The Role Of Passage Topic Knowledge In Typical And Poor Comprehenders' Recall,
2015
University of Denver
The Role Of Passage Topic Knowledge In Typical And Poor Comprehenders' Recall, Chelsea E. Meenan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examines the role of topic knowledge (TK) in comprehension among typical readers and those with Specifically Poor Comprehension (SPC), i.e., those who demonstrate deficits in understanding what they read despite adequate decoding. Previous studies of poor comprehension have focused on weaknesses in specific skills, such as word decoding and inferencing ability, but this dissertation examined a different factor: whether deficits in availability and use of TK underlie poor comprehension. It is well known that TK tends to facilitate comprehension among typical readers, but its interaction with working memory and word decoding is unclear, particularly among participants with deficits …
The Cognitive Basis Of Social Behavior: Cognitive Reflection Overrides Antisocial But Not Always Prosocial Motives,
2015
Chapman University
The Cognitive Basis Of Social Behavior: Cognitive Reflection Overrides Antisocial But Not Always Prosocial Motives, Brice Corgnet, Antonio M. Espín, Roberto Hernán-González
Economics Faculty Articles and Research
Even though human social behavior has received considerable scientific attention in the last decades, its cognitive underpinnings are still poorly understood. Applying a dual-process framework to the study of social preferences, we show in two studies that individuals with a more reflective/deliberative cognitive style, as measured by scores on the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), are more likely to make choices consistent with “mild” altruism in simple non-strategic decisions. Such choices increase social welfare by increasing the other person's payoff at very low or no cost for the individual. The choices of less reflective individuals (i.e., those who rely more heavily …
Event Centrality After Trauma: Stability, Trauma Type, And Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,
2015
Wayne State University
Event Centrality After Trauma: Stability, Trauma Type, And Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Anna Michelle Wright
Wayne State University Dissertations
In order to better understand posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and PTSD’s etiology, researchers have begun examining whether PTSD symptoms are related to the centrality of the traumatic event (i.e., whether the trauma is central to the individual’s life story and changes the way he or she views the world). The current study examines the following questions: (1) Is event centrality stable over time? (2) What is the effect of cumulative trauma on event centrality? Additionally, do different types of trauma have different associations with event centrality? and (3) Given its relationship with PTSD, should event centrality be considered a …
Closer Than You Think: The Influence Of Border Bias On Perceptions Of Mapped Hazards,
2015
Bridgewater State University
Closer Than You Think: The Influence Of Border Bias On Perceptions Of Mapped Hazards, Sarah D. Gardiner
Undergraduate Review
In a replication and extension of “border bias” research conducted by Mishra and Mishra (2010) and Molloy and colleagues (2012; 2013), who found that mapped threats within state borders were judged to be a greater risk than equidistant out of state threats, the effects of color (added to indicate zones of potential exposure) and a “double border” (on maps and in the lab) were measured. Support was found for border bias in that state boundaries appeared to influence risk perception. As hypothesized, there was also a significant effect for color boundaries, and participants avoided a location shown at an equidistant …
Cortisol Levels And Voltage Conditions Of College Students,
2015
Walden University
Cortisol Levels And Voltage Conditions Of College Students, Adriana Steffens
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
There is a limited research base on low voltage brain conditions, which are characterized by electrical activity being measured at below 20 microvolts. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between saliva cortisol levels and voltage using an EGG in a college student population. Illuminating this relationship is important to inform how low voltage conditions can affect daily memory and cognitive functioning of undergraduate college students that may be a result of stress. The college student population may be vulnerable to the low voltage condition because of stress from the transition between teenage and adult life and …
An Analysis Of Cognitive Factors In School-Aged Children With Emotional Disturbance And Adhd Using The Wisc-Iv,
2015
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
An Analysis Of Cognitive Factors In School-Aged Children With Emotional Disturbance And Adhd Using The Wisc-Iv, Maria Fragnito Maddalo
PCOM Psychology Dissertations
Children with Emotional Disturbance and ADHD demonstrate social, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that present many challenges for School Psychologists because of differences between each student’s individual needs. A high level of comorbidity exists for these children with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Little is known about neurocognitive factors as they relate to ED versus ADHD. The current study examined the cognitive profiles of a total of 58 children with ED versus ADHD, using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). Index scores that were examined included Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed. The groups were compared …
Right Parietal Cortex Mediates Recognition Memory For Melodies,
2015
Bucknell University
Right Parietal Cortex Mediates Recognition Memory For Melodies, Nora K. Schaal, Amir-Homayoun Javadi, Andrea R. Halpern, Bettina Pollok, Michael J. Banissy
Faculty Journal Articles
Functional brain imaging studies have highlighted the significance of right-lateralized temporal, frontal and parietal brain areas for memory for melodies. The present study investigated the involvement of bilateral posterior parietal cortices (PPCs) for the recognition memory of melodies using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Participants performed a recognition task before and after tDCS. The task included an encoding phase (12 melodies), a retention period, as well as a recognition phase (24 melodies). Experiment 1 revealed that anodal tDCS over the right PPC led to a deterioration of overall memory performance compared with sham. Experiment 2 confirmed the results of Experiment …
Absolute Pitch In Naturalistic Singing: A Commentary On Olthof Et Al.,
2015
Bucknell University
Absolute Pitch In Naturalistic Singing: A Commentary On Olthof Et Al., Andrea R. Halpern
Faculty Journal Articles
The parent article looks at pitch stability in an archive of folksongs recorded over several decades. Some evidence for pitch stability was found. Here, I consider some additional aspects of the archive that could be examined, offer some extensions to relevant laboratory studies, and consider some inherent strengths and limitations of the naturalistic, archival approach.
A Historical Review And Resource Guide To The Scholarship Of Teaching And Training In Psychology And Law And Forensic Psychology,
2015
University at Albany, State University of New York
A Historical Review And Resource Guide To The Scholarship Of Teaching And Training In Psychology And Law And Forensic Psychology, Cynthia J. Najdowski, Bette L. Bottoms, Margaret C. Stevenson, Jennifer C. Veilleux
Psychology Faculty Scholarship
The field of psychology and law, including forensic psychology, is an exciting concentration of research activity and student training and has grown rapidly, but to what extent have teaching and training efforts in the field been systematically catalogued and evaluated? We conducted a historical review and content analysis of the American and Canadian literature on the scholarship of teaching and training in the field. This review catalogs (a) information related to the development of training and teaching, (b) descriptions of programs and courses at various levels, and (c) articles on teaching resources or techniques in this field. We hope it …
Wtic Research At Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University,
2015
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Wtic Research At Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Jessica Cruit, Beth Blickensderfer, John Lanicci, Bob Thomas, Thomas A. Guinn
Aviation Weather Training Research
No abstract provided.
Equate: Observed-Score Linking And Equating In R,
2015
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Equate: Observed-Score Linking And Equating In R, Anthony D. Albano
Department of Educational Psychology: Faculty Publications
Linking and equating are statistical procedures used to convert scores from one measurement scale to another. These procedures are most often used in testing programs that involve multiple test forms, where adjustments are made for form difficulty differences when creating a measurement scale that is common across forms. Linking and equating methods are traditionally distinguished by the type of scores they are applied to, whether observed scores or scores from an item response theory model. Methods are also distinguished by the study design under which measurements are taken. The R package equate (Albano, 2014) is free, open-source software for conducting …
Building An Adaptive Brain Across
Development: Targets For
Neurorehabilitation Must Begin In
Infancy,
2015
University of Arizona
Building An Adaptive Brain Across Development: Targets For Neurorehabilitation Must Begin In Infancy, Jamie O. Edgin, Caron A. C. Clark, Esha Massand, Annette Karmiloff-Smith
Department of Educational Psychology: Faculty Publications
Much progress has been made toward behavioral and pharmacological intervention in intellectual disability, which was once thought too difficult to treat. Down syndrome (DS) research has shown rapid advances, and clinical trials are currently underway, with more on the horizon. Here, we review the literature on the emergent profile of cognitive development in DS, emphasizing that treatment approaches must consider how some “end state” impairments, such as language deficits, may develop from early alterations in neural systems beginning in infancy. Specifically, we highlight evidence suggesting that there are pre- and early postnatal alterations in brain structure and function in DS, …
Neural Responses To Truth Telling And Risk
Propensity Under Asymmetric Information,
2015
Laureate Institute for Brain Research
Neural Responses To Truth Telling And Risk Propensity Under Asymmetric Information, Hideo Suzuki, Masaya Misaki, Frank Krueger, Jerzy Bodurka
Department of Educational Psychology: Faculty Publications
Trust is multi-dimensional because it can be characterized by subjective trust, trust antecedent, and behavioral trust. Previous research has investigated functional brain responses to subjective trust (e.g., a judgment of trustworthiness) or behavioral trust (e.g., decisions to trust) in perfect information, where all relevant information is available to all participants. In contrast, we conducted a novel examination of the patterns of functional brain activity to a trust antecedent, specifically truth telling, in asymmetric information, where one individual has more information than others, with the effect of varying risk propensity. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and recruited 13 adults, …
Music,
2015
Bucknell University
Music, Andrea R. Halpern, Robert J. Zatorre
Faculty Contributions to Books
Neuroimaging has contributed greatly to our understanding of the sensory, motor, and cognitive systems involved in musical processing. Cortical loops connecting auditory with parietal, premotor, and prefrontal cortices are important for encoding pitch and temporal relationships from which music is built and for generating musical expectancies. These circuits are also important for holding information in working memory and for interfacing perceptual and motor representations. Musical imagery recruits auditory areas together with frontal and supplementary motor regions. Musical emotion emerges from the interaction of these systems with the reward circuit. All of these systems are modifiable functionally and structurally following training.
Learning Requires Attention For Binding Affective Reinforcement To Information Content,
2015
Scripps College
Learning Requires Attention For Binding Affective Reinforcement To Information Content, Chia Mun Foo
Scripps Senior Theses
Humans are limited in their capacity to process information about the environment; to choose the most salient details to process, we have to make rapid value appraisals and prioritize our attentional resources. In this proposed study, it is expected that attention is required to learn from affective information. Learning is measured by the difference between update (the difference between the first and second estimation) and the estimation error (the difference between the average likelihood and the first estimation). Using a belief-updating paradigm, participants will be asked to estimate their likelihood of encountering a negative event, once before and once after …
The Outer Limits Of Cognitive Processing: A Closer Look At What Is Desirable,
2015
Butler University
The Outer Limits Of Cognitive Processing: A Closer Look At What Is Desirable, Zachary K. Walter
Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection
Cognitive tasks are most satisfying when they include the right balance between ease and difficulty (Labroo & Kim, 2008). This balance is viewed as optimal for high quality and progressive learning in school and societal contexts (Bjork & Bjork, 1992). This idea is the basis of the concept of desirable difficulties, which are defined as certain difficulties in the learning process that can greatly improve long-term retention of learned material (Bjork & Bjork, 1992). Having received a lot of attention in recent research, they allow for one to develop questions about how we, as humans, approach certain tasks and where …
Emotion And Pain Effects On Tunnel Memory,
2015
Butler University
Emotion And Pain Effects On Tunnel Memory, Alexandra Nicolette Robinson-Norris
Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection
Previous work by Andreano and Cahill (2006) has shown the Cold Pressor Stress (CPS) to enhance memory. A similar enhancement can occur with non-physical stressors. Puga & Bohannon (2013) found emotional slides to have an enhancing effect on preceding information. Although it is clear that physical and visual stressors can enhance memory, it is still unclear whether peripheral or central items are better remembered after arousing situations. Safer et al. (1998) suggested that during encoding, arousal creates a "tunnel memory" effect. Participants accurately remember central items but tend to disregard those in the periphery. The study focused on combined visual …
Hemispheric Specialization For Emotion Within First And Second Languages : Emotion Word Processing In Monolingual And Bilingual Speakers,
2015
University at Albany, State University of New York
Hemispheric Specialization For Emotion Within First And Second Languages : Emotion Word Processing In Monolingual And Bilingual Speakers, Jennifer Mary Martin
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Emotion representation in monolingual speakers is complex, and for bilinguals the relationship between emotion and language can be even more intriguing. The present study examined reactions to words of six types, including positive, negative, and neutral words varying in concreteness. Words and nonwords were intermixed in a lexical decision task using hemifield presentation. In Experiment 1, participants were English monolinguals and all stimuli were presented in English. In Experiment 2, participants were Spanish-English bilinguals who were presented with both English and Spanish stimuli. Results revealed a general left hemisphere advantage. Overall, reaction times for positive words were faster than for …
I Can See What You Are Saying : Auditory Labels Reduce Visual Search Times,
2015
University at Albany, State University of New York
I Can See What You Are Saying : Auditory Labels Reduce Visual Search Times, Kit Wing Cho
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The present study explored the mechanisms underlying the self-directed speech effect, the finding that relative to silent reading of a label (e.g., “DOG”), saying it aloud reduces visual search reaction times (RTs) for locating a target picture among distractors. Experiment 1 examined whether this effect is due to a confound in the differences in the number of cues in self-directed speech (two) vs. silent reading (one) and tested whether speech, per se, is required for the effect. Self-directed speech did not reduce search RTs more than hearing only a pre-recorded auditory presentation of a label, both of which reduced RTs …
Key Generalization Of Recognition Memory For Melodies,
2015
University at Albany, State University of New York
Key Generalization Of Recognition Memory For Melodies, Abigail Lincoln Kleinsmith
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
People easily recognize a melody in a previously unheard key, but they also retain some key-specific information. I tested the hypothesis that individuals compare novel melodies to a memory “prototype” representing the central tendency of experienced exemplars. Participants were familiarized with a monotonic eight-note melody in two closely separated keys and tested for discrimination of that melody from others. Test and foil melodies included ones that were the “average” of pitch heights and ones that were more distant in pitch height. Hit rates and discriminability (d') were better for physically closer keys than for harmonically related keys. In follow-up experiments, …
