Medical Biochemistry Commons^™

การเสริมผลิตภัณฑ์จากพืชเพื่อชะลอความเสื่อมของไตจากโรคเบาหวานในหนู, วิรินทร์ บวรสมสฤษดิ์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

โรคเบาหวาน (Diabetes mellitus, DM) เป็นภาวะผิดปกติที่ร่างกายมีระดับน้ำตาลในเลือดสูงกว่าปกติ จนนำไปสู่อาการแทรกซ้อนต่าง ๆ อาทิ โรคไตวายเรื้อรังระยะสุดท้าย และโรคไขมันพอกตับที่ไม่ได้เกิดจากแอลกอฮอล์ (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) เพื่อควบคุมระดับน้ำตาลในเลือด ผู้ป่วยโรคเบาหวานจะได้รับการแนะนำให้บริโภคอาหารในแต่ละมื้อลดลง และเพิ่มมื้ออาหารว่างเป็นอาหารที่มีค่าดัชนีอาหารต่ำ เป็นที่ทราบกันดีว่าพืชในตระกูลถั่วและงามีประโยชน์ต่อสุขภาพหลายประการ การศึกษาในพืชตระกูลถั่วพบว่าสามารถป้องกันภาวะไขมันในเลือดสูงรวมถึงบรรเทาภาวะโรคเบาหวานได้ และยังมีการศึกษาที่พบว่างา (Sesame) ช่วยลดคอเลสเตอรอล (Cholesterol) ในเลือด นอกจากนี้ถั่วเขียวทอดและงาคั่วเป็นหนึ่งในอาหารกินเล่นที่นิยมของคนไทย สมควรที่จะส่งเสริมผู้ป่วยโรคเบาหวานบริโภคถั่วเขียวทอดหรืองาคั่วเป็นอาหารว่าง หากแต่ในปัจจุบันยังไม่มีหลักฐานเพียงพอที่จะทำให้เชื่อมั่นได้ว่า ถั่วเขียวทอดและงาคั่ว สามารถลดความเสี่ยงในการเกิดภาวะแทรกซ้อนของโรคเบาหวานได้จริงหรือไม่ ในงานวิจัยครั้งนี้จึงมีจุดประสงค์ที่จะศึกษาผลของการบริโภคถั่วเขียวทอดและงาดำคั่วต่อการดำเนินโรคเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 ในหนูทดลอง โดยการแบ่งหนูทดลองออกเป็น 4 กลุ่ม คือ หนูปกติกลุ่มควบคุม (Normal control group; NC) หนูเบาหวานกลุ่มควบคุม (Diabetes mellitus control group; DMC) หนูเบาหวานที่บริโภคถั่วเขียวทอด (Fried mung bean group; FMB) และหนูเบาหวานที่บริโภคงาดำคั่ว (Roasted black sesame group; RBS) หนูทดลองนอกเหนือจากกลุ่มปกติควบคุมจะถูกกระตุ้นให้เป็นเบาหวาน และบริโภคอาหารไขมันสูง พบว่าในสัปดาห์ที่ 12 ของการทดลอง ระดับน้ำตาล HbA1C ระดับไขมันและคริอะตินินในเลือดในหนูทดลองแต่ละกลุ่มไม่มีความแตกต่างกัน แต่เมื่อทำการศึกษาพยาธิสภาพของไตและตับด้วยกล้องจุลทรรศน์แบบแสง และกล้องจุลทรรศน์อิเล็กตรอนแบบส่องผ่าน พบว่าหนูเบาหวานกลุ่มควบคุมมีปริมาณไขมันสะสมในตับสูง และมีความหนาของเยื่อฐานโกลเมอรูลัส (Glomerular basement membrane) และความกว้างของขาเซลล์โพโดไซต์ (podocyte foot process) มากกว่าหนูปกติกลุ่มควบคุมอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ ซึ่งเป็นภาวะแทรกซ้อนระยะแรกของตับและไตในโรคเบาหวาน และพบว่าหนูที่ได้รับถั่วเขียวทอดและงาดำคั่ว ไม่พบความผิดปกติทางพยาธิสภาพของตับและไตดังกล่าว จากผลการทดลองทั้งหมดในการวิจัยครั้งนี้อาจกล่าวได้ว่าการบริโภคถั่วเขียวทอดหรืองาดำคั่วสามารถบรรเทาพยาธิสภาพของไตและตับที่เกิดจากโรคเบาหวานในหนูทดลองที่เป็นเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 ได้

Codon-Specific Translation By M1g37 Methylation Of Trna, Ya-Ming Hou, Isao Masuda, Howard Gamper

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

Although the genetic code is degenerate, synonymous codons for the same amino acid are not translated equally. Codon-specific translation is important for controlling gene expression and determining the proteome of a cell. At the molecular level, codon-specific translation is regulated by post-transcriptional epigenetic modifications of tRNA primarily at the wobble position 34 and at position 37 on the 3′-side of the anticodon. Modifications at these positions determine the quality of codon-anticodon pairing and the speed of translation on the ribosome. Different modifications operate in distinct mechanisms of codon-specific translation, generating a diversity of regulation that is previously unanticipated. Here we …

Domain Rearrangement And Denaturation In Ebola Virus Protein Vp40, Rudramani Pokhrel, Pornthep Sompornpisut, Prem Chapagain, Brian Olson, Bernard Gertsman, Ras B. Pandey

Faculty Publications

The VP40 protein plays a critical role in coordinating the virion assembly, budding, and replication of the Ebola virus. Efforts have been made in recent years to understand various aspects of VP40 structure, dynamics, and function such as assembly of the protein and its roles in virus replication and penetration of the protein into the plasma membrane. A major conformational transformation is necessary for VP40 to form some of its oligomeric structures and to perform various functions. This conformational change from a compact structure with the N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) closely associated involves a dissociation or springing-out …

High Affinity Binding Of H3k14ac Through Collaboration Of Bromodomains 2, 4 And 5 Is Critical For The Molecular And Tumor Suppressor Functions Of Pbrm1., Lili Liao, Nilda L. Alicea-Velázquez, Lauren Langbein, Xiaohua Niu, Weijia Cai, Eun-Ah Cho, Meiling Zhang, Celeste B. Greer, Qin Yan, Michael S. Cosgrove, Haifeng Yang

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

Polybromo-1 (PBRM1) is an important tumor suppressor in kidney cancer. It contains six tandem bromodomains (BDs), which are specialized structures that recognize acetyl-lysine residues. While BD2 has been found to bind acetylated histone H3 lysine 14 (H3K14ac), it is not known whether other BDs collaborate with BD2 to generate strong binding to H3K14ac, and the importance of H3K14ac recognition for the molecular and tumor suppressor function of PBRM1 is also unknown. We discovered that full-length PBRM1, but not its individual BDs, strongly binds H3K14ac. BDs 2, 4, and 5 were found to collaborate to facilitate strong binding to H3K14ac. Quantitative …

In Vitro Growth Of Human Ovarian Follicles For Fertility Preservation, Diego Marin, Min Yang, Tianren Wang

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

Young female cancer survival rates significantly increased due to the great progress of cancer therapy. In fact, cryostorage and transplantation of ovarian tissue have already resulted in the birth of healthy babies. Follicle in vitro growth (IVG) has the great potential of restoring fertility by achieving functional oocytes from the most immature stages to maturation. This is suitable for a wide range of patients, from pubertal to perimenopause women. Notable achievements have been achieved in human follicle IVG in the past decade. Mature oocytes have been successfully collected from long-term sequential follicle IVG. However, it is still a major challenge …

Trypanosoma Brucei Prmt1 Is A Nucleic Acid Binding Protein With A Role In Energy Metabolism And The Starvation Stress Response., Lucie Kafková, Chengjian Tu, Kyle L. Pazzo, Kyle P. Smith, Erik W. Debler, Kimberly S. Paul, Jun Qu, Laurie K. Read

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

In Trypanosoma brucei and related kinetoplastid parasites, transcription of protein coding genes is largely unregulated. Rather, mRNA binding proteins, which impact processes such as transcript stability and translation efficiency, are the predominant regulators of gene expression. Arginine methylation is a posttranslational modification that preferentially targets RNA binding proteins and is, therefore, likely to have a substantial impact on T. brucei biology. The data presented here demonstrate that cells depleted of T. brucei PRMT1 (TbPRMT1), a major type I protein arginine methyltransferase, exhibit decreased virulence in an animal model. To understand the basis of this phenotype, quantitative global proteomics was employed …

Highly Efficient 5' Capping Of Mitochondrial Rna With Nad+ And Nadh By Yeast And Human Mitochondrial Rna Polymerase, Jeremy G Bird, Urmimala Basu, David Kuster, Aparna Ramachandran, Ewa Grudzien-Nogalska, Atif Towheed, Douglas C. Wallace, Megerditch Kiledjian, Dmitry Temiakov, Smita S. Patel, Richard H. Ebright, Bryce E. Nickels

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

Bacterial and eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases (RNAPs) cap RNA with the oxidized and reduced forms of the metabolic effector nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+ and NADH, using NAD+ and NADH as non-canonical initiating nucleotides for transcription initiation. Here, we show that mitochondrial RNAPs (mtRNAPs) cap RNA with NAD+ and NADH, and do so more efficiently than nuclear RNAPs. Direct quantitation of NAD+- and NADH-capped RNA demonstrates remarkably high levels of capping in vivo: up to ~60% NAD+ and NADH capping of yeast mitochondrial transcripts, and up to ~15% NAD+ capping of human mitochondrial transcripts. The capping efficiency is determined by promoter …

The Role Of Exosomal Transport Of Viral Agents In Persistent Hiv Pathogenesis, Benjamin J. Patters

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, despite great advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), remains a lifelong affliction. Though current treatment regimens can effectively suppress viral load to undetectable levels and preserve healthy immune function, they cannot fully alleviate all symptoms caused by the presence of the virus, such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Exosomes are small vesicles that transport cellular proteins, RNA, and small molecules between cells as a mechanism of intercellular communication. Recent research has shown that HIV proteins and RNA can be packaged into exosomes and transported between cells, to pathogenic effect. This review summarizes the current knowledge on …

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (Egfr) Inhibition By Polychlorinated Biphenyls Contributes To Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Nafld)., Josiah Hardesty

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation describes how poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exacerbate the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). While PCBs were banned in 1979, they still persist in contaminated biota, including food, and are detected in human plasma and adipose. The body burden of PCBs is associated with elevation of liver enzymes and necrosis markers in humans, characteristic of NAFLD. PCB exposure in high-fat diet fed mice leads to steatohepatitis that recapitulate the findings seen in exposed humans. The global estimate of people diagnosed with NAFLD is up to 1 in 4 people, unrelated to dietary or genetic factors. The hepatic mechanisms …

Trna 3'-Amino-Tailing For Stable Amino Acid Attachment., Howard Gamper, Ya-Ming Hou

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

Amino acids are attached to the tRNA 3'-end as a prerequisite for entering the ribosome for protein synthesis. Amino acid attachment also gives tRNA access to nonribosomal cellular activities. However, the normal attachment is via an ester linkage between the carboxylic group of the amino acid and the 3'-hydroxyl of the terminal A76 ribose in tRNA. The instability of this ester linkage has severely hampered studies of aminoacyl-tRNAs. Although the use of 3'-amino-3'-deoxy A76 in a 3'-amino-tailed tRNA provides stable aminoacyl attachment via an amide linkage, there are multiple tailing protocols and the efficiency of each relative to the others …

Dna Methylation-Based Age Prediction And Telomere Length In White Blood Cells And Cumulus Cells Of Infertile Women With Normal Or Poor Response To Ovarian Stimulation., Scott J. Morin, Xin Tao, Diego Marin, Yiping Zhan, Jessica Landis, Jenna Bedard, Richard T. Scott, Emre Seli

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

An algorithm assessing the methylation levels of 353 informative CpG sites in the human genome permits accurate prediction of the chronologic age of a subject. Interestingly, when there is discrepancy between the predicted age and chronologic age (age acceleration or "AgeAccel"), patients are at risk for morbidity and mortality. Identification of infertile patients at risk for accelerated reproductive senescence may permit preventative action. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of the "epigenetic clock" concept in reproductive age women undergoing fertility treatment by applying the age prediction algorithm in peripheral (white blood cells [WBCs]) and follicular somatic cells (cumulus cells …

Efficacy And Renal Outcomes Of Sglt2 Inhibitors In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes And Chronic Kidney Disease, Michael S. Kelly, Jelena Lewis, Ashley M. Huntsberry, Lauren Dea, Ivan Portillo

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Objective: To review glucose-lowering efficacy and changes in renal function associated with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Data sources: A literature search of MEDLINE and Cochrane databases was performed from 2000 to August 2018 using search terms: SGLT2 inhibitors, sodium glucose co-transporter 2, canagliflozin, empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ertugliflozin, and chronic kidney disease. References of identified articles were also reviewed.

Study selection and data extraction: English-language studies investigating glucose-lowering endpoints and/or changes in renal function with one of four U.S. approved SGLT2 inhibitors were included. A …

Redox Regulation Of Type-I Inositol Trisphosphate Receptors In Intact Mammalian Cells., Suresh K. Joseph, Michael P. Young, Kamil Alzayady, David I. Yule, Mehboob Ali, David M. Booth, György Hajnóczky

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

A sensitization of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mediated Ca2+ release is associated with oxidative stress in multiple cell types. These effects are thought to be mediated by alterations in the redox state of critical thiols in the IP3R, but this has not been directly demonstrated in intact cells. Here, we utilized a combination of gel-shift assays with MPEG-maleimides and LC-MS/MS to monitor the redox state of recombinant IP3R1 expressed in HEK293 cells. We found that under basal conditions, ∼5 of the 60 cysteines are oxidized in IP3R1. Cell treatment with 50 μm thimerosal altered gel shifts, indicating oxidation of ∼20 cysteines. …

Kinetics Of Dextromethorphan-O-Demethylase Activity And Distribution Of Cyp2d In Four Commonly-Used Subcellular Fractions Of Rat Brain, Barent N. Dubois, Farideh Amirrad, Reza Mehvar

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

The purpose of this study was to compare the enzymatic kinetics and distribution of cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) among different rat brain subcellular fractions.

Rat brains were used to prepare total membrane, crude mitochondrial, purified mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions, in addition to total homogenate. Michaelis–Menten kinetics of the brain CYP2D activity was estimated based on the conversion of dextromethorphan (DXM) to dextrorphan using UPLC-MS/MS. Protein levels of CYP2D and subcellular markers were determined by Western blot.

Microsomal CYP2D exhibited high affinity and low capacity, compared with the mitochondrial CYP2D that had a much lower (∼50-fold) affinity but a higher (∼six-fold) …

Synthesis And Antiproliferative Activities Of Doxorubicin Thiol Conjugates And Doxorubicin-Ss-Cyclic Peptide, Shaban Darwish, Neda Sadeghiani, Shirley Fong, Saghar Mozaffari, Parinaz Hamidi, Thimanthi Withana, Sun Yang, Rakesh Kumar Tiwari, Keykavous Parang

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Myocardial toxicity and drug resistance caused by drug efflux are major limitations of doxorubicin (Dox)-based chemotherapy. Dox structure modification could be used to develop conjugates with an improved biological profile, such as antiproliferative activity and higher cellular retention. Thus, Dox thiol conjugates, Dox thiol (Dox-SH), thiol-reactive Dox-SS-pyridine (SS = disulfide), and a Dox-SS-cell-penetrating cyclic peptide, Dox-SS-[C(WR)4K], were synthesized. Dox was reacted with Traut's reagent to generate Dox-SH. The thiol group was activated by the reaction with dithiodipyridine to afford the corresponding Dox-SS-Pyridine (Dox-SS-Pyr). A cyclic cell-penetrating peptide containing a cysteine residue [C(WR)4K] was prepared using Fmoc solid-phase strategy. Dox-SS-Py was …

Vancomycin Delays Clindamycin-Induced Fatality In The Hamster Model Of Clostridioides [Clostridium] Difficile Infection, Amelia E. Fox-King, Chrisabelle Mefferd, Jacqueline R. Phan, Nancy O. Nou, Ernesto Abel-Santos, Brian P. Hedlund

LSAMP Poster Presentations

Antibiotics can leave the host gut microbiome susceptible to Clostridioides [Clostridium] difficile colonization and lethal toxin production. For instance, clindamycin-induced susceptibility to C. difficile infection (CDI) results in rapid fatality in hamster models, yet vancomycin has been shown to offer increased survival in hamsters challenged with C. difficile. We aim to develop an antibiotic treatment that will facilitate CDI susceptibility without prompt fatality in hamster models. An antibiotic regimen starting with a continuous vancomycin treatment along with a single clindamycin dosage is thought to reduce the major disruption in the indigenous gut microbiome and prevent clindamycin-induced death. …

Correcting Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency With A Small-Molecule Activator, Sunhee Hwang, Karen Mruk, Simin Rahighi, Andrew G. Raub, Che-Hong Chen, Lisa E. Dorn, Naoki Horikoshi, Soichi Wakatsuki, James K. Chen, Daria Mochly-Rosen

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, one of the most common human genetic enzymopathies, is caused by over 160 different point mutations and contributes to the severity of many acute and chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress, including hemolytic anemia and bilirubin-induced neurological damage particularly in newborns. As no medications are available to treat G6PD deficiency, here we seek to identify a small molecule that corrects it. Crystallographic study and mutagenesis analysis identify the structural and functional defect of one common mutant (Canton, R459L). Using high-throughput screening, we subsequently identify AG1, a small molecule that increases the activity of the wild-type, the …

Control Of Ccnd1 Ubiquitylation By The Catalytic Saga Subunit Usp22 Is Essential For Cell Cycle Progression Through G1 In Cancer Cells., Victoria J. Gennaro, Timothy J. Stanek, Amy R. Peck, Yunguang Sun, Feng Wang, Shuo Qie, Karen E. Knudsen, Hallgeir Rui, Tauseef Butt, J. Alan Diehl, Steven B. Mcmahon

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

Overexpression of the deubiquitylase ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22) is a marker of aggressive cancer phenotypes like metastasis, therapy resistance, and poor survival. Functionally, this overexpression of USP22 actively contributes to tumorigenesis, as USP22 depletion blocks cancer cell cycle progression in vitro, and inhibits tumor progression in animal models of lung, breast, bladder, ovarian, and liver cancer, among others. Current models suggest that USP22 mediates these biological effects via its role in epigenetic regulation as a subunit of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA) transcriptional cofactor complex. Challenging the dogma, we report here a nontranscriptional role for USP22 via a direct effect on the …

The Anti-Cancer Effect Of Retinoic Acid Signaling In Crc Occurs Via Decreased Growth Of Aldh+ Colon Cancer Stem Cells And Increased Differentiation Of Stem Cells, Shirin R. Modarai, Anindita Gupta, Lynn M. Opdenaker, Ryan Kowash, Gabriel Masters, Vignesh Viswanathan, Tao Zhang, Jeremy Z. Fields, Bruce M. Boman

Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Faculty Papers

Background: Tumorigenesis is driven by stem cell (SC) overpopulation. BecauseALDH is both a marker for SCs in many tissues and a key enzyme in retinoid acid (RA)signaling, we studied RA signaling in normal and malignant colonic SCs.Hypothesis: RA signaling regulates growth and differentiation of ALDH+ colonicSCs dysregulation of RA signaling contributes to SC overpopulation and colorectalcancer (CRC) development.Methods: We analyzed normal and malignant colonic tissues and CRC cell linesto see if retinoid receptors (RXR &RAR) are exclusively expressed in ALDH+ SCs,and if RA signaling changes during CRC development. We determined whether RAsignaling regulates cancer SC (CSC) proliferation, differentiation, sphere formation,and …

Oxcarbazepine Overdose In A Polysubstance Related Suicide, Melissa Beals, Robert J. Krumsick, C. Clinton Frazee Iii, Lindsey J. Haldiman, Uttam Garg

Posters

Introduction
Oxcarbazepine is a derivative of carbamazepine that is used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy, and experimentally as a mood-stabilizer in adjunctive therapy for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Oxcarbazepine is converted through oxidation to its pharmacologically active metabolite 10-OH-Carbazepine, which is thought to be responsible for most of the anticonvulsant action of the drug. Adverse effects of oxcarbazepine are generally dose-dependent and may include fatigue, somnolence, dizziness, diplopia, nystagmus, and ataxia. Additive sedative effects have been noted when oxcarbazepine is used in combination with other CNS depressionproducing medications. Furthermore, oxcarbazepine and 10-OH-Carbazepine are powerful CYP2C19 inhibitors, potentially increasing …