A Decade In Review: A Systematic Review Of Universal Influenza Vaccines In Clinical Trials During The 2010 Decade,
2020
University of Nebraska - Lincoln
A Decade In Review: A Systematic Review Of Universal Influenza Vaccines In Clinical Trials During The 2010 Decade, Brigette N. Corder, Brianna L. Bullard, Gregory Poland, Eric A. Weaver
Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications
On average, there are 3–5 million severe cases of influenza virus infections globally each year. Seasonal influenza vaccines provide limited protection against divergent influenza strains. Therefore, the development of a universal influenza vaccine is a top priority for the NIH. Here, we report a comprehensive summary of all universal influenza vaccines that were tested in clinical trials during the 2010–2019 decade. Of the 1597 studies found, 69 eligible clinical trials, which investigated 27 vaccines, were included in this review. Information from each trial was compiled for vaccine target, vaccine platform, adjuvant inclusion, clinical trial phase, and results. As we look …
Species D Adenoviruses As Oncolytic Viral Vectors,
2020
University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Species D Adenoviruses As Oncolytic Viral Vectors, Brianna L. Bullard, Brigette N. Corder, Eric A. Weaver
Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ad) have shown promising results in the therapeutic treatment of cancer. Ad type 5 (Ad5) is the most extensively utilized Ad type. However, several limitations exist to using Ad5 as an oncolytic virus, including high levels of anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibodies in the population, binding of the Ad5 hexon to blood coagulation factor X leading to liver sequestration and toxicity, and reduced expression of the primary receptor CAR on many tumors. Here, we use in vitro methods to explore the oncolytic potential of four alternative Ad types (Ad26, 28, 45, and 48) belonging to the species D Ad subgroup …
Recommendations For Measuring Hiv Reservoir Size In Cure- Directed Clinical Trials.,
2020
The Wistar Institute
Recommendations For Measuring Hiv Reservoir Size In Cure- Directed Clinical Trials., Luis J. Montaner, Qingsheng Li
Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications
Therapeutic strategies are being clinically tested either to eradicate the latent HIV reservoir or to achieve virologic control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Attaining this goal will require a consensus on how best to measure the levels of persistently-infected cells with the potential to cause viral rebound upon ART cessation to assess the results of cure-directed strategies in vivo. Current measurements assess different aspects of the HIV provirus and its functionality, and produce divergent results. Here, we provide the collective insight and position from the BEAT-HIV Martin Delaney Collaboratory on which viral measurements to prioritize in HIV cure-directed …
Law, Structural Racism, And The Covid-19 Pandemic,
2020
Saint Louis University School of Law
Law, Structural Racism, And The Covid-19 Pandemic, Ruqaiijah Yearby, Seema Mohapatra
All Faculty Scholarship
Racial and ethnic minorities have always been the most impacted by pandemics because of: disparities in exposure to the virus; disparities in susceptibility to contracting the virus; and disparities in treatment. This article explains how structural racism, the ways in which laws are used to advantage the majority and disadvantage racial and ethnic minorities, has caused these disparities. Specifically, this article focuses on how employment, housing, health care, and COVID-19 relief laws have been manipulated to disadvantage racial and ethnic minorities, making minorities more susceptible to COVID-19 infection and death. This article uses Blumenshine’s 2008 framework to outline how structural …
The Problem With Relying On Profit-Driven Models To Produce Pandemic Drugs,
2020
Saint Louis University School of Law
The Problem With Relying On Profit-Driven Models To Produce Pandemic Drugs, Ana Santos Rutschman
All Faculty Scholarship
The longstanding problems of relying on a market response to a pandemic are becoming readily apparent in the United States, which has quickly become the epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak. The problems are particularly pronounced in pharmaceutical markets, where we are pinning our hopes for both cures and vaccines. In previous work we have shown how characteristics of healthcare markets in the United States create a divergence between the private incentives of for-profit companies and public health needs, leading to sub-optimal health outcomes in what is a uniquely market-driven healthcare system. In this Essay, written as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, …
PortugalʼS Response To Covid-19,
2020
Saint Louis University School of Law
PortugalʼS Response To Covid-19, Ana Santos Rutschman
All Faculty Scholarship
This essay for the Regulatory Review's special series on Comparing Nations’ Responses to COVID-19 examines the early response to the pandemic in Portugal. The essay focuses on measures adopted in connection with the declarations of state of emergency and state of calamity, as well as the treatment of migrant populations throughout the pandemic.
The Reemergence Of Vaccine Nationalism,
2020
Saint Louis University School of Law
The Reemergence Of Vaccine Nationalism, Ana Santos Rutschman
All Faculty Scholarship
This short essay explores the reemergence of vaccine nationalism during the COVID-19 pandemic. The essay traces the pre-COVID origins of vaccine nationalism and explains how it can have detrimental effects on equitable access to newly developed vaccines.
Understanding The Host Immune Response Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa To Develop Novel Therapeutics And Vaccines,
2020
West Virginia University
Understanding The Host Immune Response Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa To Develop Novel Therapeutics And Vaccines, Emel Sen Kilic
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic bacterium that causes a broad range of acute and chronic infections. The high adaptability and emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of this bacterium pose a significant threat to human health. Particularly, pneumonia caused by this pathogen is associated with high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. To prevent these infections, we aimed to develop novel vaccine strategies by characterizing the host immune response against P. aeruginosa. During respiratory infections, P. aeruginosa first contacts with epithelial cells along the respiratory tract. Using RNA-sequencing, we were able to characterize transcriptional changes of the epithelial cells in …
Potential Roles Of Extracellular Vesicles In The Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, And Treatment Of Autoimmune Diseases.,
2020
Shaanxi Normal University
Potential Roles Of Extracellular Vesicles In The Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, And Treatment Of Autoimmune Diseases., Jing Tian, Giacomo Casella, Yuan Zhang, Abdolmohamad Rostami, Xing Li
Department of Neurology Faculty Papers
Since extracellular vesicles (EVs) were discovered in 1983 in sheep reticulocytes samples, they have gradually attracted scientific attention and become a topic of great interest in the life sciences field. EVs are small membrane particles, released by virtually every cell that carries a variety of functional molecules. Their main function is to deliver messages to the surrounding area in both physiological and pathological conditions. Initially, they were thought to be either cell debris, signs of cell death, or unspecific structures. However, accumulating evidence support a theory that EVs are a universal mechanism of communication. Thanks to their biological characteristics and …
Resistance To Ectromelia Virus Infection Requires Cgas In Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Which Can Be Bypassed With Cgamp Therapy.,
2019
Thomas Jefferson University; GSK
Resistance To Ectromelia Virus Infection Requires Cgas In Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Which Can Be Bypassed With Cgamp Therapy., Eric B. Wong, Brian Montoya, Maria Ferez, Colby Stotesbury, Luis J. Sigal
Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty Papers
Cells sensing infection produce Type I interferons (IFN-I) to stimulate Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs) that confer resistance to viruses. During lympho-hematogenous spread of the mouse pathogen ectromelia virus (ECTV), the adaptor STING and the transcription factor IRF7 are required for IFN-I and ISG induction and resistance to ECTV. However, it is unknown which cells sense ECTV and which pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) upstream of STING is required for IFN-I and ISG induction. We found that cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), a DNA-sensing PRR, is required in bone marrow-derived (BMD) but not in other cells for IFN-I and ISG induction and for …
Chloroviruses,
2019
University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Chloroviruses, James L. Van Etten, Irina V. Agarkova, David D. Dunigan
Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications
Chloroviruses are large dsDNA, plaque-forming viruses that infect certain chlorella-like green algae; the algae are normally mutualistic endosymbionts of protists and metazoans and are often referred to as zoochlorellae. The viruses are ubiquitous in inland aqueous environments throughout the world and occasionally single types reach titers of thousands of plaque-forming units per ml of native water. The viruses are icosahedral in shape with a spike structure located at one of the vertices. They contain an internal membrane that is required for infectivity. The viral genomes are 290 to 370 kb in size, which encode up to 16 tRNAs and 330 …
Langerhans Cells Orchestrate The Protective Antiviral Innate Immune Response In The Lymph Node.,
2019
Thomas Jefferson University; Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
Langerhans Cells Orchestrate The Protective Antiviral Innate Immune Response In The Lymph Node., Eric B. Wong, Brian Montoya, Colby Stotesbury, Maria Ferez, Ren-Huan Xu, Luis J. Sigal
Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty Papers
During disseminating viral infections, a swift innate immune response (IIR) in the draining lymph node (dLN) that restricts systemic viral spread is critical for optimal resistance to disease. However, it is unclear how this IIR is orchestrated. We show that after footpad infection of mice with ectromelia virus, dendritic cells (DCs) highly expressing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class IIhi DCs), including CD207+ epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), CD103+CD207+ double-positive dermal DCs (DP-DCs), and CD103−CD207− double-negative dermal DCs (DN-DCs) migrate to the dLN from the skin carrying virus. MHC class IIhi …
It's A Hard Nacht Life: Understanding How Nlrp12 Ticks,
2019
Missouri State University
It's A Hard Nacht Life: Understanding How Nlrp12 Ticks, Abbigale Julia Brown
Graduate Theses/Dissertations
The protein NOD- like receptor pyrin domain containing 12 (NLRP12) comes from a family of protein receptors with a wide range of functions including fertility as well as anti-inflammatory properties. The biological role of NLRP12 is poorly understood: research on the mechanisms behind its function and/or activation remains contradictory between different cell models. Current research suggests its involvement in a multi-protein complex named the inflammasome. The alternative hypothesis that has also been proposed is that NLRP12 is not a part of the inflammasome, rather it negatively regulates a transcription factor known as NF-��B down stream of Toll-like receptors. NLRP12 is …
Gravity As A Continuum: Effects Of Altered Gravity On Drosophila Melanogaster Immunity,
2019
NASA Ames Research Center, Universities Space Research Association
Gravity As A Continuum: Effects Of Altered Gravity On Drosophila Melanogaster Immunity, Amber M. Paul, Joe Olivieri, Sharmila Bhattacharya
Publications
The impact of spaceflight on immune function is undoubtedly a critical focus in the area of space biology and human health research. Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins that are expressed in response to cellular and physiological stressors, experienced during radiation exposure, confinement, circadian rhythm disruption, and altered gravity (hypergravity experienced at launch/landing and microgravity experienced in-flight). In particular, Hsp70 aids in the folding of proteins, facilitates the movement of proteins across the membranes during signal transductions and can stimulate innate immunity. Since Hsp70 is induced during cellular stress, and can act as a stimulator …
Genome-Wide Variation In Potyviruses,
2019
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Genome-Wide Variation In Potyviruses, Deepti Nigam, Katherine Latourrette, Pedro F.N. Souza, Hernan Garcia Ruiz
Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications
Potyviruses (family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus) are the result of an initial radiation event that occurred 6,600 years ago. The genus currently consists of 167 species that infect monocots or dicots, including domesticated and wild plants. Potyviruses are transmitted in a non-persistent way by more than 200 species of aphids. As indicated by their wide host range, worldwide distribution, and diversity of their vectors, potyviruses have an outstanding capacity to adapt to new hosts and environments. However, factors that confer adaptability are poorly understood. Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases introduce nucleotide substitutions that generate genetic diversity. We hypothesized that selection imposed by …
Macrophage-Associated Wound Healing Contributes To African Green Monkey Siv Pathogenesis Control,
2019
University of Washington & Uppsala University
Macrophage-Associated Wound Healing Contributes To African Green Monkey Siv Pathogenesis Control, Fredrik Barrenas, Kevin Raehtz, Cuiling Xu, Lynn Law, Richard R. Green, Guido Silvestri, Steven E. Bosinger, Andrew Nishida, Qingsheng Li, Wuxun Lu, Jianshui Zhang, Matthew J. Thomas, Jean Chang, Elise Smith, Jeffrey M. Weiss, Reem A. Dawoud, George H. Richter, Anita Trichel, Dongzhu Ma, Xinxia Peng, Jan Komorowski, Cristian Apetrei, Ivona Pandrea, Michael Gale Jr.
Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications
Natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) avoid AIDS despite lifelong infection. Here, we examined how this outcome is achieved by comparing a natural SIV host, African green monkey (AGM) to an AIDS susceptible species, rhesus macaque (RM). To asses gene expression profiles from acutely SIV infected AGMs and RMs, we developed a systems biology approach termed Conserved Gene Signature Analysis (CGSA), which compared RNA sequencing data from rectal AGM and RM tissues to various other species. We found that AGMs rapidly activate, and then maintain, evolutionarily conserved regenerative wound healing mechanisms in mucosal tissue. The wound healing protein fibronectin …
Incorporating B Cell Activating Factor (Baff) Into The Membrane Of Rabies Virus (Rabv) Particles Improves The Speed And Magnitude Of Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses.,
2019
Thomas Jefferson University
Incorporating B Cell Activating Factor (Baff) Into The Membrane Of Rabies Virus (Rabv) Particles Improves The Speed And Magnitude Of Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses., Joseph R Plummer, James P Mcgettigan
Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty Papers
B cell activating factor (BAFF) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines that links innate with adaptive immunity. BAFF signals through receptors on B cells, making it an attractive molecule to potentiate vaccine-induced B cell responses. We hypothesized that a rabies virus (RABV)-based vaccine displaying both antigen and BAFF on the surface of the same virus particle would target antigen-specific B cells for activation and improve RABV-specific antibody responses. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a recombinant RABV-based vector expressing virus membrane-anchored murine BAFF (RABV-ED51-mBAFF). BAFF was incorporated into the RABV particle and determined to …
Targeting Parp-1 With Metronomic Therapy As A New Approach To Modulate Mdsc Function And Enhance Anti-Pd1 Immunotherapy In Colon Cancer,
2019
LSU Health Sciences Center - New Orleans
Targeting Parp-1 With Metronomic Therapy As A New Approach To Modulate Mdsc Function And Enhance Anti-Pd1 Immunotherapy In Colon Cancer, Salome Valentina Ibba, Mohamed Ghonim, Abdelmetalab Tarhuni, Matthew Dean, Hamid Boulares, Augusto Ochoa, Youssef Errami, Ali Elbahraway, Ilyes Benslimane, Dorota Wyczechowska, Luis Del Valle, Amir Al-Khami, Hanh Luu
School of Medicine Faculty Publications
34th Annual Meeting and Pre-Conference Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer - Part 1, November 6 - 10, 2019, National Harbor, MD
Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs,
2019
Ohio Northern University
Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs, Kevin Stack, Eric Stack, Stelios Theophanous, Anne Gentry, Jason M. Pogue
Pharmacy and Wellness Review
Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in the United States as concerns continue to mount regarding antimicrobial resistance and the lack of new, novel antibiotics being introduced. There are a multitude of factors that have contributed to the escalation in antimicrobial resistance, with some of the more common concerns being overly broad antimicrobial coverage and prolonged antimicrobial treatment amongst others. While antimicrobial resistance is a problem of international proportion, each health care institution remains responsible for assessing its own protocols pertinent to antimicrobial usage. ASPs have had unparalleled success in achieving their goals due to the collaboration of …
Nlrp6 In Gram-Positive Pneumonia And Sepsis,
2019
Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
Nlrp6 In Gram-Positive Pneumonia And Sepsis, Laxman Ghimire
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Acute lower respiratory infections (pneumonia) and pneumonia-derived sepsis are among the leading causes of death in the world causing 7.8 million deaths annually. In this regard, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is endemic in the US and implicated for causing high mortality-associated necrotizing pneumonia and aggravating viral pneumonia with superinfection. Additionally, sepsis is the 7th leading cause of death among newborns in the US and is responsible for more than 750,000 hospitalization cases every year. Although there is a plethora of research in both pneumonia and sepsis, the detailed pathophysiology still remains elusive. Understanding the host defense mechanism will help …
