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Articles 1 - 30 of 50
Full-Text Articles in Power and Energy
An Analysis Of Electrical Energy Resilience Technologies As Applied To Air Force Operations, Eric D. Danko
An Analysis Of Electrical Energy Resilience Technologies As Applied To Air Force Operations, Eric D. Danko
Theses and Dissertations
An analysis of 46 Resilient Energy Devices and Technology Concepts was conducted to determine their suitability for use in supporting Air Force Operations both at home station and abroad. The research consisted of two endeavors: an extensive literature review and a rank-ordering matrix. The dual nature of the efforts was designed to maximize usability and understanding for the End User, who may not be familiar with some principles of energy technologies, resilience, or design. The results showed the superiority of novel Solid (Metal) Fuels and Lead-Acid Batteries for Energy Storage and Thermoelectric Generators, Solar Photovoltaic Panels, Geothermal Extraction, Diesel Generators, …
Machine Learning Predictions Of Electricity Transfers Between Balancing Authorities In The Carolinas, Victoria Groleau
Machine Learning Predictions Of Electricity Transfers Between Balancing Authorities In The Carolinas, Victoria Groleau
Theses and Dissertations
Climate change through reduced streamflow, increased temperatures, and other factors impacts the efficiency of energy generation systems. The United States electric grid is comprised of a large network of balancing authorities engaged in trading electricity to maintain balance between supply and demand. The generation of electricity, a pivotal component of this balance, is impacted by climate change and weather variability as well as the growing demand for energy. Several hydro climatological factors such as streamflow, air temperature, and wind speed significantly influence the efficiency of power plant electricity generation. Due to the exchange of electricity between balancing authorities, impacts to …
Modeling Recovery Of The Florida Electric Transmission Grid After Severe Weather Event, Wei B. Guan
Modeling Recovery Of The Florida Electric Transmission Grid After Severe Weather Event, Wei B. Guan
Theses and Dissertations
Predicted changes to the climate are expected to increase the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. The Florida electric grid is a critical infrastructure system susceptible to severe weather events, especially hurricanes, causing widespread damage and outages. A foundational concept of the electric grid’s resilience is its ability to recover after extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and flooding. The recovery of the electrical grid after an extreme event is predicated upon the electrical asset's remoteness and the component's level of damage. Using fragility analysis, previous models have assessed the mean time to recover for transmission towers and substations …
Life Cycle Analysis Of Mobile Nuclear Reactor Compared To Other Alternative Fuels In Indopacom, Maria J. Hurtado
Life Cycle Analysis Of Mobile Nuclear Reactor Compared To Other Alternative Fuels In Indopacom, Maria J. Hurtado
Theses and Dissertations
Energy is an item that makes the military vulnerable as it is something that they depend on the most which can have negative impacts. Mobile nuclear reactors are gaining the interest of many leaders in the military as a viable option of a potential alternative fuel source. There are many positives in utilizing mobile nuclear reactors in terms of environmental impacts and feasibility of transport. Studies have shown that mobile nuclear reactors can produce very low or negligible carbon emissions during operations. The focus of this thesis is to determine the environmental impacts of nuclear reactors, logistical requirements, and determine …
Fragility Of The Florida Panhandle's Electrical Transmission Grid To Hurricanes, Zachary D. Schumann
Fragility Of The Florida Panhandle's Electrical Transmission Grid To Hurricanes, Zachary D. Schumann
Theses and Dissertations
The increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events from climate change necessitates understanding impacts on critical infrastructure, particularly electrical transmission grids. One of the foundational concepts of a grid’s resilience is its robustness to extreme weather events, such as hurricanes. Resilience of the electric grid to high wind speeds is predicated upon the location and physical characteristics of the system components. Previous modeling assessments of electric grid failure were done at the systems level with assumptions on location and type of specific components. To facilitate more explicit adaptation metrics, accurate component-level information is needed. In this study, we build …
Aerial Radiation Detection Identification And Measurement System Detector Material Comparison Study, Benjamin C. Troxell, Kacey D. Mcgee, Christina L. Dugan
Aerial Radiation Detection Identification And Measurement System Detector Material Comparison Study, Benjamin C. Troxell, Kacey D. Mcgee, Christina L. Dugan
Faculty Publications
The 20th Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear and Explosives Command (CBRNE) currently utilizes an airborne sodium iodide gamma and beta detection system to map radiation fields over large areas of interest. The 20th CBRNE explored emergent detector technologies utilizing two detection materials; thallium-activated cesium iodide and high purity germanium (HPGe). These detectors were simulated at various altitudes and compared to background measurements. The sodium iodide detector failed to provide isotopic discrimination at distance. The thallium-activated cesium iodide CsI(Tl) detector provided sufficient absolute efficiency and energy resolution to identify isotopics at distance. The HPGe detector provided the best energy resolution. However, current …
An Analysis Of X-Band Radiation For Space Based Wireless Power Transmission, Noah W. Friz
An Analysis Of X-Band Radiation For Space Based Wireless Power Transmission, Noah W. Friz
Theses and Dissertations
The USAF is interested in developing a solar powered satellite power beaming system using X-Band radiation. To determine the expected level of transmission efficiency of the system, an atmospheric characterization and radiative transfer modeling system called LEEDR was employed. A study was conducted to validate LEEDRs performance while working with microwave frequencies by replicating brightness temperatures measured by a 10.7 GHz radiometer above the Pacific Ocean in 1999. The results were inconclusive. Brightness temperature vs. rain rate curves developed within other studies for X-Band radiation curves could be replicated within LEEDR, and therefore the associated path transmission and extinction values. …
Cost Analysis Of Optimized Islanded Energy Systems In A Dispersed Air Base Conflict, Jay F. Pearson, Torrey J. Wagner, Justin D. Delorit
Cost Analysis Of Optimized Islanded Energy Systems In A Dispersed Air Base Conflict, Jay F. Pearson, Torrey J. Wagner, Justin D. Delorit
Faculty Publications
The United States Air Force has implemented a dispersed air base strategy to enhance mission effectiveness for near-peer conflicts. Asset dispersal places many smaller bases across a wide geographic area, which increases resupply requirements and logistical complexity. Hybrid energy systems reduce resupply requirements through sustainable, off-grid energy production. This paper presents a novel hybrid energy renewable delivery system (HERDS) model capable of (1) selecting the optimal hybrid energy system design that meets demand at the lowest net present cost and (2) optimizing the delivery of the selected system using existing Air Force cargo aircraft. The novelty of the model’s capabilities …
Meeting Temporary Facility Energy Demand With Climate-Optimized Off-Grid Energy Systems, Jay F. Pearson, Torrey J. Wagner, Justin D. Delorit, Steven J. Schuldt
Meeting Temporary Facility Energy Demand With Climate-Optimized Off-Grid Energy Systems, Jay F. Pearson, Torrey J. Wagner, Justin D. Delorit, Steven J. Schuldt
Faculty Publications
Remote and contingency operations, including military and disaster-relief activities, often require the use of temporary facilities powered by inefficient diesel generators that are expensive to operate and maintain. Site planners can reduce operating costs by increasing shelter insulation and augmenting generators with photovoltaic-battery hybrid energy systems, but they must select the optimal design configuration based on the region’s climate to meet the power demand at the lowest cost. To assist planners, this paper proposes an innovative, climate-optimized, hybrid energy system selection model capable of selecting the facility insulation type, solar array size, and battery backup system to minimize the annual …
Machine Learning Modeling Of Horizontal Photovoltaics Using Weather And Location Data, Christil Pasion, Torrey J. Wagner, Clay Koschnick, Steven J. Schuldt, Jada B. Williams, Kevin Hallinan
Machine Learning Modeling Of Horizontal Photovoltaics Using Weather And Location Data, Christil Pasion, Torrey J. Wagner, Clay Koschnick, Steven J. Schuldt, Jada B. Williams, Kevin Hallinan
Faculty Publications
Solar energy is a key renewable energy source; however, its intermittent nature and potential for use in distributed systems make power prediction an important aspect of grid integration. This research analyzed a variety of machine learning techniques to predict power output for horizontal solar panels using 14 months of data collected from 12 northern-hemisphere locations. We performed our data collection and analysis in the absence of irradiation data—an approach not commonly found in prior literature. Using latitude, month, hour, ambient temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed, and cloud ceiling as independent variables, a distributed random forest regression algorithm modeled the combined …
Optimized Off-Grid Energy Systems Using Climate-Based Energy Demand For Soft-Walled Facilities, Jay F. Pearson
Optimized Off-Grid Energy Systems Using Climate-Based Energy Demand For Soft-Walled Facilities, Jay F. Pearson
Theses and Dissertations
Remote contingency military operations often require the use of temporary facilities powered by inefficient diesel generators that are expensive to operate and maintain. Site planners can reduce operating costs by augmenting generators with hybrid energy systems, but they must select the optimal design configuration based on the region’s climate to meet the power demand at the lowest cost. To assist planners, this paper proposes two innovative, climate-optimized, hybrid energy system selection models. The first model is capable of selecting the facility insulation type, solar array size, and battery backup system to minimize the annual operating cost. The Hybrid Energy Renewable …
Golng Off The Grid: Optimizing Solar Renewable Energy Systems At Remote Locations To Minimize Logistics Requirements, Increase Sustainability, And Strengthen Energy Assurance, Nathanael J. Thomsen
Golng Off The Grid: Optimizing Solar Renewable Energy Systems At Remote Locations To Minimize Logistics Requirements, Increase Sustainability, And Strengthen Energy Assurance, Nathanael J. Thomsen
Theses and Dissertations
Grid-based electrical infrastructure is unavailable at many remote locations including developing nation communities, isolated construction sites, and military contingency bases. Powering these locations with diesel generators requires regular fuel resupply, resulting in increased costs, environmental impacts, and burdensome logistics—making generators an obstacle for energy resiliency and sustainability. This research examines using solar renewable energy systems to replace generators at remote locations and presents a multi-objective optimization model that minimizes logistics variables. Replacing a single deployed generator would save over 500,000 gal of fuel annually, eliminating the need for 100 fuel tanker deliveries.
Analyzing Cost Effectiveness Of Photovoltaic Pavements, Ian N. Parks
Analyzing Cost Effectiveness Of Photovoltaic Pavements, Ian N. Parks
Theses and Dissertations
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the largest consumer of energy within the Department of Defense (DoD). As such, the USAF is continually looking for ways to reduce consumption, as well improving network resiliency and assuring supply. One potential method for addressing these items is focusing on applications of renewable energy. A specific application of renewable energy that could greatly benefit the USAF if viable would be photovoltaic (PV) pavements. PV pavements would be able to capitalize upon the large swathes of pavements on Air Force (AF) installations, while not being hampered by other concerns such as clear zones …
E700xd Portable Doppler Radar Energy Systems Analysis, Brandon M. Bailey, Torrey J. Wagner, Jada Williams
E700xd Portable Doppler Radar Energy Systems Analysis, Brandon M. Bailey, Torrey J. Wagner, Jada Williams
Faculty Publications
Occurring in industrialized nations, inexpensive and abundantly available power is routinely taken for granted. However, energy resilience and to a lesser extent price are key concerns when considering potential solutions for disaster response, disaster relief, or military operations. The Department of Defense (DoD) currently uses a 5 kW generator to power the E700XD portable Doppler radar system when grid power is unavailable [1]. While the radar has an approximate power consumption of 2.5 kW, there is a potential for higher demand due to weather conditions [2]. This paper examines the cost of operating a currently installed generator, compared to the …
Analyzing The Efficiency Of Horizontal Photovoltaic Cells In Various Climate Regions, Parker A. Hines, Torrey J. Wagner, Clay M. Koschnick, Steven J. Schuldt
Analyzing The Efficiency Of Horizontal Photovoltaic Cells In Various Climate Regions, Parker A. Hines, Torrey J. Wagner, Clay M. Koschnick, Steven J. Schuldt
Faculty Publications
This research presents the development of linear regression models to predict horizontal photovoltaic power output. We collected a dataset from 14 global Department of Defense (DoD) installations over a timeframe of one year using an experimental apparatus, resulting in 24,179 usable data points. We developed a linear model to predict power output, which incorporated site-specific weather and geographical characteristics, along with Köppen-Geiger climate classifications in order to determine the effect of adding climate to the model. After performing a Wald test between the full model and a reduced model without Köppen-Geiger climate variables, it was determined that including Köppen-Geiger climate …
Plasma Treatment Method For Ohmic Contacts On Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistors, Blaine Z. Underwood
Plasma Treatment Method For Ohmic Contacts On Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistors, Blaine Z. Underwood
Theses and Dissertations
This research utilizes plasma treatments as a method to decrease the contact resistance on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film transistors (TFT). In recent years, researchers have achieved gigahertz RF switch cutoff frequency with ZnO TFTs. To further increase the cutoff frequency, the total resistance of this device must be minimized. Modern ZnO TFTs are fabricated with submicron channel lengths, which contains minimal resistance due to the TFT channel, making contact resistance significant to the total resistance of the device. This research developed a method to integrate plasma treatments into the fabrication of ZnO TFT to decrease the contact resistance, thus …
36% Reduction In Fuel Resupply Using A Hybrid Generator & Battery System For An Austere Location, David J. Chester, Torrey J. Wagner, Douglas S. Dudis
36% Reduction In Fuel Resupply Using A Hybrid Generator & Battery System For An Austere Location, David J. Chester, Torrey J. Wagner, Douglas S. Dudis
Faculty Publications
The DOD energy policy is to increase energy security resiliency, and mitigate costs in the use and management of energy[1] Forward operating bases (FOBs) are remote, austere base camps that support an operationally defined mission with a limited or no ability to draw from an energy grid and have historically relied on diesel-powered generators for the primary production of energy.[2] Generators are sized to meet a theoretical peak demand, but steady state loads are far below this peak, resulting in under-loaded generators.[3] Under-loaded diesel generators decrease efficiency and increase the need for maintenance, affecting the lifespan of …
A Sustainable Prototype For Renewable Energy: Optimized Prime-Power Generator Solar Array Replacement, Nathan Thomsen, Torrey J. Wagner, Andrew J. Hoisington, Steven J. Schuldt
A Sustainable Prototype For Renewable Energy: Optimized Prime-Power Generator Solar Array Replacement, Nathan Thomsen, Torrey J. Wagner, Andrew J. Hoisington, Steven J. Schuldt
Faculty Publications
Remote locations such as disaster relief camps, isolated arctic communities, and military forward operating bases are disconnected from traditional power grids forcing them to rely on diesel generators with a total installed capacity of 10,000 MW worldwide. The generators require a constant resupply of fuel, resulting in increased operating costs, negative environmental impacts, and challenging fuel logistics. To enhance remote site sustainability, planners can develop stand-alone photovoltaic-battery systems to replace existing prime power generators. This paper presents the development of a novel cost-performance model capable of optimizing solar array and Li-ion battery storage size by generating tradeoffs between minimizing initial …
Photovoltaic System Optimization For An Austere Location Using Time Series Data, Torrey J. Wagner, Eric Lang, Warren Assink, Douglas S. Dudis
Photovoltaic System Optimization For An Austere Location Using Time Series Data, Torrey J. Wagner, Eric Lang, Warren Assink, Douglas S. Dudis
Faculty Publications
In this work we test experimental photovoltaic, storage and generator technologies and investigate their potential to meet austere location energy needs. After defining the energy requirements and insolation of a 1,100-person base, we develop a microgrid model and simulation. Cost optimizations were then performed using hourly time-series data to explore the cost and performance trade-space of a PV-battery-generator system. The work highlights the cost of resiliency and the dependencies of optimum system component sizes on duration and the fully burdened cost of fuel.
Special Perturbations On The Jetson Tx1 And Tx2 Computers, Tyler M. Moore
Special Perturbations On The Jetson Tx1 And Tx2 Computers, Tyler M. Moore
Theses and Dissertations
Simplified General Perturbations Number 4 (SGP4) has been the traditional algorithm for performing Orbit Determination (OD) onboard orbiting spacecraft. However, the recent rise of high-performance computers with low Size, Weight, and Power (SWAP) factors has provided the opportunity to use Special Perturbations (SP), a more accurate algorithm to perform onboard OD. This research evaluates the most efficient way to implement SP on NVIDIA’s Jetson TX series of integrated Graphical Processing Units (GPUs). An initial serial version was implemented on the Jetson TX1 and TX2's Central Processing Units (CPUs). The runtimes of the initial version are the benchmark that the runtimes …
Analysis Of Temperature And Humidity Effects On Horizontal Photovoltaic Panels, Corey J. Booker
Analysis Of Temperature And Humidity Effects On Horizontal Photovoltaic Panels, Corey J. Booker
Theses and Dissertations
The United States Air Force seeks to address power grid vulnerability and bolster energy resilience through the use of renewable energy sources. Air Force Institute of Technology engineers designed and manufactured control systems to monitor power production from the most widely-used silicon-based solar cells at 38 testing locations around the globe spanning the majority of climate types. Researchers conducted multivariate regression analysis to establish a statistical relationship between photovoltaic power output, ambient temperature, and humidity pertaining to monocrystalline and polycrystalline photovoltaic panels. Formulated models first characterized power output globally, then by specific climate type with general inaccuracy. Location-specific models are …
Evaluation Of Resiliency In A Wide-Area Backup Protection System Via Model Checking, Kolby H. Elliot
Evaluation Of Resiliency In A Wide-Area Backup Protection System Via Model Checking, Kolby H. Elliot
Theses and Dissertations
Modern civilization relies heavily on having access to reliable power sources. Recent history has shown that present day protection systems are not adequate. Numerous backup protection (BP) systems have been proposed to mitigate the impact of primary protection system failures. Many of these novel BP systems rely on autonomous agents communicating via wide-area networks. These systems are highly complex and their control logic is based on distributed computing. Model checking has been shown to be a powerful tool in analyzing the behavior of distributed systems. In this research the model checker SPIN is used to evaluate the resiliency of an …
Bandwidth Analysis Of A Tightly-Packed Crossed-Dipole Array For Satellite Communications, Lawrence J. Lee
Bandwidth Analysis Of A Tightly-Packed Crossed-Dipole Array For Satellite Communications, Lawrence J. Lee
Theses and Dissertations
A bandwidth analysis of a tightly-packed crossed-dipole array antenna is presented in this thesis. A parametric study is described which varies the element spacing in the array and the resulting change in the terminal impedances is reported. The increased mutual coupling seen by the elements as a result of smaller element spacings is shown to minimize the variation in the value of the elements terminal currents across a 0.3 GHz to 3.0 GHz frequency range. This small variation in current translates into a minimal variation in the terminal impedances for a fixed excitation voltage. This is shown to be an …
Influencing Effective Electrical Distribution Modernization Through Advanced Metering, Jared R. Erickson
Influencing Effective Electrical Distribution Modernization Through Advanced Metering, Jared R. Erickson
Theses and Dissertations
In 2013, the Department of Defense (DoD) required its services to implement advanced metering for the purpose of reducing energy usage (Department of Defense, 2013). Additionally, the DoD has aimed to improve its ability to assure a continuous energy supply to all of its installations. This study investigated processes for applying advanced meters on Air Force bases to increase energy assurance. This study also identified strategies for using advanced meters to influence infrastructure funding. This was accomplished through the use of extensive advanced meter data. The data was analyzed for outages and a procedure was created to locate outages in …
Techniques For Low-Latency In Software-Defined Radio-Based Networks, Daniel D. Hart
Techniques For Low-Latency In Software-Defined Radio-Based Networks, Daniel D. Hart
Theses and Dissertations
Decreased budgets have pushed the United States Air Force towards using existing systems in new ways. The use of unmanned aerial vehicle swarms is one example of reuse of existing systems. One problem with the increased utilization of these swarms is the congestion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Software-defined or cognitive radios have been proposed as a basis for a potential robust communications solution. The present research aims to develop and test a genetic algorithm-based cognitive engine to begin looking at real-time engines that could be used in future swarms. Here, latency is the optimization objective of primary importance. In testing …
Predicting Solar Performance In A Contingency Environment To Meet Net-Zero Facility Power, Anthony D. Williams
Predicting Solar Performance In A Contingency Environment To Meet Net-Zero Facility Power, Anthony D. Williams
Theses and Dissertations
The U.S. government is involved in contingency operations all over the world and these operations require operational support and sustainment in these locations; this includes the reliable delivery of power to base infrastructure. The traditional means of delivering this support requirement in austere environments has been the use of diesel-power generation that has an extensive logistical and economic tail. The research sought out contingency solar applications that may be implemented and operated to offset the facility demand loads in the location to achieve net-zero power. This research explores the technical feasibility of a deployable photovoltaic microgrid to deliver power to …
Benchmarking Approach For Empirical Comparison Of Pricing Models In Drms, Seif Azghandi, Kenneth M. Hopkinson, Kennard R. Laviers
Benchmarking Approach For Empirical Comparison Of Pricing Models In Drms, Seif Azghandi, Kenneth M. Hopkinson, Kennard R. Laviers
Faculty Publications
emand response management systems often involve the use of pricing schemes to motivate the efficient use of electrical power. Achieving this efficiency requires the detection of electrical power patterns. The detection of these patterns normally involves use of non-linear, quasi-non-linear, and at times linear data pattern detection models. The behavioural disparities of these models and specifically when used for a specific set of data make it hard to select the most efficient model. The contribution of this study is devising an empirical benchmark (reference) ( perfect ) control pricing (PCP) model through which various models are compared in order to …
Con-Resistant Trust For Improved Reliability In A Smart Grid Special Protection System, Crystal M. Shipman, Kenneth M. Hopkinson, Juan L. Lopez Jr.
Con-Resistant Trust For Improved Reliability In A Smart Grid Special Protection System, Crystal M. Shipman, Kenneth M. Hopkinson, Juan L. Lopez Jr.
Faculty Publications
This paper applies a con-resistant trust mechanism to improve the performance of a communications-based special protection system to enhance its effectiveness and resiliency. Smart grids incorporate modern information technologies to increase reliability and efficiency through better situational awareness. However, with the benefits of this new technology come the added risks associated with threats and vulnerabilities to the technology and to the critical infrastructure it supports. The research in this paper uses con-resistant trust to quickly identify malicious or malfunctioning (untrustworthy) protection system nodes to mitigate instabilities. The con-resistant trust mechanism allows protection system nodes to make trust assessments based on …
An Application Of Con-Resistant Trust To Improve The Reliability Of Special Protection Systems Within The Smart Grid, Crystal M. Shipman
An Application Of Con-Resistant Trust To Improve The Reliability Of Special Protection Systems Within The Smart Grid, Crystal M. Shipman
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis explores an application of a con-resistant trust mechanism to improve the performance of communications-based special protection systems to further enhance their effectiveness and resiliency. New initiatives in the energy sector are paving the way for the emergent communications-based smart grid technology. Smart grids incorporate modern technologies in an effort to be more reliable and efficient. However, with the benefits of this new technology comes added risk. This research utilizes a con-resistant trust mechanism as a method to quickly identify malicious or malfunctioning protection system nodes in order to mitigate the resulting instabilities in the smart grid. The feasibility …
Application Of Game Theory To Improve The Defense Of The Smart Grid, Keith J. Ross
Application Of Game Theory To Improve The Defense Of The Smart Grid, Keith J. Ross
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis presents the development and evaluation of a distributed agent based system using reputation based trust and game theoretic techniques to improve the defense of the future smart grid from cyber-attack and equipment malfunctions. Future smart grid capabilities promise to leverage network technologies to revolutionize the production, transmission, distribution and consumption of electrical power. However, the internet like communication also increase the power grid's vulnerability to cyber-attack. This thesis uses simulation linking power systems with communication networks to demonstrate the benefits of a Distributed Decision Making Communication Enable Special Protection System (SPS) using reputation based trust and game theory …