Power and Energy Commons^™

Fractional Order State Feedback Control For Improved Lateral Stability Of Semi-Autonomous Commercial Heavy Vehicles, Rasheed Mazen Abdulkader

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

With the growing development of autonomous and semi-autonomous large commercial heavy vehicles, the lateral stability control of articulated vehicles have caught the attention of researchers recently. Active vehicle front steering (AFS) can enhance the handling performance and stability of articulated vehicles for an emergency highway maneuver scenario. However, with large vehicles such tractor-trailers, the system becomes more complex to control and there is an increased occurrence of instabilities. This research investigates a new control scheme based on fractional calculus as a technique that ensures lateral stability of articulated large heavy vehicles during evasive highway maneuvering scenarios. The control method is …

Adaptive Boundary Control Using The Natural Switching Surfaces For Flyback Converters, Luciano Andres Garcia Rodriguez

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The derivation and implementation of the natural switching surfaces (NSS) considering certain parametric uncertainties for a flyback converter operating in the boundary conduction mode (BCM) is the main focus of this paper. The NSS with nominal parameters presents many benefits for the control of nonlinear systems; for example, fast transient response under load-changing conditions. However, the performance worsens considerably when the converter actual parameters are different from the ones used in the design process. Therefore, a novel control strategy for NSS considering the effects of parameter uncertainties is proposed. This control law can estimate and adapt the control trajectories in …

Evaluation And Analysis Of Null Convention Logic Circuits, John Davis Brady

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Integrated circuit (IC) designers face many challenges in utilizing state-of-the-art technology nodes, such as the increased effects of process variation on timing analysis and heterogeneous multi-die architectures that span across multiple technologies while simultaneously increasing performance and decreasing power consumption. These challenges provide opportunity for utilization of asynchronous design paradigms due to their inherent flexibility and robustness.

While NULL Convention Logic (NCL) has been implemented in a variety of applications, current literature does not fully encompass the intricacies of NCL power performance across a variety of applications, technology nodes, circuit scale, and voltage scaling, thereby preventing further adoption and utilization …

E700xd Portable Doppler Radar Energy Systems Analysis, Brandon M. Bailey, Torrey J. Wagner, Jada Williams

Faculty Publications

Occurring in industrialized nations, inexpensive and abundantly available power is routinely taken for granted. However, energy resilience and to a lesser extent price are key concerns when considering potential solutions for disaster response, disaster relief, or military operations. The Department of Defense (DoD) currently uses a 5 kW generator to power the E700XD portable Doppler radar system when grid power is unavailable [1]. While the radar has an approximate power consumption of 2.5 kW, there is a potential for higher demand due to weather conditions [2]. This paper examines the cost of operating a currently installed generator, compared to the …

Transmission-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems: A Systematic Literature Review, Kevin Marnell, Manasseh Obi, Robert B. Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

When the transmission capacity of an electrical system is insufficient to adequately serve customer demand, the transmission system is said to be experiencing congestion. More transmission lines can be built to increase capacity. However, transmission congestion typically only occurs during periods of peak demand, which occur just a few times per year; capitol-intensive investments in new transmission capacity address problems that occur infrequently. Alternative solutions to alleviated transmission congestion have been devised, including generation curtailment, demand response programs, and various remedial action schema. Though not currently a common solution, battery energy storage systems can also provide transmission congestion relief. Technological …

Performance Of Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Cooling System Based On High-Low Control, Yi Chen, Huaxia Yan, Yimo Luo

Faculty of Science & Technology (THEi)

Desiccant enhanced evaporative cooling system is a sustainable air-conditioning (A/C) system which deals the latent load and sensible load separately by a dehumidifier and an evaporative cooler. A LDD-RIEC system consists of a liquid desiccant dehumidifier (LDD) and a regenerative indirect evaporative cooler (RIEC) were investigated. The LDD-RIEC system is characterized by low energy consumption compared with conventional mechanical cooling system, but the main shortcoming is the high dependency on ambient air conditions. To maintain stable indoor temperature, a control scheme is essential. However, very limited research work regarding control strategy can be found in open literatures. In this paper, …

Overview Of Flywheel Systems For Renewable Energy Storage With A Design Study For High-Speed Axial-Flux Permanent-Magnet Machines, Murat G. Kesgin, Peng Han, Narges Taran, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

Flywheel energy storage is considered in this paper for grid integration of renewable energy sources due to its inherent advantages of fast response, long cycle life and flexibility in providing ancillary services to the grid, such as frequency regulation, voltage support, etc. The fundamentals of the technology and recent developments are reviewed, firstly with an emphasis on the design considerations and performance metrics. Then the progress and development trends in electric motor/generators employed in flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) are summarized, showing the potential of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines in such applications. Design examples of high-speed AFPM machines are provided …

Optimal Combinations Of Utility Level Renewable Generators For A Net Zero Energy Microgrid Considering Different Utility Charge Rates, Evan S. Jones, Huangjie Gong, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

High initial investment and the intermittent nature of resources are major challenges for large scale renewable generation. The size of photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) farms in the microgrid needs optimized to avoid curtailment and to efficiently meet the demand of a power system. Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) may also be used to improve flexibility. This paper explores the optimal sizing for PV and wind generators, as well as a BESS at the utility level for a large grid-connected net zero energy (NZE) hybrid microgrid considering characteristics such as initial investment, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), operating costs, …

Smart Plug And Circuit Breaker Technologies For Residential Buildings In The Us, Rosemary E. Alden, Peng Han, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

A significant proportion of the total energy in conventional homes across the United States is used by electric plug loads, which include various electronic devices and home appliances, excluding the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) units and electric water heaters. Considerable energy savings are expected to be possible by managing these plug loads effectively based on user behavior data. Smart plugs and circuit breakers that can control and monitor energy usage on a real-time basis are becoming increasingly popular alongside the rapid development of smart home energy management. This paper reviews the recent advances on the subject matter with …

The Stability Analysis For Wind Turbines With Doubly Fed Induction Generators, Baohua Dong

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The quickly increasing, widespread use of wind generation around the world reduces carbon emissions, decreases the effects of global warming, and lowers dependence on fossil fuels. However, the growing penetration of wind power requires more effort to maintain power systems stability.

This dissertation focuses on developing a novel algorithm which dynamically optimizes the proportional-integral (PI) controllers of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by a wind turbine to increase the transient performance based on small signal stability analysis.

Firstly, the impact of wind generation is introduced. The stability of power systems with wind generation is described, including the different …

Three-Dimensional Porous Vn Octahedron Catalyst With High Electrocatalytic Efficiency Toward Hydrogen Evolution Reaction, Can Yin, Wei-Wei Fu, Ling Fang, Shi-Li You, Hui-Juan Zhang, Yu Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

With the rapid development of China’s economy, the demand for energy is increasing, and environmental problems are becoming more and more serious. The development and utilization of highly-clean new energy fuel can effectively alleviate the energy crisis and environmental pollution. Nowadays, exploring high-efficiency, environment-friendly and low-cost catalysts remains the focus of research in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this research, firstly, we proposed a three-dimensional porous vanadium nitride (VN) with octahedral structure, which was prepared by a calcination treatment method. The VN catalyst showed a good electrocatalytic activity toward HER, involving a small overpotential of 94.0 mV at -10 …

Influences Of Morphology And Nitrogen Doping On The Electrocatalytic Characteristics For Oxygen Reduction Reaction Of Nio/Rgo, Dong Liang, Heng-Yi Fang, Shuo Yao, Jie-Mei Yu, Zhao-Liang Zhang, Zhan-Kun Jiang, Xue-Ping Gao, Tai-Zhong Huang

Journal of Electrochemistry

In this research, the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supported sheet-like NiO (NiO/rGO) and spherical-like NiO (NiO/N-rGO) catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were prepared. The structures, morphologies and chemical states of the two catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical catalytic performance of the two catalysts for ORR were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Tafel, linear sweeping voltammetry (LSV), rotating disc electrode (RDE) and rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) tests. Electrochemical results showed that the current density and onset potential (about 0.89 V) …

Preparation Of Nanostructural Mno-Porous Graphene Hybrid Material By Thermally-Driven Etching Of Mno For Lithium-Air Batteries, Juan Yang, Jun-Wei Lang, Peng Zhang, Bao Liu

Journal of Electrochemistry

In this paper, improving the surface morphology of graphene(GNSs) as designed concept. we describe a MnO/porous-graphene(MnO-PGNSs) was synthesized by a simple site-localized Mn²⁺ on GO (Mn-GO) by charge adsorption and then driving by high-temperature calcination, growing MnO nanoparticles and etching GNSs achieved on step. And Then focus on the key factors of influenced the etch hole formation are analyzed, founded the dispersion of Mn-GO; layer number of GO and calcination temperature also affected the formation of holes. In addition, the MnO-PGNSs as lithium-air battery cathode exhibits high reversible capacity compared with GNSs and PGNs and it is able to …

Progress In Solar Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production, Zhi Wu, Lan Sun, Chang-Jian Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

With the rapid development of human society and dramatically consumption of traditional energy, energy shortage and environmental pollution have become an important factor restricting the sustainable development of human society. At present, the development of clean and environmentally friendly renewable energy system has drawn much attention and becomes an important priority stratagem in the world. In many green and sustainable new energy projects, semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen production technology which utilizes the available clean and renewable solar energy to prepare clean hydrogen energy is excepted to solve the crisis of energy shortage and environmental pollution, has become one of the most …

Special Issue: Electrocatalysis And Fuel Cells, Shuangyin Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

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A Facile Route To Synthesize Pt-Wo3 Nanosheets With Enhanced Electrochemical Performance For Her, Peng-Jie Jiang, Yi Lv, Chang-Miao Chen, Hong-Cheng He, Yong Cai, Ming Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Platinum-tungsten trioxide (Pt-WO₃) nanosheets were synthesized on nickel foams (NFs) directly. As great conductive networks, NFs substrates could greatly improve the electrode performance of WO₃. The modified platinum nanoparticles not only enhanced the electron transformation of catalysts, but also increased the active sites for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Pt-WO₃/NF revealed a better catalytic activity than WO₃/NFs with a smaller Tafel slope (80 mV·dec^-1) and a lower overpotential of 72 mV at the current density of 10 mA·cm^-2. In addition, Pt-WO₃/NF showed great durability and stability during …

Nickel Selenide Derived From [Ni(En)3](Seo3) Complex For Efficient Electrocatalytic Overall Water Splitting, Dan-Dan Chen, Xue-Qing Gao, Hong-Fei Liu, Wei Zhang, Rui Cao

Journal of Electrochemistry

Electrocatalytic water splitting is considered as a promising technology for renewable energy. The development of efficient, stable, cost-effective, and bifunctional catalysts for both water reduction and oxidation has continued to face significant challenges. Herein, we report a robust and highly active nickel selenide (NiSe) spheres grown on carbon cloth (CC) by electrodeposition from a nickel selenite complex which is a single source containing both Ni and Se. A combination of two chemicals containing, separately, Ni and Se is used in traditional preparations of metal selenides, causing possible problems in the uniformity of the products. The as-prepared NiSe-EA/CC electrode exhibited electrocatalytic …

Pd Nanoparticles Supported On The Etched Ni Foams As High-Performance Electrocatalysts For Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells, Chi Zhang, Cheng-Fei Li, Gao-Ren Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

The development of non-Pt anode electrocatalysts with high activity and long-term durability at low cost for fuel cells still remains enormous challenge. Here we report the Pd nanoparticles supported on Ni foams etched by the mixed acids (HNO₃+H₂SO₄+H₃PO₄+CH₃COOH) (Pd/ME-NF) that are designed and fabricated as high-performance electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation in alkaline media. Because of the advantages of large open space, fast electrolyte penetration/diffusion and rapid electron transfer process, the Pd/ME-NF catalysts exhibited significantly improved electrocatalytic activity and durability compared with the commercial Pd/C catalysts.

Systematic Comparison Of Two Axial Flux Pm Machine Topologies: Yokeless And Segmented Armature Versus Single Sided, Narges Taran, Greg Heins, Vandana Rallabandi, Dean Patterson, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

This paper systematically compares two axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines designed for a university student racing car application: a double-rotor single-stator yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) structure, and a single- stator single-rotor configuration. Both machines are optimized for minimum loss and active weight using 3D finite element analysis and the highest performing candidate designs are compared in more detail. The studies indicate that the benefits offered by the YASA configuration over the single-stator single-rotor machine are achieved only for specific designs that are heavier. For the design space with lower mass, albeit with increased losses, the Pareto front designs …

Barriers And Opportunities To Electric Vehicle Development In Nepal, Allyson Krupa

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

As the global carbon dioxide level reaches its highest point in human history (407.4 parts per million), energy systems must transition from fossil fuel to renewable-powered sources. Since the transportation sector contributes nearly one-third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, electric mobility offers a significant opportunity to reduce GHG emissions. Globally, there has been a rise in demand for electric vehicles. In Nepal, a clean energy transition within the context of rising urbanization and air pollution is imperative for quality of life, socio-economic development, and broadly climate change mitigation/adaptation. Furthermore, Nepal’s vast hydropower potential may increase energy independence and provide …

Designing An Accessible Wave Energy Conversion Device For Powering Ocean Sensors, Sophie Coppieters ‘T Wallant

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

Currently, less than 5% of our oceans are comprehensively monitored and much more ocean data is needed to facilitate understanding of ocean physics, carbon cycling, and ocean ecosystems. Today, most autonomous ocean sensors are powered by primary battery, which have both limited capacity and lifetime. The goal of this research is to design a small, accessible renewable wave energy device to power autonomous free-floating ocean sensors. By designing a cheap, accessible, and simple wave energy converter, this work hopes to make ocean sensor deployment easier and cheaper for researchers, increase the lifetime of autonomous ocean sensors, and reduce the reliance …

2019 Fall Engr333 Project Assignment, Matthew K. Heun

ENGR 333

The Fall 2019 ENGR333 project focused on the energy rebound effect.

I asked the students “How much energy does energy efficiency save?”

This project resulted in a working paper and two journal articles submitted to The Energy Journal. The journal articles remain under review as of October 2023.

Customer

The customer for this project was Dr. Paul E. Brockway, University of Leeds, UK.

Axial-Field Vernier-Type Flux Modulation Machines For Low-Speed Direct-Drive Applications, Vandana Rallabandi, Peng Han, Murat G. Kesgin, Narges Taran, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

This paper proposes different configurations of axial-field machines featuring a very large ratio of the number of rotor poles to stator teeth and coils suitable for low-speed direct-drive traction applications. The machines have a single rotor with spoke-type permanent magnets and the stator teeth include auxiliary slots, the function of which is to enhance the high-polarity component of the stator magnetomotive force interacting with the rotor to produce a net torque. The machines can be constructed with three or two phases, in which case they inherently exhibit high tolerance to faults due to the combined effect of a lack of …

On The Control Of A Solid State Transformer For Multi-Mw Utility-Scale Pv-Battery Systems, Yibin Zhang, Oluwaseun M. Akeyo, Jiangbiao He, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

The utility-scale photovoltaic (PV)-battery systems typically include multiple power converters connected to the grid via traditional line frequency transformers (LFT), which may be considered bulky, and inefficient when compared with the emerging solid state transformers (SST). This paper proposes a SST with power and voltage controls for utility-scale PV-battery systems. The PV system was modeled based on available data from a universal solar facility located in Kentucky, USA. Furthermore, this paper provides detailed controller designs for the proposed utility-scale PV-battery system based on a SST which includes: the PV-side dual-active bridge (DAB) converter tracks the maximum power point, the PV …

A Hybrid Analytical And Fe-Based Method For Calculating Ac Eddy Current Winding Losses Taking 3d Effects Into Account, Narges Taran, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

This paper proposes a new hybrid analytical and numerical FE-based method for calculating ac eddy current losses in wire windings and demonstrates its applicability for axial flux electric machines. The method takes into account 3D field effects in order to achieve accurate results and yet greatly reduce computational efforts. It is also shown that hybrid methods based on 2D FE models, which require semi-empirical correction factors, may over-estimate the eddy current losses. The new 3D FE-based method is advantageous as it employs minimum simplifications and considers the end turns in the eddy current path, the magnetic flux density variation along …

Measurement And Estimation Of The Equivalent Circuit Parameters For Multi-Mw Battery Systems, Oluwaseun M. Akeyo, Vandana Rallabandi, Nicholas Jewell, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

This paper proposes and validates through simulations and measurements, a procedure for the determining the equivalent circuit parameters of large utility-scale batteries. It is considered that a large battery includes multiple cells connected in series and parallel, and therefore, its equivalent circuit can be represented as a series-parallel network of state of charge (SOC) dependent resistors and capacitors. Tests for determining these equivalent circuit parameters are proposed. These tests involve subjecting the battery energy storage system (BESS) to multiple charge and discharge cycles, while monitoring the terminal voltage and current response. A method for post-processing and analyzing the measurements in …

On The Optimal Energy Controls For Large Scale Residential Communities Including Smart Homes, Huangjie Gong, Vandana Rallabandi, Michael L. Mcintyre, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

Residences with smart home energy management (HEM) systems and solar generation are modifying domestic load profiles. Moreover, the growing penetration of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy brings the total net power demand further down as houses become local generators. High PV penetration introduces technical challenges for the power system including the "duck curve". This paper proposes a co-simulation framework for high PV penetration smart energy communities which allows the simultaneous simulation of home energy consumption along with control algorithms for each house, as well as system power flow. Models are developed and presented for one of the largest rural field demonstrators …

Control Of A Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter Under Non-Ideal Grid Conditions With Online Parameter Update, Vikram Roy Chowdhury, Jonathan W. Kimball

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Three-phase grid-connected inverter modeling depends on the equivalent resistance and inductance between the inverter and the grid. However, these parameters are not fixed during the operation of the inverter and vary with the operating conditions. In this paper, a new globally stable adaptive controller is proposed to estimate these values online and update the controller during its operation. A model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based on two fictitious quantities with no physical significance is utilized, namely M = v · i∗ and N = v∗ x i, where v and i are the steady-state values of voltage and current in …

Preface To Special Issue Of Electrochemical Reduction Of Carbon Dioxide, Qing Li, Min Liu

Journal of Electrochemistry

No abstract provided.

Recent Progress In Copper-Based Catalysts For Electrochemical Co2 Reduction, Wen Lei, Wei-Ping Xiao, De-Li Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

As the situation of energy crisis and environmental pollution become more and more serious, the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) has attracted lots of attention because of its multiple meanings such as environment, resources and economic benefits. In this paper, the state of the art electrochemical reduction of CO₂ in aqueous solution is reviewed, and the latest research progress in Cu-based catalysts with different structures and morphologies is summarized. In the end, the application prospects, opportunities and challenges of Cu-based materials are briefly presented to provide an outlook for future research directions.