20% compared to as-cast alloy that fractures at strains below 8% at flow strength of approximately 200 MPa. The strengthening mechanisms of LRS morphologies are interpreted in terms of the interfacial constraints: increase in yield strength as well as strain hardening rate due to nanoscale confined slip in fibrous Al–Si eutectic, and load transfer and eventual plasticity in the nanoscale Si fibers.
Leidenfrost Droplet Microfluidics, Sidy Ndao, George Gogos, Dennis Alexander, Troy Anderson, Craig Zuhlke
Leidenfrost Droplet Microfluidics, Sidy Ndao, George Gogos, Dennis Alexander, Troy Anderson, Craig Zuhlke
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications
Systems and methods are described for propelling a liquid droplet in a Leidenforst state. A microfluidic device embodiment includes, but is not limited to, a solid structure having a patterned surface, the patterned surface including at least a first patterned region having a first Leidenfrost temperature with respect to a fluid, the first patterned region adjacent to the second patterned region, the first patterned region defining a path over which a droplet of the fluid is configured to travel in a Leidenfrost state.
Iron Pyrite Nanocrystals, Jinsong Huang, Baodong Mao, Christopher L. Exstrom
Iron Pyrite Nanocrystals, Jinsong Huang, Baodong Mao, Christopher L. Exstrom
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications
An apparatus includes a nanocrystal. The nanocrystal includes a core including FeS2; and a coating including a ligand component capable of chemically interacting with both an iron atom and a sulfur atom on a surface of the core.
Colocalized Sensing And Intelligent Computing In Micro-Sensors, Mohammad H. Hasan, Ali Al-Ramini, Eihab Abdel-Rahman, Roozbeh Jafari, Fadi Alsaleem
Colocalized Sensing And Intelligent Computing In Micro-Sensors, Mohammad H. Hasan, Ali Al-Ramini, Eihab Abdel-Rahman, Roozbeh Jafari, Fadi Alsaleem
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications
This work presents an approach to delay-based reservoir computing (RC) at the sensor level without input modulation. It employs a time-multiplexed bias to maintain transience while utilizing either an electrical signal or an environmental signal (such as acceleration) as an unmodulated input signal. The proposed approach enables RC carried out by sufficiently nonlinear sensory elements, as we demonstrate using a single electrostatically actuated microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device. The MEMS sensor can perform colocalized sensing and computing with fewer electronics than traditional RC elements at the RC input (such as analog- to-digital and digital-to-analog converters). The performance of the MEMS RC …
Microstructural Evolution Of Nanotwinned Al-Zr Alloy With Significant 9r Phase, N.A. Richter, Y.F. Zhang, D. Y. Xie, R. Su, Q. Li, S. Xue, T. Niu, J. Wang, H. Wang, Xinghang Zhang
Microstructural Evolution Of Nanotwinned Al-Zr Alloy With Significant 9r Phase, N.A. Richter, Y.F. Zhang, D. Y. Xie, R. Su, Q. Li, S. Xue, T. Niu, J. Wang, H. Wang, Xinghang Zhang
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications
Aluminum (Al) alloys have a multitude of applications, notably in the automotive, aerospace and coating industries, yet they exhibit significantly lower mechanical strength than conventional steels. Nanotwins drastically improve mechanical strength while retaining ductility. However, the high SFE of Al largely prevents twinning. Here, we synthesize Al-Zr alloy films containing an abundance of incoherent twin boundaries and 9R phases. These alloys exhibit an extended solid solubility of Zr, retaining a columnar nanotwinned structure across all compositions. These films reach a hardness up to 4.2 GPa with 10 at% Zr and demonstrate the capacity for producing strong Al alloys with nanotwins.
Plasma Jet Flow Characterization Via Computational Modeling, Declan Brick
Plasma Jet Flow Characterization Via Computational Modeling, Declan Brick
Summer Community of Scholars Posters (RCEU and HCR Combined Programs)
No abstract provided.
Design Of An Anti-Jerk Controller For Both Locked And Slipping Torque Converter Conditions In A Vehicle, Syed Ahmad Nadeem
Design Of An Anti-Jerk Controller For Both Locked And Slipping Torque Converter Conditions In A Vehicle, Syed Ahmad Nadeem
Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports
With the advancement in the automotive technologies, the customer scrutiny on the ride comfort of automobiles has come to light. Vehicle drivability is one of the important aspects that defines the ride comfort for a vehicle. Drivability of a vehicle is a qualitative measure and may differ from person to person, however, researches have come up to highlight a few parameters that can categorize the drivability performance of a vehicle into good or bad for a majority of the targeted audience. One of those parameters include shuffle, which is defined as the longitudinal oscillations that occurs in the drivetrain when …
Assessment And Improvement Of Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods For Separated Turbulent Flows At Low Reynolds Numbers, Tom Mancuso
Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports
This study investigates the accuracy of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models to predict heat transfer in turbulent separated flows at low Reynolds numbers. A novel improvement of a Scale Adaptive technique is also presented. A spectrum of turbulence models is used to simulate flow and heat transfer of two geometries; fully developed flow through a staggered tube bank and a square prism in cross flow. Experimental data for both local heat transfer and velocity data are available in the literature for these cases and have been used extensively evaluate various CFD methods. Six unsteady models were used and the results …
Test 2227: John Deere 8rx 370, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Test 2227: John Deere 8rx 370, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab
Nebraska Tractor Tests
ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …
Computational Fluid Dynamics Study Of The Effects Of Secondary Flows In 90-Degree Pipe Elbow Erosion, O. Ayala, G. Rivera-Hernández, C. Knight
Computational Fluid Dynamics Study Of The Effects Of Secondary Flows In 90-Degree Pipe Elbow Erosion, O. Ayala, G. Rivera-Hernández, C. Knight
Engineering Technology Faculty Publications
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of particle-laden fluid flows through a 90-degree pipe elbow at Reynolds numbers 1,000 and 10,000 were completed; for different dimensionless elbow curvature ratios of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.5; and for particles with different Stokes numbers of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0. There were two scenarios in the study. For the first, the particles felt drag from the primary (or the axial) flow as well as from the secondary fluid flows in the elbow. For the second, the secondary fluid flow in the 90-degree bend was suppressed from the particle drag, thus the particles only …