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Full-Text Articles in Mechanical Engineering

Measurement Of Wing Loads During Flapping Flight, Ryan Anderson, Dr. Mark Colton Apr 2013

Measurement Of Wing Loads During Flapping Flight, Ryan Anderson, Dr. Mark Colton

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Ongoing research at BYU with the Flapping Flight Research Group (FFRG) is aimed at uncovering the physics behind flapping flight. Discoveries in this field could produce new aircraft designs and technolo- gies, as well as broaden our understanding of natural phenomena. One ambition of the FFRG is to quanti- fy (as determined by lift and thrust) wing trajectories followed during flight. To achieve this quantifica- tion, a precise sensor is necessary to record the lift and thrust produced during each flap.


Assessing The Impact Of The Approximations Used In The Development Of The Pulsed Laser Method For Measuring Thermal Diffusivity, Trevor Terrill, Dr. Matthew Jones Apr 2013

Assessing The Impact Of The Approximations Used In The Development Of The Pulsed Laser Method For Measuring Thermal Diffusivity, Trevor Terrill, Dr. Matthew Jones

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The purpose of this project was to conduct a rigorous investigation of each of the approximations made in the development of the pulsed laser method for measuring the thermal diffusivity. Thermal conductivity is an important engineering parameter, but measuring it directly is difficult. In common engineering practice, the thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and density are measured, and the thermal conductivity is calculated from these properties. The pulsed laser or flash method is commonly employed to measure the thermal diffusivity, but it contains many restrictive approximations that are difficult to satisfy in practice. This project investigated the significance of each of …


Investigation And Development Of Of Pyrometer Coating, Weston Baxter, Dr. Dale Tree Apr 2013

Investigation And Development Of Of Pyrometer Coating, Weston Baxter, Dr. Dale Tree

Journal of Undergraduate Research

This project aimed to produce and test an opaque surface on an optical fiber tip that will survive temperatures up to 3000 K. The optical fiber is to be used to measure flame temperature in oxy-coal and other combustion processes.


Power Harvesting System For More Efficient, Cleaner Burning Cookstoves, Suman Pokharel, Dr. Matthew Jones Apr 2013

Power Harvesting System For More Efficient, Cleaner Burning Cookstoves, Suman Pokharel, Dr. Matthew Jones

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Each day more than 2 billion people cook using open fires or fires in primitive cook stoves that are fueled with biomass (wood, straw, crop waste, dung, etc…). These fires pollute homes and the environment, leading to serious health problems and contributing to global climate change. Additionally, fuel must be purchased at relatively high prices, or many hours are required to gather sufficient fuel each day. High fuel costs add in the limited financial resources, and collecting for fuel limits time available for education or other economically productive activities.


Creation Of An Interactive Early-Stage Design Environment, Braden Hancock, Dr. Christopher Mattson Apr 2013

Creation Of An Interactive Early-Stage Design Environment, Braden Hancock, Dr. Christopher Mattson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

In my proposal for an ORCA grant, I provided a plan to assist design engineers in the early stages of the design process. This I proposed to do through the development of a computational environment wherein design engineers could more fully and simply analyze the relationships between the various design objects (variables, constraints, and objectives) that define a multiobjective optimization problem (MOP). Thanks to the opportunity that I received to pursue this research, that technology has been developed and disseminated in the scientific community through two academic journals, two professional conferences, and one student conference.


Research And Design Of Transtibial Prosthetic Shower Legs, Angelina Schwartz, Dr. Eric Homer Apr 2013

Research And Design Of Transtibial Prosthetic Shower Legs, Angelina Schwartz, Dr. Eric Homer

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The aim of 2ft Prosthetics is to design, test, and distribute low-cost prostheses to below-the-knee amputees in developing countries. To do this, a research and development team focuses on the design and construction of the prosthesis. It is then tested on local amputees by the clinical trials team. During this interaction we gain many insights regarding improvements that can be made to the prosthesis to make it more comfortable, reliable, and versatile. We learned that many high- level prostheses commonly used here in the United States are not designed to be used in wet environments. Amputees must remove it to …


Noise And Vibration Reduction Of A Clothes Dryer, Daniel O'Hare Apr 2013

Noise And Vibration Reduction Of A Clothes Dryer, Daniel O'Hare

Honors Theses

As placement of washers and dryers becomes common in apartment buildings and high rises, noise generated by the dryer becomes a nuisance to the inhabitants. Whirlpool Corporation is experiencing this issue first hand with their Horizon model long vent dryers. A focus was placed on noise and vibrations caused by the dryer motor, because its vibrations are transferred throughout the structure of the dryer. The motor causing sound problems was a modified motor from the standard model, including a speed-increasing attachment in order to operate the fan at an increased speed. Through sound and vibration measurements, structural and airborne noise …


Micro Grids Fabricated For Miniature Ion Thruster, Deborah French, Jesse Taff Apr 2013

Micro Grids Fabricated For Miniature Ion Thruster, Deborah French, Jesse Taff

College of Engineering Poster Presentations

Part of the research at Boise State is a miniaturized plasma propulsion thruster. The purpose of the thruster is to provide the necessary location realignments for small satellites in space. The grid creates an electrostatic field, which extracts plasma ions from an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) source. The ions are propelled toward a collector plate being a second identical grid, which in turn creates the desired thrust. The size and density of the openings in the grid are essential to optimizing the thrust produced. The grid geometry contributes to the ion departure angle (focusing) and the ion transparency. The Stainless …


Mechanical Testing And Design Of The Magnetic Linear Test Apparatus, Sam Barker, Eric Rhoads, Brittni Blessie, Zachary Harris, Courtney Hollar Apr 2013

Mechanical Testing And Design Of The Magnetic Linear Test Apparatus, Sam Barker, Eric Rhoads, Brittni Blessie, Zachary Harris, Courtney Hollar

College of Engineering Poster Presentations

In order to further understand the fatigue and electrical properties of multifunctional magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMA), such as nickel-manganese-gallium (Ni-Mn-Ga), it is often necessary to modify existing machinery or design unique devices. The existing linear test apparatus has accomplished the goal of straining specimens by applying linear compression in a static magnetic field. The data acquired by this apparatus has been useful, but is limited by the device’s lack of magnetic field strength variability and closed loop control, as well as its data acquisition speed. The proposed study seeks to design and test a linear test apparatus that performs …


Numerical Simulations And Wind Tunnel Studies Of Pollutant Dispersion In The Urban Street Canyons With Different Height Arrangements, Cheng-Hsin Chang, Jin-Shian Lin, Chii-Ming Cheng, Yung-Shan Hong Apr 2013

Numerical Simulations And Wind Tunnel Studies Of Pollutant Dispersion In The Urban Street Canyons With Different Height Arrangements, Cheng-Hsin Chang, Jin-Shian Lin, Chii-Ming Cheng, Yung-Shan Hong

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Air pollution in big city areas resulting from exhaust emissions is a major urban problem. Often traffic pollution excess controls air pollution management decisions. There are a number of elaborate predictive models of pollutant dispersion and diffusion that address the effects of variable shapes of city buildings on pollutant concentrations, but few are fully validated. This study presents ventilation behavior in different street canyon configurations. To evaluate dispersion in a model urban street canyon, a series of tests with various street canyons with different height in upwind and downwind of street canyon are presented. These buildings were arranged in 2-D …


Vibration Suppression Of Train-Induced Multiple Resonant Responses Of Two-Span Continuous Bridges Using Ve Dampers, Ying-Jie Wang, Jong-Dar Yau, Qing-Chao Wei Apr 2013

Vibration Suppression Of Train-Induced Multiple Resonant Responses Of Two-Span Continuous Bridges Using Ve Dampers, Ying-Jie Wang, Jong-Dar Yau, Qing-Chao Wei

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This paper presents a study of reducing multiple resonant peaks of high-speed trains traveling over a two-span continuous railway bridge using visco-elastic (VE) dampers. The moving train is modeled as a series of two-degree-of-freedom (2 DOF) moving oscillators with identical intervals and the two-span continuous bridge as a Bernoulli-Euler beam with uniform span. Because of closely spaced frequencies of a continuous beam, the first several frequencies of the bridge would be excited to resonance during the passage of moving trains, which may result in multiple resonant peaks appearing on the response of train-bridge system. In order to reduce the multiple …


An Improvement Of Wave Refraction-Diffraction Effect In Swan, Aw-Guei Lin Apr 2013

An Improvement Of Wave Refraction-Diffraction Effect In Swan, Aw-Guei Lin

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

SWAN, a wind wave model, has been modified to take into account wave refraction-diffraction effects from the extended mild-slope equation when wind waves pass through a extremely uneven sea bottom in the presence of current. In our modified model, the diffraction correction parameter introduced by Holthuijsen et al. [10] has been adjusted to better predict the combined effect of the higher-order bottom effect, wave-bottom interaction and wave-current interaction. After a preliminary analysis, the influence of the correction parameter is discussed, and a comparison is made between the original and the new phase-decoupled versions of SWAN through some typical examples of …


An Experimental Study Of Regular Long Crested Waves Over A Crescent Type Shoal, Wen-Kai Weng, Jaw-Guei Lin, Chun-Sien Hsiao Apr 2013

An Experimental Study Of Regular Long Crested Waves Over A Crescent Type Shoal, Wen-Kai Weng, Jaw-Guei Lin, Chun-Sien Hsiao

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Converting the ocean wave energy into electric power is one possibility of the development of alternative and nonpolluting sources of energy. Many researches concerning converters and their converting efficiency of wave power were developed and discussed in the last years. However, converting wave energy into electric power does not only depend upon converting system but condition of sea state essentially. A calm sea state with lower wave energy is difficult to drive converting device working and is unable to satisfy the minimum economical requirement. Unfortunately, wave heights in the sea state around Taiwan are mostly too smaller to extract the …


Time-Dependent Mechanical Response Of A Composite Pfsa Membrane, Narinder S. Khattra, Zongwen Lu, Anette M. Karlsson, Michael H. Santare, F. Colin Busby, Thomas Schmiedel Apr 2013

Time-Dependent Mechanical Response Of A Composite Pfsa Membrane, Narinder S. Khattra, Zongwen Lu, Anette M. Karlsson, Michael H. Santare, F. Colin Busby, Thomas Schmiedel

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

The mechanical response of a composite fuel cell membrane, made from layers of reinforced and unreinforced PFSA material, is investigated via both experimental and numerical means. First, the time-dependent mechanical properties for the reinforced layers are measured for a range of environmental and loading conditions. A three-network, viscoelastic-plastic constitutive model is developed to characterize the mechanical response of this reinforced membrane material. This constitutive model is then used in finite element simulations of a fuel cell unit (consisting of composite membrane, electrodes, gas diffusion layer and bipolar plates) where the effect of relative humidity (RH) cycling on the stress response …


Assessment Of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies Using Multiple Perspectives And Hierarchical Decision Modeling, Nasir Jamil Sheikh Apr 2013

Assessment Of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies Using Multiple Perspectives And Hierarchical Decision Modeling, Nasir Jamil Sheikh

Dissertations and Theses

The objective of this research is to build a decision model for a comprehensive assessment of solar photovoltaic technologies using multiple perspectives. These perspectives include: social, technological, economic, environmental, and political (STEEP) with each perspective consisting of multiple criteria. Hierarchical decision modeling and expert judgment quantification are used to provide the relative ranking of the perspectives and criteria. Such modeling is effective in addressing technology evaluations with competing and contrasting perspectives and criteria where both quantitative and qualitative measurements are represented. The model is then operationalized by constructing desirability functions for each criterion. The combined results provide an overall numerical …


Universal Scaling And Intrinsic Classification Of Electro-Mechanical Actuators, Sambit Palit, Ankit Jain, Muhammad A. Alam Apr 2013

Universal Scaling And Intrinsic Classification Of Electro-Mechanical Actuators, Sambit Palit, Ankit Jain, Muhammad A. Alam

Birck and NCN Publications

Actuation characteristics of electromechanical (EM) actuators have traditionally been studied for a few specific regular electrode geometries and support (anchor) configurations. The ability to predict actuation characteristics of electrodes of arbitrary geometries and complex support configurations relevant for broad range of applications in switching, displays, and varactors, however, remains an open problem. In this article, we provide four universal scaling relationships for EM actuation characteristics that depend only on the mechanical support configuration and the corresponding electrode geometries, but are independent of the specific geometrical dimensions and material properties of these actuators. These scaling relationships offer an intrinsic classification for …


Solar Powered Airplane: Student Design/Build/Fly Project, Dr. Jerry Bowman Apr 2013

Solar Powered Airplane: Student Design/Build/Fly Project, Dr. Jerry Bowman

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Involve a significant number of students in a multi-semester project with intense technical challenges and a well-defined objective: The creation of a solar powered airplane with the goal of indefinite flight.


High-Resolution Correlation Spectroscopy Of 13c Spins Near A Nitrogen-Vacancy Centre In Diamond, Abdelghani Laraoui, Florian Dolde, Christian Burk, Friedemann Reinhard, Jorg Wrachtrup, Carlos A. Meriles Apr 2013

High-Resolution Correlation Spectroscopy Of 13c Spins Near A Nitrogen-Vacancy Centre In Diamond, Abdelghani Laraoui, Florian Dolde, Christian Burk, Friedemann Reinhard, Jorg Wrachtrup, Carlos A. Meriles

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Spin complexes comprising the nitrogen-vacancy centre and neighbouring spins are being considered as a building block for a new generation of spintronic and quantum information processing devices. As assembling identical spin clusters is difficult, new strategies are being developed to determine individual node structures with the highest precision. Here we use a pulse protocol to monitor the time evolution of the 13C ensemble in the vicinity of a nitrogenvacancy centre. We observe long-lived time correlations in the nuclear spin dynamics, limited by nitrogen-vacancy spin–lattice relaxation. We use the host 14N spin as a quantum register and demonstrate that hyperfine-shifted resonances …


Reliability Analysis Of Low-Silver Bga Spheres Comparing Failure Detection Criteria, Briana Fredericks Apr 2013

Reliability Analysis Of Low-Silver Bga Spheres Comparing Failure Detection Criteria, Briana Fredericks

Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

One of the challenges of solder joint reliability tests is estimating the time of failure of the solder joint. Failure criteria should be able to detect solder joint failure as early as possible, while minimizing the probability of false detection. The failure mechanism under study is cracks due to thermal fatigue. The most common method to estimate failure due to cracks is to monitor the resistance during testing, because solder imaging and cross-sectioning methods are destructive. Current industry failure criteria do not adequately demonstrate the relationship between the size of the crack and the resulting change in resistance. This project …


Design Of An Apparatus To Detect Small Changes In The Mass Of Rotational Machine Components, Jonathan R.A. Maier, M. Laine Mears, Joshua D. Summers Apr 2013

Design Of An Apparatus To Detect Small Changes In The Mass Of Rotational Machine Components, Jonathan R.A. Maier, M. Laine Mears, Joshua D. Summers

Publications

In this study, an apparatus was designed to detect changes on the order of grams in the mass of test samples subject to accelerations approaching 275g. The apparatus incorporated a surface speedometer, displacement transducer and on-board data-logging device in order to correlate mass loss events with changes in rotational speed and acceleration. An accessory was also designed to allow for on-board video recording to validate the findings and to better understand the mechanics of mass loss events. Such mass loss events are of interest for high-speed rotating machinery (e.g., manufacturing equipment, turbine rotors and automotive drivetrains), where material can build …


Anisotropic Compositional Expansion And Chemical Potential For Amorphous Lithiated Silicon Under Stress Tensor, Valery I. Levitas, Hamed Attariani Apr 2013

Anisotropic Compositional Expansion And Chemical Potential For Amorphous Lithiated Silicon Under Stress Tensor, Valery I. Levitas, Hamed Attariani

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

Si is a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries, since it absorbs large amounts of Li. However, insertion of Li leads to 334% of volumetric expansion, huge stresses, and fracture; it can be suppressed by utilizing nanoscale anode structures. Continuum approaches to stress relaxation in LixSi, based on plasticity theory, are unrealistic, because the yield strength of LixSi is much higher than the generated stresses. Here, we suggest that stress relaxation is due to anisotropic (tensorial) compositional straining that occurs during insertion-extraction at any deviatoric stresses. Developed theory describes known experimental and atomistic simulation …


Correlations Between Internal And External Power Outputs During Weightlifting Exercise, Kristof Kipp, Chad Harris, Michelle B. Sabick Apr 2013

Correlations Between Internal And External Power Outputs During Weightlifting Exercise, Kristof Kipp, Chad Harris, Michelle B. Sabick

Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Identifying loads that maximize mechanical power is important because training at such loads may optimize gains in dynamic athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to examine correlations between measures of external mechanical power output and internal mechanical joint power output across different loads during a weightlifting exercise. Ten subjects performed 3 sets of the clean exercise at 65, 75, and 85% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Peak external mechanical power output was calculated with 4 commonly used methods, whereas an inverse dynamics approach was used to calculate peak internal mechanical power output for the hip, knee, and ankle …


Analysis Of Hole Lifetime In Soi Mosfet Single-Photon Detector, Dedy Septono Catur Putranto, Wei Du, Hiroaki Satoh, Atsushi Ono, Purnomo Sidi Priambodo, Djoko Hartanto, Hiroshi Inokawa Apr 2013

Analysis Of Hole Lifetime In Soi Mosfet Single-Photon Detector, Dedy Septono Catur Putranto, Wei Du, Hiroaki Satoh, Atsushi Ono, Purnomo Sidi Priambodo, Djoko Hartanto, Hiroshi Inokawa

Makara Journal of Technology

Hole lifetime in the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) singlephoton detector was evaluated by the analysis of drain current histograms for different light intensities and substrate voltages. It was found that the peaks in the histogram corresponding to the larger number of stored holes grew as the gate bias decreased. This was attributed not to the increased light absorption efficiency or collection efficiency of the photo-generated holes, but to the prolonged hole lifetime presumably caused by the higher transverse electric field inside the body of SOI MOSFET.


Muscle Synergies Improve Estimation Of Knee Contact Forces During Walking, Benjamin J. Fregly, Jonathan P. Walter, Allison Kinney, Scott A. Banks, Darryl D. D'Lima, Thor F. Besier, David G. Lloyd Apr 2013

Muscle Synergies Improve Estimation Of Knee Contact Forces During Walking, Benjamin J. Fregly, Jonathan P. Walter, Allison Kinney, Scott A. Banks, Darryl D. D'Lima, Thor F. Besier, David G. Lloyd

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

This study investigates whether use of subject-specific muscle synergies can improve optimization predictions of muscle excitation patterns and knee contact forces during walking. Muscle synergies describe how a small number of neural commands generated by the nervous system can be linearly combined to produce the broad range of muscle electromyographic (EMG) signals measured experimentally. By quantifying the interdependence of individual EMG signals, muscle synergies provide dimensionality reduction for the neural control redundancy problem. Our hypothesis was that use of subjectspecific muscle synergies to limit muscle excitation patterns would improve prediction of muscle EMG patterns at the hip, knee, and ankle …


Biodiesel Reactor Design With Glycerol Separation To Increase Biodiesel Production Yield, Budy Rahmat, Imas Siti Setiasih, Roni Kastaman Apr 2013

Biodiesel Reactor Design With Glycerol Separation To Increase Biodiesel Production Yield, Budy Rahmat, Imas Siti Setiasih, Roni Kastaman

Makara Journal of Technology

The study consisted of reactor design used for transesterification process, effect of glycerol separation on transesterification reaction, determination of biodiesel quality, and mass balance analysis. The reactor was designed by integrating circulated pump/stirrer, static mixer, and sprayer that intensify the reaction in the outer tank reactor. The objective was to reduce the use of methanol in excess and to shorten the processing time. The results showed that the reactor that applied the glycerol separation was able to compensate for the decreased use of the reactant methanol from 6:1 to 5:1 molar ratio, and changed the mass balance in the product, …


Development Of Seebeck-Coefficient Measurement Systems Using Kelvin-Probe Force Microscopy, Kazutoshi Miwa, Faiz Salleh, Hiroya Ikeda Apr 2013

Development Of Seebeck-Coefficient Measurement Systems Using Kelvin-Probe Force Microscopy, Kazutoshi Miwa, Faiz Salleh, Hiroya Ikeda

Makara Journal of Technology

Thermoelectric device is investigated by a number of researchers in order to enhance the thermoelectric efficiency. It is known that the efficiency can be improved by quantum effect. However, it is difficult to measure the thermoelectric characteristics of nanometer-scale structures. Thus a new measurement method is expected to be developed. We propose to apply Kelvin-probe force microscopy (KFM) to characterization of thermoelectric materials. KFM can locally observe surface potential of Fermi energy of a sample without touching the sample surface. In the present paper, we estimate the Seebeck coefficient of thin Si-on-insulator layers using KFM.


Recognition System Of Indonesia Sign Language Based On Sensor And Artificial Neural Network, Endang Supriyati, Mohammad Iqbal Apr 2013

Recognition System Of Indonesia Sign Language Based On Sensor And Artificial Neural Network, Endang Supriyati, Mohammad Iqbal

Makara Journal of Technology

Sign language as a kind of gestures is one of the most natural ways of communication for most people in deaf community. The aim of the sign language recognition is to provide a translation for sign gestures into meaningful text or speech so that communication between deaf and hearing society can easily be made. In this research, the Indonesian sign language recognition system based on flex sensors and an accelerometer is developed. This recognition system uses a sensory glove to capture data. The sensor data that are processed into feature vector are the 5-fingers bending and the palm acceleration when …


Growth Of Crsi2 Nanostructures Using Crcl2 Powder On Si Substrates, Wen Li, Meng Erchao, Tomoji Matsushita, Shingo Oda, Daisuke Ishikawa, Kaito Nakane, Hirokazu Tatsuoka Apr 2013

Growth Of Crsi2 Nanostructures Using Crcl2 Powder On Si Substrates, Wen Li, Meng Erchao, Tomoji Matsushita, Shingo Oda, Daisuke Ishikawa, Kaito Nakane, Hirokazu Tatsuoka

Makara Journal of Technology

Chromium disilicide (CrSi2) nanostructures were grown by the exposure of Si (111) substrates to CrCl2 vapor in an argon gas flow at atmospheric pressure without using any metal catalyst. Dependence of the growth condition on the structural property was investigated. Hexagonal-shaped CrSi2 microrods were grown at 750 °C with 0.05 g of CrCl2. As the quantity of CrCl2 increased to 0.1 g, the bundle of CrSi2 nanowires with microrods and web-liked CrSi2 nanostructure with turning angles were grown at 750 °C and 700 °C, respectively. The preliminary discussion on the growth mechanism of CrSi2 micro- and nanostructures was carried out.


Broncoblade: An Open Source Wind Turbine Blade Analysis Tool, Alex R. Quinlan Apr 2013

Broncoblade: An Open Source Wind Turbine Blade Analysis Tool, Alex R. Quinlan

Masters Theses

This thesis reports the development and validation of BroncoBlade, a horizontal axis wind turbine analysis tool. BroncoBlade prepares finite element models and integrates them with an aeroelastic simulator. Analysis results for the SNL100-00 baseline blade are evaluated against reference results published by Sandia National Laboratories. Variations on the SNL100-00 blade incorporating carbon fiber are compared to the baseline blade.


Computational Analysis To Enhance Laminar Flow Convective Heat Transfer Rate In An Enclosure Using Aerosol Nanofluids, Andrew Hudson Apr 2013

Computational Analysis To Enhance Laminar Flow Convective Heat Transfer Rate In An Enclosure Using Aerosol Nanofluids, Andrew Hudson

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

The current research intends to provide a starting point to effectively model aerosol heat transfer in a narrow, enclosed body. This research can lead to future modeling of nano fluids including their heat transfer characteristics and erosion effects on the walls of an enclosure. The model was developed using ICEM CFD for the mesh and FLUENT for the fluid flow modeling. Six different aspect ratio enclosures were developed to study the effects of varying aspect ratio. The natural convection of air was developed first to establish the appropriateness of the models being used. A mesh check was performed using one …