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Articles 6361 - 6390 of 8585

Full-Text Articles in Science and Technology Studies

Reducing Unwarranted Variation In Healthcare Service Delivery Systems: Key Issues, Research Challenges And Potential Solutions, Nagesh Shukla, Senevi Kiridena, Nishikant Mishra Jan 2012

Reducing Unwarranted Variation In Healthcare Service Delivery Systems: Key Issues, Research Challenges And Potential Solutions, Nagesh Shukla, Senevi Kiridena, Nishikant Mishra

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

There is a growing need worldwide to increase the quality and productivity of healthcare services delivery. To this end, analysing and reducing unwarranted variations in healthcare has attracted much attention in recent times. However, current modelling and simulation approaches to reduce unwarranted variations suffer from numerous limitations. Consequently, service improvement efforts have often failed to deliver expected results. This paper discusses the key issues associated with reducing unwarranted variations in hospital service delivery systems, and proposes a research framework that aims at overcoming these issues. In doing so, it highlights the need for: accurately and efficiently modelling complex service delivery …

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Evolution Of Internal Crack In Bcc Fe Under Compressive Loading, Dongbin Wei, Zhengyi Jiang, Jingtao Han Jan 2012

Evolution Of Internal Crack In Bcc Fe Under Compressive Loading, Dongbin Wei, Zhengyi Jiang, Jingtao Han

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

A molecular dynamics model has been developed to investigate the evolution of the internal crack of nano scale during heating or compressive loading in BCC Fe. The initial configuration does not contain any pre-existing dislocations. In the case of heating, temperature shows a significant effect on crack evolution and the critical temperature at which the crack healing becomes possible is 673 K. In the case of compressive loading, the crack can be healed at 40 K at a load- ing rate 0.025 × 1018 Pa·m1/2/s in 6 × 10−12 s. The diffusion of Fe atoms into the crack area results …

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A Methodology For Bridge Condition Evaluation, Maria Rashidi, Peter Gibson Jan 2012

A Methodology For Bridge Condition Evaluation, Maria Rashidi, Peter Gibson

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

Due to the substantial role of bridges in transportation networks and in accordance with the limited funding for bridge management, remediation strategies have to be prioritised. A conservative bridge assessment will result in unnecessary actions, such as costly bridge strengthening or repairs. On the other hand, any bridge maintenance negligence and delayed actions may lead to heavy future costs or degraded assets. The accuracy of decisions developed by any manager or bridge engineer relies on the accuracy of the bridge condition assessment which emanates from visual inspection. Many bridge rating systems are based on a very subjective procedure and are …

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In Silico Nanodosimetry: New Insights Into Nontargeted Biological Responses To Radiation, Zdenka Kuncic, Hilary L. Byrne, Aimee L. Mcnamara, Susanna Guatelli, Westa Domanova, Sebastian Incerti Jan 2012

In Silico Nanodosimetry: New Insights Into Nontargeted Biological Responses To Radiation, Zdenka Kuncic, Hilary L. Byrne, Aimee L. Mcnamara, Susanna Guatelli, Westa Domanova, Sebastian Incerti

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

The long-held view that radiation-induced biological damage must be initiated in the cell nucleus, either on or near DNA itself, is being confronted by mounting evidence to suggest otherwise. While the efficacy of cell death may be determined by radiation damage to nuclear DNA, a plethora of less deterministic biological responses has been observed when DNA is not targeted. These so-called nontargeted responses cannot be understood in the framework of DNA-centric radiobiological models; what is needed are new physically motivated models that address the damage-sensing signalling pathways triggered by the production of reactive free radicals. To this end, we have …

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Microdosimetry For Targeted Alpha Therapy Of Cancer, Chen-Yu Huang, Susanna Guatelli, Brad Oborn, Barry J. Allen Jan 2012

Microdosimetry For Targeted Alpha Therapy Of Cancer, Chen-Yu Huang, Susanna Guatelli, Brad Oborn, Barry J. Allen

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) has the advantage of delivering therapeutic doses to individual cancer cells while reducing the dose to normal tissues. TAT applications relate to hematologic malignancies and now extend to solid tumors. Results from several clinical trials have shown efficacy with limited toxicity. However, the dosimetry for the labeled alpha particle is challenging because of the heterogeneous antigen expression among cancer cells and the nature of short-range, high-LET alpha radiation. This paper demonstrates that it is inappropriate to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of TAT bymacrodosimetry. The objective of this work is to review the microdosimetry of TAT as …

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Hybrid Power Saving Technique For Wireless Sensor Networks, Asama Alshaibi, Peter Vial, Montserrat Ros Jan 2012

Hybrid Power Saving Technique For Wireless Sensor Networks, Asama Alshaibi, Peter Vial, Montserrat Ros

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

In wireless communication, idle listening, receiving and transmitting are the main source of consumption of energy. This paper gives an overview of several techniques used for wireless networks. We incorporated PSM and PC to gain the advantage of PSM (reduce idle listening) and PC (reduce receiving and transmitting power) and implemented them in the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. The results show that the new hybrid technique saves more power than PSM and PC individually. © 2012 IEEE.

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Order-4 Quasi-Orthogonal Cooperative Communication In Stfc Mb-Ofdm Uwb, Zixuan Lin, Le Chung Tran, Farzad Safaei, Tadeusz A. Wysocki Jan 2012

Order-4 Quasi-Orthogonal Cooperative Communication In Stfc Mb-Ofdm Uwb, Zixuan Lin, Le Chung Tran, Farzad Safaei, Tadeusz A. Wysocki

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

Recently, cooperative communication and Space-Time-Frequency-Codes (STFCs) have been introduced into the Multiband OFDM Ultra-Wideband (MB-OFDM UWB) to improve the reliability, data rate and system capacity. This paper proposes a cooperative communication scheme for a four source node MB-OFDM UWB system using Quasi-Orthogonal STFCs, which is referred to as order-4 Quasi-Orthogonal Cooperative Communication Scheme (4-QOCCS). Simulation results show that the proposed 4-QOCCS provides significantly better error performance over the conventional MB-OFDM UWB and our order-2 Orthogonal Cooperative Communication Scheme (2-OCCS) using the Alamouti STFCs, and even better than the order-4 Orthogonal Cooperative Communication Scheme (4-OCCS), which we have been recently proposed, …

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Delta Extraction Optimization For View Maintenance In A Limited Collaborative Environment, Zheng Lu, Haijun Liu, Peter Hyland Jan 2012

Delta Extraction Optimization For View Maintenance In A Limited Collaborative Environment, Zheng Lu, Haijun Liu, Peter Hyland

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

This work considers maintaining materialized view in a distributed environment where the collaboration from highly autonomous operational database management systems is limited to granting read only access on a set of selected relational tables. In addition, due to possibly large volumes of remote source data involved in the view maintenance process, and consequently enormous overhead associated with data transfer, efficiency issues must been taken into the consideration. This proposal is based on the observation that usually, there is a large amount of static data in relational tables. It is proposed to use some statistical techniques at data warehouse system to …

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Experimental Investigation Of Cable Catcher Systems For Office Building Blast Protection, Alexander Remennikov, L S. Brodie Jan 2012

Experimental Investigation Of Cable Catcher Systems For Office Building Blast Protection, Alexander Remennikov, L S. Brodie

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

High performance cable catcher systems are an effective means of protecting office building windows and façades from effects of explosive blast. This paper presents experimental results for the response a simple cable catcher system subject to impact loads delivered using a drop-hammer testing facility. The objectives of this experimental programme were to investigate the loaddeformation behaviour of steel strand cables and to evaluate the dynamic performance of cable catcher systems in reference to their ability to absorb blast energy. Two steel cable arrangements (compacted and normal spiral strand) have been tensile tested in order to provide load-deformation curves as well …

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Purely Infinite C-Algebras Arising From Crossed Products, Mikael Rordam, Adam Sierakowski Jan 2012

Purely Infinite C-Algebras Arising From Crossed Products, Mikael Rordam, Adam Sierakowski

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

We study conditions that will ensure that a crossed product of a C-algebra by a discrete exact group is purely infinite (simple or non-simple). We are particularly interested in the case of a discrete non-amenable exact group acting on a commutative C-algebra, where our sufficient conditions can be phrased in terms of paradoxicality of subsets of the spectrum of the abelian C-algebra. As an application of our results we show that every discrete countable non-amenable exact group admits a free amenable minimal action on the Cantor set such that the corresponding crossed product C-algebra is a Kirchberg algebra in the …

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Some Constructions Of Mutually Orthogonal Latin Squares And Superimposed Codes, Jennifer Seberry, Dongvu Tonien Jan 2012

Some Constructions Of Mutually Orthogonal Latin Squares And Superimposed Codes, Jennifer Seberry, Dongvu Tonien

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

Superimposed codes is a special combinatorial structure that has many applications in information theory, data communication and cryptography. On the other hand, mutually orthogonal latin squares is a beautiful combinatorial object that has deep connection with design theory. In this paper, we draw a connection between these two structures. We give explicit construction of mutually orthogonal latin squares and we show a method of generating new larger superimposed codes from an existing one by using mutually orthogonal latin squares. If n denotes the number of codewords in the existing code then the new code contains n2 codewords. Recursively, using this …

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Development And Validation Of A Concept Inventory For Introductory-Level Climate Change Science, Lorna Jarrett, Brian Ferry, George Takacs Jan 2012

Development And Validation Of A Concept Inventory For Introductory-Level Climate Change Science, Lorna Jarrett, Brian Ferry, George Takacs

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

This paper follows on from Jarrett, Takacs and Ferry (2011) which reported the first stage in development of a high school level concept inventory (CI) for the science of climate change: the climate change concept inventory (CCCI). In order to develop a reliable and valid instrument, it is necessary to follow appropriate procedures. This paper details the process of CI item development; reports statistical results of initial field trials and outlines how these will be used to further refine the CCCI. Item difficulty, discrimination, and point biserial coefficient were calculated for each item. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest data were used …

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Multiuser Diversity With Capture In Ofdma Systems With Clustered Feedback, Hang Li, Qinghua Guo, Licai Fang, Defeng (David) Huang Jan 2012

Multiuser Diversity With Capture In Ofdma Systems With Clustered Feedback, Hang Li, Qinghua Guo, Licai Fang, Defeng (David) Huang

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

In this paper, we propose a cluster-based feedback protocol for multiuser orthogonal frequency-division multipleaccess (OFDMA) systems, where the capture effect is employed in each cluster to reduce the enormous system overhead induced by polling channel-state information. Then, we analyze the system throughput performance of the proposed feedback protocol. Compared with the full feedback scheme in the literature, numerical simulations show that the proposed protocol with clustered feedback in OFDMA systems achieves higher system throughput by employing the capture effect with limited feedback overhead, when the number of users is reasonably large. Moreover, compared with our previous protocol of Multiuser Diversity …

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Fairness And Capacity Analysis Of Opportunistic Feedback Protocol With Proportional Fair Or Maximum Throughput Scheduling, Hang Li, Qinghua Guo, Licai Fang, Defeng (David) Huang Jan 2012

Fairness And Capacity Analysis Of Opportunistic Feedback Protocol With Proportional Fair Or Maximum Throughput Scheduling, Hang Li, Qinghua Guo, Licai Fang, Defeng (David) Huang

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

An opportunistic feedback protocol with maximum throughput (MT) scheduling has been proposed in the literature to achieve multiuser diversity for the downlink transmission of a wireless system, and its system capacity has been analyzed with the assumption that the received signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for the users are independent and identically distributed. In this paper, fairness and capacity performances of the opportunistic feedback protocol are analyzed for SNRs with independent but not necessarily identical distributions. In addition to MT scheduling, we also analyze the fairness and capacity performances for proportional fair (PF) scheduling. Compared with MT scheduling, numerical results demonstrate that …

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Chain-Die Forming, Is It A Right Forming Method To Make Structural Parts Of Motor Vehicles With Uhss Material, Shichao Ding, Yuankun Zhang Jan 2012

Chain-Die Forming, Is It A Right Forming Method To Make Structural Parts Of Motor Vehicles With Uhss Material, Shichao Ding, Yuankun Zhang

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

Reducing the body weight of a motor vehicle is one of the most important research approaches in car manufacturing and steel making industries in order to reduce the pollution caused by motor vehicles. In this approach, ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) is developed by steel makers and has been applied more and more to motor vehicles. The UHSS materials have the required strength, but more or less the material's ductility is sacrificed to achieve this target. High strength materials are difficult to form using conventional forming methods. Forming high strength materials to parts effectively and economically is a high priority. Chain-die …

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Shifting Freight To Rail Could Make The Pacific Highway Safer, Philip G. Laird Jan 2012

Shifting Freight To Rail Could Make The Pacific Highway Safer, Philip G. Laird

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

Articulated trucks such as semi-trailers and "B-Doubles" are involved in about 30% of fatal road accidents on the Pacific Highway. As the number of trucks carrying freight between Sydney and Brisbane increases, we will see more tragic incidents like the fatal crash involving a B-Double on 8 January 2012 near Urunga.

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Assessing Students Understanding Of The Concept Of Free Body Diagrams Using Online Tests, Timothy J. Mccarthy, Thomas Goldfinch Jan 2012

Assessing Students Understanding Of The Concept Of Free Body Diagrams Using Online Tests, Timothy J. Mccarthy, Thomas Goldfinch

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

There are many threshold concepts for students to grasp in Engineering Mechanics. Research has shown that one of the critical concepts that must be understood is the Free Body Diagram (FBD). This paper describes an approach to check students’ mastery of simple Free Body Diagrams and to address errors and misconceptions they may have. An online FBD quiz has been designed and implemented in a first year Engineering subject. Teaching material and follow-up support is targeted for students who struggle with the concept until mastery is achieved. These have been based on the theory of threshold concepts and the force …

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An Inventory Of Landslides Within The Sydney Basin To Aid The Development Of A Refined Susceptibility Zoning, Phillip N. Flentje, David Stirling, Darshika Palamakumbure Jan 2012

An Inventory Of Landslides Within The Sydney Basin To Aid The Development Of A Refined Susceptibility Zoning, Phillip N. Flentje, David Stirling, Darshika Palamakumbure

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

The University of Wollongong GIS-based Landslide Inventory is currently being expanded from its Illawarra centric coverage (664 landslides) to include the 31,000km2 geological extent of the Sydney Basin and ultimately all of New South Wales (hereafter this inventory will be referred to as the NSW LI). In 1998, this inventory stood at 319 sites of instability and in 2010 it had grown to 616 landslides. The population of the Sydney Basin in 2006 was approximately 4.9 million people, representing approximately one quarter of the population of Australia. When this current phase of expansion is completed, the NSW LI will include …

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Synthetic Populations: Review Of The Different Approaches, Johan Barthelemy, Eric Cornelis Jan 2012

Synthetic Populations: Review Of The Different Approaches, Johan Barthelemy, Eric Cornelis

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A

Microsimulations may involve a large number of agents. It is then practically impossible or too expensive to obtain a fully and complete disaggregated data set about these agents of interest. Moreover, if such a dataset was available, its use would be potentially problematic in view of stringent privacy laws. To address this problem one may build an articial population starting from known aggregate data. Most of the known generation methods are explained in this paper. Their advantages and limitations are discussed and references are given for further details.

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Infant Feeding Practices And Nut Allergy Over Time In Australian School Entrant Children, James James Paton, Marjan Kljakovic, Karen Ciszek, Pauline Y. O'Shaughnessy Jan 2012

Infant Feeding Practices And Nut Allergy Over Time In Australian School Entrant Children, James James Paton, Marjan Kljakovic, Karen Ciszek, Pauline Y. O'Shaughnessy

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

To measure the association between infant feeding practices and parent-reported nut allergy in school entrant children. Method. The Kindergarten Health Check Questionnaire was delivered to all 110 Australian Capital Territory (ACT) primary schools between 2006 and 2009. Retrospective analyses were undertaken of the data collected from the kindergarten population. Results. Of 15142 children a strong allergic reaction to peanuts and other nuts was reported in 487 (3.2%) and 307 (3.9%), children, respectively. There was a positive association between parent reported nut allergy and breast feeding (OR = 1.53; 1.11–2.11) and having a regular general practitioner (GP) (OR = 1.42; 1.05–1.92). …

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Whole-Body Torques For Generating Complex Movements In Humans And Humanoids, Layale Saab, Nicolas Mansard, Philippe Souères, J-Y Fourquet, Manish Sreenivasa, Yoshihiko Nakamura Jan 2012

Whole-Body Torques For Generating Complex Movements In Humans And Humanoids, Layale Saab, Nicolas Mansard, Philippe Souères, J-Y Fourquet, Manish Sreenivasa, Yoshihiko Nakamura

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

This paper considers the problem of identifying the control torques associated with the generation of complex movements in an anthropomorphic system. We present a generic motion generation scheme for humanoid robots. Then we use the torques estimated from human motion capture and force sensor measurements, to compare with similar movements simulated on a humanoid robot. The general features of movement during a sequence of reaching tasks are analyzed. In particular we compare kinematics-based and dynamics-based movements. Finally, the variation of torques at the different joints are compared and discussed.

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Identity-Based Traitor Tracing With Short Private Key And Short Ciphertext, Fuchun Guo, Yi Mu, Willy Susilo Jan 2012

Identity-Based Traitor Tracing With Short Private Key And Short Ciphertext, Fuchun Guo, Yi Mu, Willy Susilo

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Identity-based traitor tracing (IBTT) scheme can be utilized to identify a private (decryption) key of any identity that is illegally used in an identity-based broadcast encryption scheme. In PKC'07, Abdalla et al. proposed the first IBTT construction with short private key. In CCS'08, Boneh and Naor proposed a public-key traitor tracing, which can be extended to IBTT with short ciphertext. With a further exploration, in this paper, we propose the first IBTT with short private key and short ciphertext. Private key and ciphertext are both order of O(l 1+l 2), where l 1 is the bit length of codeword of …

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Cross-Cultural Comparative Study Of Users’ Perception Of The Navigation Organization Of An E-Commerce Web Application, Tetiana A. Bilyayeva Jan 2012

Cross-Cultural Comparative Study Of Users’ Perception Of The Navigation Organization Of An E-Commerce Web Application, Tetiana A. Bilyayeva

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The object of this study was to assess the influence of native language, as a principal cultural characteristic, one users’ behavior when using a web-based e-commerce application. The study expands on previous research by comparing English and Russian users. The research also considered demographic data to assess additional factors that influence behavior and task performance. The research design encompassed an online shopping application with two different navigation menus. One menu was based on the action-object model and the other was based on the object-action model. The user interface was created in two different languages (Russian and …

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Student Perceptions Of Wikipedia As A Learning Tool For Educational Leaders, Jason Lafrance, Daniel W. Calhoun Jan 2012

Student Perceptions Of Wikipedia As A Learning Tool For Educational Leaders, Jason Lafrance, Daniel W. Calhoun

Department of Leadership, Technology, and Human Development Faculty Publications

This non-experimental qualitative study examined archival survey data collected to evaluate the e‑cacy of a research assignment utilizing Wikipedia. Respondents were 14 doctoral students enrolled in Educational Leadership coursework during Fall 2011. There is limited research available on this topic, as Wikipedia has been minimally utilized as a legitimate learning tool in the education setting. Parker and Chao (2007) noted that Wikis are one of many Web 2.0 components that could be used to enhance the learning process. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate doctoral student's perceptions of Wikipedia as an instructional tool in Educational Leadership coursework. …

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Using Data Mining For Predicting Relationships Between Online Question Theme And Final Grade, M'Hammed Abdous, Wu He, Cherng-Jyh Yen Jan 2012

Using Data Mining For Predicting Relationships Between Online Question Theme And Final Grade, M'Hammed Abdous, Wu He, Cherng-Jyh Yen

Information Technology & Decision Sciences Faculty Publications

As higher education diversifies its delivery modes, our ability to use the predictive and analytical power of educational data mining (EDM) to understand students' learning experiences is a critical step forward. The adoption of EDM by higher education as an analytical and decision making tool is offering new opportunities to exploit the untapped data generated by various student information systems (SIS) and learning management systems (LMS). This paper describes a hybrid approach which uses EDM and regression analysis to analyse live video streaming (LVS) students' online learning behaviours and their performance in their courses. Students' participation and login frequency, as …

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Beyond "Real Life": Activism And Harassment In The Social Justice Blogosphere, Maryann Kozlowski Jan 2012

Beyond "Real Life": Activism And Harassment In The Social Justice Blogosphere, Maryann Kozlowski

Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

This thesis examines harassment that takes place online, specifically on websites that focus on issues of social justice from a feminist perspective. The content I examine is a form of activism in which writers and readers work together to form communities online. I also examine online protests as a form of activism. As a result of these Internet publications and protests, many writers face harassment and degradation as they attempt to express themselves in virtual spaces. This thesis grapples with the extent of the harassment and offers explanations as to why it takes place. I explore these topics from a …

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Use And Abuse Of Scientific Knowledge: The Portrayal In The Media, Huma Baqai Jan 2012

Use And Abuse Of Scientific Knowledge: The Portrayal In The Media, Huma Baqai

Business Review

The utility of science and media to the human race is not a point of debate. The new paradigm is the interplay between science and media. Both are cost and time intensive endeavors, having a huge impact on public life and conduct. The use and benefits of sciences are innumerable and stand uncontested. The abuse of science comes from three sources. And this abuse happens because science sells. The three sources of abuse are: Politics·Media·Advertising These three sources are intrinsically linked. Our focus will be "media".

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A Scalable Distributed Syntactic, Semantic And Lexical Language Model, Ming Tan, Wenli Zhou, Lei Zheng, Shaojun Wang Jan 2012

A Scalable Distributed Syntactic, Semantic And Lexical Language Model, Ming Tan, Wenli Zhou, Lei Zheng, Shaojun Wang

Kno.e.sis Publications

This paper presents an attempt at building a large scale distributed composite language model that is formed by seamlessly integrating an n-gram model, a structured language model, and probabilistic latent semantic analysis under a directed Markov random field paradigm to simultaneously account for local word lexical information, mid-range sentence syntactic structure, and long-span document semantic content. The composite language model has been trained by performing a convergent N-best list approximate EM algorithm and a follow-up EM algorithm to improve word prediction power on corpora with up to a billion tokens and stored on a supercomputer. The large scale distributed composite …

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Semantics Of Perception: Towards A Semantic Web Approach To Machine Perception, Cory Andrew Henson, Amit P. Sheth Jan 2012

Semantics Of Perception: Towards A Semantic Web Approach To Machine Perception, Cory Andrew Henson, Amit P. Sheth

Kno.e.sis Publications

The acts of observation and perception provide the building blocks for all human knowledge (Locke, 1690); they are the processes from which all ideas are born; and the sole bond connecting ourselves to the world around us. Now, with the advent of sensor networks capable of observation, this world may be directly accessible to machines. Missing from this vision, however, is the ability of machines to glean semantics from observation; to apprehend entities from detected qualities; to perceive. The systematic automation of this ability is the focus of machine perception -- the ability of computing machines to sense and interpret …

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Extracting Diverse Sentiment Expressions With Target-Dependent Polarity From Twitter, Lu Chen, Wenbo Wang, Meenakshi Nagarajan, Shaojun Wang, Amit P. Sheth Jan 2012

Extracting Diverse Sentiment Expressions With Target-Dependent Polarity From Twitter, Lu Chen, Wenbo Wang, Meenakshi Nagarajan, Shaojun Wang, Amit P. Sheth

Kno.e.sis Publications

This study focuses on automatic extraction of sentiment expressions associated with given targets from Twitter. It addresses one of the key challenges in this work: Wide diversity and informal nature of sentiment expressions that cannot be trivially enumerated or captured using predefined lexical patterns.

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