Medical Biochemistry Commons^™

Development Of A Microfluidic Device Coupled To Microdialysis Sampling For The Pre-Concentration Of Cytokines, Randy Francisco Espinal Cabrera

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

A proof-of-concept microfluidic device combined with heparin-immobilized magnetic beads was created to concentrate cytokine proteins collected from microdialysis samples. Cytokines are known to be related to several diseases such as cancer, and Parkinson's diseases, so to be able to develop more effective diseases treatments their interactions have to be well understood. Amine-functionalized polystyrene and carboxyl-functionalized magnetic microspheres of ~6.0 ìm in diameter were used to immobilize heparin. The amount of heparin immobilized on polystyrene beads was 5.82 x 10-8 ± 0.36 x 10-8 M per 1.0 x 106 beads and for magnetic beads was 0.64 x 10-8 ± 0.01 x …

Nicotine, Ifn-Γ And Retinoic Acid Mediated Induction Of Muc4 In Pancreatic Cancer Requires E2f1 And Stat-1 Transcription Factors And Utilize Different Signaling Cascades., Sateesh Kunigal, Moorthy P. Ponnusamy, Navneet Momi, Surinder K. Batra, Srikumar P. Chellappan

Journal Articles: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

BACKGROUND: The membrane-bound mucins are thought to play an important biological role in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, in cell signaling and in modulating biological properties of cancer cell. MUC4, a transmembrane mucin is overexpressed in pancreatic tumors, while remaining undetectable in the normal pancreas, thus indicating a potential role in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of MUC4 gene are not yet fully understood. Smoking is strongly correlated with pancreatic cancer and in the present study; we elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which nicotine as well as agents like retinoic acid (RA) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) induce …

Retinoids Regulate The Formation And Degradation Of Gap Junctions In Androgen-Responsive Human Prostate Cancer Cells., Linda Kelsey, Parul Katoch, Kristen E. Johnson, Surinder K. Batra, Parmender P. Mehta

Journal Articles: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The retinoids, the natural or synthetic derivatives of Vitamin A (retinol), are essential for the normal development of prostate and have been shown to modulate prostate cancer progression in vivo as well as to modulate growth of several prostate cancer cell lines. 9-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans-retinoic acid are the two most important metabolites of retinol. Gap junctions, formed of proteins called connexins, are ensembles of intercellular channels that permit the exchange of small growth regulatory molecules between adjoining cells. Gap junctional communication is instrumental in the control of cell growth. We examined the effect of 9-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans retinoic …

Protein Synthesis Factors (Rf1, Rf2, Rf3, Rrf, And Tmrna) And Peptidyl-Trna Hydrolase Rescue Stalled Ribosomes At Sense Codons., Serafín Vivanco-Domínguez, José Bueno-Martínez, Gloria León-Avila, Nobuhiro Iwakura, Akira Kaji, Hideko Kaji, Gabriel Guarneros

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

During translation, ribosomes stall on mRNA when the aminoacyl-tRNA to be read is not readily available. The stalled ribosomes are deleterious to the cell and should be rescued to maintain its viability. To investigate the contribution of some of the cellular translation factors on ribosome rescuing, we provoked stalling at AGA codons in mutants that affected the factors and then analyzed the accumulation of oligopeptidyl (peptides of up to 6 amino acid residues, oligopep-)-tRNA or polypeptidyl (peptides of more than 300 amino acids in length, polypep-)-tRNA associated with ribosomes. Stalling was achieved by starvation for aminoacyl-tRNA(Arg4) upon induced expression of …

Mussel Inspired Protein-Mediated Surface Modification To Electrospun Fibers And Their Potential Biomedical Applications, Jingwei Xie, Praveesuda Lorwattanapongsa Michael, Shaoping Zhong, Bing Ma, Matthew R. Macewan, Chwee Teck Lim

MIIR Faculty Research

Mussel inspired proteins have been demonstrated to serve as a versatile biologic adhesive with numerous applications. The present study illustrates the use of such Mussel inspired proteins (polydopamine) in the fabrication of functionalized bio-inspired nanomaterials capable of both improving cell response and sustained delivery of model probes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the ability of dopamine to polymerize on the surface of plasma-treated, electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) fiber mats to form polydopamine coating. Transmission electron microscopy images demonstrated that self-polymerization of dopamine was induced by pH shift and that the thickness of polydopamine coating was readily modulated by adjusting the concentration …

Targeting Apoptosis For Optical Imaging Of Infection, Mathew L Thakur, Kaijun Zhang, Bishnuhari Paudyal, Devadhas Devakumar, Maria Y Covarrubias, Changpo Cheng, Brian D Gray, Eric Wickstrom, Koon Y Pak

Department of Radiology Faculty Papers

PURPOSE: Infection is ubiquitous and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The most reliable method for localizing infection requires radiolabeling autologous white blood cells ex vivo. A compound that can be injected directly into a patient and can selectively image infectious foci will eliminate the drawbacks. The resolution of infection is associated with neutrophil apoptosis and necrosis presenting phosphatidylserine (PS) on the neutrophil outer leaflet. Targeting PS with intravenous administration of a PS-specific, near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore will permit localization of infectious foci by optical imaging.

METHODS: Bacterial infection and sterile inflammation were induced in separate groups (n = 5) …

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Properties And Phenolics Of Different Solvent Extracts From Bark, Leaves And Seeds Of Pongamia Pinnata (L.) Pierre, Zahid Iqbal Sajid, Farooq Anwar, Ghulam Shabir, Ghulam Rasul, Khalid M. Alkharfy, Anwarul Hassan Gilani

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

This study appraises the antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes of various solvent extracts (absolute methanol, aqueous methanol, absolute ethanol, aqueous ethanol, absolute acetone, aqueous acetone, and deionized water) from bark, leaves and seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Maximum extraction yield of antioxidant components from bark (16.31%), leaves (11.42%) and seeds (21.51%) of P. pinnata was obtained using aqueous methanol (20:80). Of the extracts tested, the bark extract, obtained with aqueous methanol, exhibited greater levels of total phenolics [6.94 g GAE/100 g dry weight (DW)], total flavonoids (3.44 g CE/100 g DW), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (69.23%) and DPPH radical …

Structural Insights Into Initial And Intermediate Steps Of The Ribosome-Recycling Process, Takeshi Yokoyama, Tanvir R. Shaikh, Nobuhiro Iwakura, Hideko Kaji, Akira Kaji, Rajendra K. Agrawal

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

The ribosome recycling factor (RRF) and elongation factor G (EF-G) disassemble the 70S post-termination complex (PoTC) into mRNA, tRNA, and two ribosomal subunits. We have determined cryo-EM structures of the PoTC•RRF complex, with and without EF-G. We find that domain II of RRF initially interacts with universally conserved residues of the 23S rRNA helices 43 and 95, and protein L11 within the 50S ribosomal subunit. Upon EF-G binding, both RRF and tRNA are driven toward the tRNA-exit (E) site, with a large rotational movement of domain II of RRF toward the 30S ribosomal subunit. During this intermediate step of the …

The Impact Of Nucleoside Sugar Modification On Biochemical Dna Transactions, Adides Williams

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Discrimination by DNA polymerases controls the fidelity of DNA replication, and reduced fidelity results in mutations essential in the etiology of cancer. Polymerase discrimination operates at both dNTP insertion and subsequent elongation steps, and involves several energetic and structural factors that are as yet incompletely understood. While base pairing interactions have been studied extensively, substantially less is known about the role of sugar structure and conformation for polymerase incorporation and extension. In these studies we examined, systematically, the role of sugar structure and conformation on polymerase selection of the dNTP for insertion and polymerase elongation. To accomplish these goals, we …

Pathobiological Implications Of The Expression Of Egfr, Pakt, Nf-Κb And Mic-1 In Prostate Cancer Stem Cells And Their Progenies., Murielle Mimeault, Sonny L. Johansson, Surinder K. Batra

Journal Articles: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The progression of prostate cancers (PCs) to locally invasive, androgen-independent and metastatic disease states is generally associated with treatment resistance and disease relapse. The present study was undertaken to establish the possibility of using a combination of specific oncogenic products, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), pAkt, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for optimizing the management of patients with localized PC at earlier disease stages. The immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence data have revealed that the expression levels of EGFR, Ser(473)-pAkt, NF-κB p65 and MIC-1 proteins were significantly enhanced in the same subset of …

Regulation Of A Duplicated Locus: Drosophila Sloppy Paired Is Replete With Functionally Overlapping Enhancers., Miki Fujioka, James B Jaynes

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

In order to investigate regulation and redundancy within the sloppy paired (slp) locus, we analyzed 30 kilobases of DNA encompassing the tandem, coordinately regulated slp1 and slp2 transcription units. We found a remarkable array of stripe enhancers with overlapping activities surrounding the slp1 transcription unit, and, unexpectedly, glial cell enhancers surrounding slp2. The slp stripe regulatory region generates 7 stripes at blastoderm, and later 14 stripes that persist throughout embryogenesis. Phylogenetic analysis among drosophilids suggests that the multiplicity of stripe enhancers did not evolve through recent duplication. Most of the direct integration among cis-regulatory modules appears to be simply additive, …

Mir-25 Targets Tnf-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (Trail) Death Receptor-4 And Promotes Apoptosis Resistance In Cholangiocarcinoma., Nataliya Razumilava, Steve F. Bronk, Rory L. Smoot, Christian D. Fingas, Nathan W. Werneburg, Lewis R. Roberts, Justin L. Mott

Journal Articles: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

It has been established that microRNA expression and function contribute to phenotypic features of malignant cells, including resistance to apoptosis. Although targets and functional roles for a number of microRNAs have been described in cholangiocarcinoma, many additional microRNAs dysregulated in this tumor have not been assigned functional roles. In this study, we identify elevated miR-25 expression in malignant cholangiocarcinoma cell lines as well as patient samples. In cultured cells, treatment with the Smoothened inhibitor, cyclopamine, reduced miR-25 expression, suggesting Hedgehog signaling stimulates miR-25 production. Functionally, miR-25 was shown to protect cells against TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Correspondingly, antagonism of …

Synthetic Peptides Derived From The Sequence Of A Lasso Peptide Microcin J25 Show Antibacterial Activity, Rania Soudy, Liru Wang, Kamaljit Kaur

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Microcin J25 (MccJ25) is a plasmid-encoded, ribosomally synthesized antibacterial peptide with a unique lasso structure. The lasso structure, produced with the aid of two processing enzymes, provides exceptional stability to MccJ25. We report the synthesis of six peptides (1–6), derived from the MccJ25 sequence, that are designed to form folded conformation by disulfide bond formation and electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions. Two peptides (1 and 6) display good activity against Salmonella newport, and are the first synthetic derivatives of MccJ25 that are bactericidal. Peptide 1 displays potent activity against several Salmonella strains including two …

Evaluation Of The Role Of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation And Apoptosis In The Pulmonary And The Hepatic Toxicity Induced By Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Following Intratracheal Instillation In Male Sprague-Dawley Rats, Siva Krishna Nalabotu

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The field of nanotechnology is rapidly progressing with potential applications in the automobile, healthcare, electronics, cosmetics, textiles, information technology, and environmental sectors. Nanomaterials are engineered structures with at least one dimension of 100 nanometers or less. With increased applications of nanotechnology, there are increased chances of exposure to manufactured nanomaterials. Recent reports on the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials have given scientific and regulatory agencies concerns over the safety of nanomaterials. Specifically, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has identified fourteen high priority nanomaterials for study. Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles are one among the high priority group. Recent data …

The Use Of Cerium Oxide And Curcumin Nanoparticles As Therapeutic Agents For The Treatment Of Ventricular Hypertrophy Following Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Madhukar Babu Kolli

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and fatal disease characterized by inflammation, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular failure and premature death. Monocrotaline (MCT) has been used to induce PAH in laboratory rats. Previous in vitro and in vivo work suggested that cerium oxide (CeO2)-and curcumin nanoparticles exhibit anti-inflammatory activity; however, it is unknown if these materials are effective for the treatment of PAH induced cardiac hypertrophy. To determine the efficacy of CeO2 nanoparticle treatment in preventing MCT-induced RV hypertrophy, male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into one of three groups (control, MCT, or MCT + CeO2 nanoparticle, n=6/group). …

Nuclear Receptor Expression And Characterization Of The Major Retinoic Acid Target Gene In Melanoma, Linda L. Eastham

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Malignant melanoma is the primary cause of death from all diseases arising from the skin and it is one of the most resistant tumors to standard treatment options. The increasing incidence of melanoma and its poor prognosis makes the understanding of melanoma cell biology very important. Melanoma progression is a complex, multi-step process, and the molecular events leading to melanoma tumor cell proliferation and invasion still need further examination. This study is focused on measuring the expression and activity of two specific genes and their protein counterparts that are altered during melanoma progression. It also examines the mechanism through which …

The Role Of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor At The Blood-Brain Barrier In Diabetes, Aileen J. Marcelo

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Diabetes is a risk factor for stroke and vascular dementia. Clinical studies using gadolinium-magnetic resonance imaging techniques have shown diabetic patients exhibit a permeability increase at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (Starr et al, 2003). The BBB, a vascular interface at the level of brain microvascular vessels, functions to provide nutrients and oxygen from the peripheral circulation, mediates waste efflux from the brain, and protects the brain from toxins. These functions are due to the presence of tight junction proteins. Animal studies have shown increased BBB permeability is due to a decrease in these proteins (Hawkins et al, 2007). Based on …

Apo A1 Mimetic Rescues The Diabetic Phenotype Of Ho-2 Knockout Mice Via An Increase In Ho-1 Adiponectin And Lkbi Signaling Pathway, Jian Cao, Nitin Puri, Komal Sodhi, Lars Bellner, Nader G. Abraham, Attallah Kappas

Biochemistry and Microbiology

Insulin resistance, with adipose tissue dysfunction, is one of the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome. We have reported a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype in heme oxygenase (HO)-2 knockout mice, which presented with concurrent HO-1 deficiency and were amenable to rescue by an EET analog. Apo A-I mimetic peptides, such as L-4F, have been shown to induce HO-1 expression and decrease oxidative stress and adiposity. In this study we aimed to characterize alleviatory effects of HO-1 induction (if any) on metabolic imbalance observed in HO-2 KO mice. In this regard, HO-2^(−/−) mice were injected with 2 mg/kg/day L-4F, or vehicle, i.p., for …

Consumption Of High Ω-3 Fatty Acid Diet Suppressed Prostate Tumorigenesis In C3(1) Tag Mice, Juliana A. Akinsete, Gabriela Ion, Theodore R. Witte, W. Elaine Hardman

Biochemistry and Microbiology

Prostate cancer incidence and mortality are high in the Western world and high ω-6/ω-3 PUFA in the Western diet may be a contributing factor. We investigated whether changing from a diet that approximates ω-6 fat content of the Western diet to a high ω-3 fat diet at adulthood might reduce prostate cancer risk. Female SV 129 mice that had consumed a high ω-6 diet containing corn oil for 2 weeks were bred with homozygous C3(1)Tag transgenic male mice. All male offspring were weaned to the corn oil diet (CO) until postpuberty when half of the male offspring were transferred to …

Identification Of Sumoylated Proteins And Investigation Of Protein Ubiquitination In The Nf-Κb Pathway, Xiaoyan Liu

Theses and Dissertations--Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry

SUMOylation and ubiquitination are important post-translational modifications. While ubiquitination is well known for targeting proteins for degradation, SUMOylation often regulates the intracellular localization of substrates. In the first project of this dissertation, we developed proteomic strategies to identify novel SUMOylated proteins in mammalian cells. In the second project, we investigated the regulation of protein ubiquitination in the NF-κB signaling pathway in the context of Paget’s disease of bone (PDB).

Identification of SUMOylated proteins has been a challenge because of low abundance of SUMOylation substrates. Here, we utilized a mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic approach to identify novel SUMOylated proteins in mammalian …