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Articles 2191 - 2220 of 2341

Full-Text Articles in Optics

Portable, High-Bandwidth Frequency-Domain Photon Migration Instrument For Tissue Spectroscopy, Steen J. Madsen, Eric R. Anderson, Richard C. Haskell, Bruce J. Tromberg Dec 1994

Portable, High-Bandwidth Frequency-Domain Photon Migration Instrument For Tissue Spectroscopy, Steen J. Madsen, Eric R. Anderson, Richard C. Haskell, Bruce J. Tromberg

All HMC Faculty Publications and Research

We describe a novel frequency-domain photon migration instrument employing direct diode laser modulation and avalanche photodiode detection, which is capable of noninvasively determinating the optical properties of biological tissues in near real time. An infinite medium diffusion model was used to extract absorption and transport scattering coefficients from 300-kHz to 800-MHz photon-density wave phase data. Optical properties measured in tissue-simulating solutions at 670 nm agreed to within 10% of those expected.

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Flow Visualization Of A Turbulent Shear Flow Using An Optical Wavefront Sensor, Daniel W. Jewell Dec 1994

Flow Visualization Of A Turbulent Shear Flow Using An Optical Wavefront Sensor, Daniel W. Jewell

Theses and Dissertations

The research reported here investigated the use of a shearing interferometer (SI) wavefront sensor to determine the effects of shear-layer turbulence on an optical wavefront. A collimated helium-neon laser beam was propagated through a plane shear-layer produced by mixing helium and nitrogen at different velocities. Since the gases have different indices of refraction, the optical wavefront was distorted by different amounts by each gas. The SI measured the wavefront slope across the sampled area of the wavefront. The shear-layer was viewed from two orthogonal directions. This document contains shadow graphs, interference patterns imaged by each of the SI's six cameras, …

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Frame Selection Performance Limits For Statistical Image Reconstruction Of Adaptive Optics Compensated Images, Stephen D. Ford Dec 1994

Frame Selection Performance Limits For Statistical Image Reconstruction Of Adaptive Optics Compensated Images, Stephen D. Ford

Theses and Dissertations

The U.S. Air Force uses adaptive optics systems to collect images of extended objects beyond the atmosphere. These systems use wavefront sensors and deformable mirrors to compensate for atmospheric turbulence induced aberrations. Adaptive optics greatly enhance image quality; however, wavefront aberrations are not completely eliminated. Therefore, post-detection processing techniques are employed to further improve the compensated images. Typically, many short exposure images are collected, recentered to compensate for tilt, and then averaged to overcome randomness in the images and improve signal-to-noise ratio. Experience shows that some short exposure images in a data set are better than others. Frame selection exploits …

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Optical-Fiber Preamplifiers For Ladar Detection And Associated Measurements For Improving The Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Michael S. Salisbury, Paul F. Mcmanamon, Bradley D. Duncan Dec 1994

Optical-Fiber Preamplifiers For Ladar Detection And Associated Measurements For Improving The Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Michael S. Salisbury, Paul F. Mcmanamon, Bradley D. Duncan

Electro-Optics and Photonics Faculty Publications

In an effort to increase achievable postdetection signal-tonoise ratios (SNRs) of continuous-wave, 1-gm all-solid-state ladar systems, a prototype rare-earth-doped optical-fiber amplifier has been included in the optical return signal path of both a heterodyne and a directdetection ladar system. We provide numerical predictions for SNR increases according to our previously developed theory. We also detail our experimental efforts and provide the results of SNR measurements for four distinct cases: direct ladar detection with and without a fiber amplifier, and heterodyne ladar detection with and without a fiber amplifier. Experimentally measured increases in SNRs for ladar systems incorporating an optical-fiber amplifier …

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Boundary Conditions For The Diffusion Equation In Radiative Transfer, Richard C. Haskell, Lars O. Svaasand, Tsong-Tseh Tsay, Ti-Chen Feng, Matthew S. Mcadams, Bruce J. Tromberg Oct 1994

Boundary Conditions For The Diffusion Equation In Radiative Transfer, Richard C. Haskell, Lars O. Svaasand, Tsong-Tseh Tsay, Ti-Chen Feng, Matthew S. Mcadams, Bruce J. Tromberg

All HMC Faculty Publications and Research

Using the method of images, we examine the three boundary conditions commonly applied to the surface of a semi-infinite turbid medium. We find that the image-charge configurations of the partial-current and extrapolated-boundary conditions have the same dipole and quadrupole moments and that the two corresponding solutions to the diffusion equation are approximately equal. In the application of diffusion theory to frequency-domain photon-migration (FDPM) data, these two approaches yield values for the scattering and absorption coefficients that are equal to within 3%. Moreover, the two boundary conditions can be combined to yield a remarkably simple, accurate, and computationally fast method for …

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Low-Frequency Line Shapes In Guided Acoustic-Wave Brillouin Scattering, Benjamin I. Greene, Peter N. Saeta Oct 1994

Low-Frequency Line Shapes In Guided Acoustic-Wave Brillouin Scattering, Benjamin I. Greene, Peter N. Saeta

All HMC Faculty Publications and Research

Guided acoustic‐wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) measurements were performed on 20‐cm lengths of optical fibers with particular attention focused on the lowest lying resonance. In 125‐μm‐diam silica fibers, this resonance was observed to occur at ~22 MHz and have a line shape which varied erratically from sample to sample. Significant line shape fluctuations were evident even between sequential samples from the same fiber spool. We speculate that the observed effects are attributable to 0.01-0.1 μm distributed geometric deviations from a perfect cylinder.

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The Optical Emission And Absorption Properties Of Silicon-Germanium Superlattice Structures Grown On Non-Conventional Silicon Substrate Orientation, Theodore L. Kreifels Aug 1994

The Optical Emission And Absorption Properties Of Silicon-Germanium Superlattice Structures Grown On Non-Conventional Silicon Substrate Orientation, Theodore L. Kreifels

Theses and Dissertations

Optical emission and absorption properties of Si1-x Gex/Si superlattices grown on (100), (110), and (111) Si substrates were investigated to determine the optimal growth conditions for these structures to be used as infrared detectors. Fully-strained Si1-x Gex/Si superlattices were grown by molecular beam epitaxy MBE and examined using low-temperature photoluminescence PL to identify no-phonon and phonon-replica interband transitions across the alloy bandgap. Phonon-resolved emission was most intense for undoped quantum wells grown at 710°C for all three silicon orientations. Room temperature absorption measurements were conducted on (100) and (110) Si1-x Gex/Si …

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Direct Relation Between Fresnel's Interface Reflection Coefficients For The Parallel And Perpendicular Polarizations: Erratum 2, R. M.A. Azzam Jul 1994

Direct Relation Between Fresnel's Interface Reflection Coefficients For The Parallel And Perpendicular Polarizations: Erratum 2, R. M.A. Azzam

Electrical Engineering Faculty Publications

The record is set straight concerning two equations that determine the reflection phase shifts at a single interface from the intensity reflectances forp- and s-polarized light at one angle of incidence. These equations appeared previously in this journal [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 69, 1007 (1979); erratum, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 261 (1980)].

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Spatio-Temporal Pattern Recognition Using Hidden Markov Models, Kenneth H. Fielding Jun 1994

Spatio-Temporal Pattern Recognition Using Hidden Markov Models, Kenneth H. Fielding

Theses and Dissertations

A new spatio-temporal method for identifying 3D objects found in 2D image sequences is presented. The Hidden Markov Model technique is used as a spatio-temporal classification algorithm to identify 3D objects by the temporal changes in observed shape features. A new information theoretic argument is developed that proves identifying objects based on image sequences can lead to higher classification accuracies than single look methods. A new distance measure is proposed that analyzes the performance of Hidden Markov Models in a multi-class pattern recognition problem. A three class problem identifying moving light display objects provides experimental verification of the sequence processing …

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A Diffraction-Based Model Of Anisoplanatism Effects In Adaptive Optic Systems, Steven E. Troxel Jun 1994

A Diffraction-Based Model Of Anisoplanatism Effects In Adaptive Optic Systems, Steven E. Troxel

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation presents a new model for computing the angle dependent performance measures of an adaptive-optics system. By incorporating diffraction caused by the index-of-refraction variations of the atmosphere, the phase and amplitude fluctuations of the propagating wave are computed. New theory is presented, that uses the diffraction-based propagation model to yield optical transfer function (OTF) expressions that are more accurate as compared to current theory that neglects diffraction. An evaluation method for calculating the OTF is presented that utilizes a layered atmospheric model and normalized OTF expressions. The diffraction model is also used to present the first OTF signal-to-noise ratio …

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The Excitation Mechanism Of Praseodymium-Doped Semiconductors, Paul L. Thee Jun 1994

The Excitation Mechanism Of Praseodymium-Doped Semiconductors, Paul L. Thee

Theses and Dissertations

This study on praseodymium Pr luminescence in AlxGa1-xAs was conducted to enhance the understanding of the excitation mechanism. Pr was implanted at 390 keV with doses from 5 x 1012 to 5 x 1013 cm2 into AlxGa1-xAs x0.0 to 0.50 wafers which were annealed using the rapid thermal annealing RTA method. Low temperature photoluminescence PL was conducted using an Ar-ion laser and Ge detector. PL emissions of Pr from all hosts include peaks near 1.3 and 1.6 µm which are assigned to the intra-4f transitions of 1G4 yielding 3H5 …

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X-Rays From Microstructured Targets Heated By Femtosecond Lasers, S. P. Gordon, Thomas D. Donnelly, A. Sullivan, H. Hamster, R. W. Falcone Apr 1994

X-Rays From Microstructured Targets Heated By Femtosecond Lasers, S. P. Gordon, Thomas D. Donnelly, A. Sullivan, H. Hamster, R. W. Falcone

All HMC Faculty Publications and Research

We have demonstrated efficient conversion of ultrashort-pulse laser energy to x rays with energies above 1 keV, using laser-produced plasmas generated on a variety of microstructured surfaces. Lithographically produced grating targets generated 0.1 mJ of kilo-electron-volt x rays, and porous gold and aluminum targets emitted 1 mJ. This represents an improvement of a factor of 100 over flat targets. The K-shell emission spectrum of porous aluminum was composed primarily of heliumlike spectral lines.

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Rank Conditioned Rank Selection Filters For Signal Restoration, Russell C. Hardie, Kenneth E. Barner Mar 1994

Rank Conditioned Rank Selection Filters For Signal Restoration, Russell C. Hardie, Kenneth E. Barner

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

A class of nonlinear filters called rank conditioned rank selection (RCRS) filters is developed and analyzed in this paper. The RCRS filters are developed within the general framework of rank selection(RS) filters, which are filters constrained to output an order statistic from the observation set. Many previously proposed rank order based filters can be formulated as RS filters. The only difference between such filters is in the information used in deciding which order statistic to output. The information used by RCRS filters is the ranks of selected input samples, hence the name rank conditioned rank selection filters. The number of …

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Feasibility Analysis For Predicting A Kinetic Kill Zone For Aircraft Homing Missile Defense, Mark E. Ennis Mar 1994

Feasibility Analysis For Predicting A Kinetic Kill Zone For Aircraft Homing Missile Defense, Mark E. Ennis

Theses and Dissertations

An extended Kalman filter is used to predict a kinetic kill zone for use in aircraft self defense versus homing missiles. The analysis is limited to an in-the-plane analysis and focuses on finding the model parameters which have the largest impact on the predicted kill zone. No attempt is made to optimize the design of the filter model itself. The analysis computes the kill zone relative to an assumed aircraft trajectory using strictly filter computed statistics. No Monte-Carlo simulations are used throughout the thesis. The filter assumed to be on the evading aircraft, uses an onboard laser radar (ladar) to …

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Optical Properties Of Human Uterus At 630 Nm, Steen J. Madsen, Bruce J. Tromberg, Yona Tadir, Pius Wyss, Lars O. Svaasand, Richard C. Haskell Jan 1994

Optical Properties Of Human Uterus At 630 Nm, Steen J. Madsen, Bruce J. Tromberg, Yona Tadir, Pius Wyss, Lars O. Svaasand, Richard C. Haskell

All HMC Faculty Publications and Research

The optical properties of normal and fibriotic human uteri were determined using frequency-domain and steady-state techniques .

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Frequency-Domain Photon Migration In Turbid Media, Bruce J. Tromberg, Steen J. Madsen, Curtis Chapman, Lars O. Svaasand, Richard C. Haskell Jan 1994

Frequency-Domain Photon Migration In Turbid Media, Bruce J. Tromberg, Steen J. Madsen, Curtis Chapman, Lars O. Svaasand, Richard C. Haskell

All HMC Faculty Publications and Research

An analytical model is presented for the propagation of diffuse photon density waves in turbid media. The frequency- and wavelength-dependence of photon density waves are measured using Frequency-domain Photon Migration (FDPM). Media optical properties, including absorption, transport, and fluorescence relaxation times are calculated from experimental results.

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A Fringe Center Detection Technique Based On A Sub-Pixel Resolution, And Its Applications Using Sinusoidal Gratings, Ming Chang, Paul P. Lin, Wen Chih Tai Jan 1994

A Fringe Center Detection Technique Based On A Sub-Pixel Resolution, And Its Applications Using Sinusoidal Gratings, Ming Chang, Paul P. Lin, Wen Chih Tai

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

A common problem in optical profilometry is the accuracy in locating fringe centers. This paper presents an accurate fringe center detection technique based on sub-pixel resolution using the fringe projection method. An optimum reconstruction filter is developed which has low sensitivity to noise. In fringe center detection, computer simulation results of using one-pixel and sub-pixel resolutions are compared. The detection technique is then applied to radius measurement of cylindrical objects and surface profile measurement of diffuse objects. The experimental results thus obtained through the proposed optimum reconstruction filter show significant improvement in measurement accuracy.

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Development Of Strength Theories For Random Fiber Composites, Victor Giurgiutiu Jan 1994

Development Of Strength Theories For Random Fiber Composites, Victor Giurgiutiu

Faculty Publications

A ressessment of existing theories for calculating the strength of random and quasi-random fiber composites is presented. Fundamental aspects regarding the physical model, macromechanics analysis, fiber distribution functions, generalized failure criterion, and progressive versus sudden failure models are covered first. Progressive ductile failure, progressive brittle failure, and sudden brittle failure are treated in detail. In each case, the original theory is briefly reviewed, and then its extensions accompanied by numerical examples are presented. Several limitations originally imposed by Hahn, such as the monotonically nonincreasing requirement on the failure strain curve, are lifted and the mathematical formulations are generalized. Some common …

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Short Terahertz Pulses From Semiconductor Surfaces: The Importance Of Bulk Difference‐Frequency Mixing, Peter N. Saeta, Benjamin I. Greene, Shun Lien Chuang Dec 1993

Short Terahertz Pulses From Semiconductor Surfaces: The Importance Of Bulk Difference‐Frequency Mixing, Peter N. Saeta, Benjamin I. Greene, Shun Lien Chuang

All HMC Faculty Publications and Research

The crystallographic orientation dependence of the far‐infrared (FIR) light generated at the (001) surface of a zincblende semiconductor is shown to derive principally from bulk difference‐frequency mixing. A strong modulation is observed for 1‐GW/cm2 pulses on InP, which demonstrates that the radiated FIR wave produced by bulk optical rectification is comparable to that generated by the transport of photoinjected carriers. Using the bulk rectification light as a clock, we show that more than 95% of the light produced from an InP (111) crystal by 100‐fs, 100‐μJ pulses is generated in a time shorter than the excitation pulse.

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A Non-Homogeneous, Spatio-Temporal, Wavelet Multiresolution Analysis And Its Application To The Analysis Of Motion, Thomas J. Burns Dec 1993

A Non-Homogeneous, Spatio-Temporal, Wavelet Multiresolution Analysis And Its Application To The Analysis Of Motion, Thomas J. Burns

Theses and Dissertations

This research presents a multiresolution wavelet analysis tool for analyzing motion in time sequential imagery. A theoretical framework is developed for constructing an L2R wavelet multiresolution analysis from three non-identical spatial and temporal L2R wavelet multiresolution analyses. This framework provides the flexibility to tailor the spatio-temporal frequency characteristics of the three dimensional wavelet filter to match the frequency behavior of the analyzed signal. An unconventional, discrete multiresolution wavelet decomposition algorithm is developed which yields a rich set of independent spatio-temporally oriented frequency channels for analyzing, the size and speed characteristics of moving objects. Unlike conventional wavelet decomposition methods, this algorithm …

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Spectroscopic And Vibrational Energy Transfer Studies In Molecular Bromine, Courtney D. Holmberg Dec 1993

Spectroscopic And Vibrational Energy Transfer Studies In Molecular Bromine, Courtney D. Holmberg

Theses and Dissertations

Vibrational transfer and electronic quenching in the lower vibrational levels (v' < 3) of the B3π(0u+) state of 79Br2 were investigated using spectrally resolved, temporally resolved laser induced fluorescence techniques. Spectrally resolved emissions from collisionally populated Br2(B) vibrational levels were observed for Br2 and rare gas collision partners. Vibrational transfer was efficient in the non-predissociative vibrational levels and was adequately described by the Montroll-Shuler model for harmonic oscillators. A single fundamental rate coefficient for vibrational transfer from v' = 1 to v' = 0, kv(1,0), characterizes vibrational relaxation. For Br2, the …

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Characterization Of An Lcd For Use As A Programmable Phase Shifter To Produce A Single-Lobed Far-Field Pattern In A Phased Array, Gregory S. Kenyon Dec 1993

Characterization Of An Lcd For Use As A Programmable Phase Shifter To Produce A Single-Lobed Far-Field Pattern In A Phased Array, Gregory S. Kenyon

Theses and Dissertations

The liquid crystal display LCD from an inexpensive pocket television was converted to a spatial light modulator SLM for the purpose of altering the phase front of a ten element diode laser array to produce a single lobe far field pattern. Characterization of the SLM determined the amount of phase shift, amplitude modulation and polarization rotation properties. Nonuniformities within the phase shifter and insufficient phase shift prevented the formation of a single lobe. However, a very limited phase grating was created and analyzed. LCDs from inexpensive commercial pocket televisions were found unsuitable for use as phase shifting spatial light modulators.

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Performance Comparison Of Shearing Interferometer And Hartmann Wave Front Sensors, Timothy L. Pennington Dec 1993

Performance Comparison Of Shearing Interferometer And Hartmann Wave Front Sensors, Timothy L. Pennington

Theses and Dissertations

The resolution of optical imaging systems is severely degraded from the diffraction limit by the random effects of the atmosphere. Techniques exist to compensate for the atmospheric turbulence, one of which is adaptive optics. A critical component in the adaptive optics system is the wavefront sensor. Presently, two types of sensors are being used-the Hartmann-Shack Wavefront Sensor and the Shearing Interferometer. Previous studies have compared these two sensors and found them to perform identically for a point source. However, to date, no comparison has been performed for an extended source and subaperture spacing larger than the correlation length of the …

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Optical Wavelet Transform For Fingerprint Identification, Robert P. Macdonald Dec 1993

Optical Wavelet Transform For Fingerprint Identification, Robert P. Macdonald

Theses and Dissertations

The Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI has recently sanctioned a wavelet fingerprint image compression algorithm developed for reducing storage requirements of digitized fingerprints. This research implements an optical wavelet transform of a fingerprint image, as the first step in an optical fingerprint identification process. Wavelet filters are created from computer generated holograms of biorthogonal wavelets, the same wavelets implemented in the FBI algorithm. Using a detour phase holographic technique, a complex binary filter mask is created with both symmetry and linear phase. The wavelet transform is implemented with continuous shift using an optical correlation between binarized fingerprints written on a …

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Predicting Nonlinear Time Series, James C. Gainey Jr. Dec 1993

Predicting Nonlinear Time Series, James C. Gainey Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

Predicting future values of a time series has many practical uses in real-time signal processing and understanding. This thesis implements an Adaptive Time Delay Neural Network ATNN capable of user-defined degeneration to the more common Time Delay Neural Network TDNN. Time delays along axons or at the synapses, which vary in biological systems, motivate this research. The ATNNTDNN test results and time series prediction capabilities are compared to those of the Real-Time Recurrent Learning RTRL algorithm. To show the advantages and disadvantages of using TDNN and ATNN for prediction versus the RTRL, the networks were applied to two problems incommensurate …

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Color Image Segmentation, Kimberley A. Mccrae Dec 1993

Color Image Segmentation, Kimberley A. Mccrae

Theses and Dissertations

The most difficult stage of automated target recognition ATR is segmentation. Current AFIT segmentation problems include faces and tactical targets previous efforts to segment these objects have used intensity and motion cues. This thesis develops a color preprocessing scheme to be used with the other segmentation techniques. A neural network is trained to identify the color of a desired object, eliminating all but that color from the scene. Gabor correlations and 2D wavelet transformations will be performed on stationary images and 3D wavelet transforms on multispectral data will incorporate color and motion detection into the machine visual system. The thesis …

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A Theoretical Investigation Of Electrically Tunable Birefringent Optical Filters As The Special Discriminator In Hyperspectral Imaging Systems, Duane A. Sauve Dec 1993

A Theoretical Investigation Of Electrically Tunable Birefringent Optical Filters As The Special Discriminator In Hyperspectral Imaging Systems, Duane A. Sauve

Theses and Dissertations

This study investigated electrically tunable birefringent optical filters for use as the spectral discriminator in hyperspectral imaging systems. Spectral discrimination requirements for hyperspectral systems were defined using specification from two state-of-the-art hyperspectral imaging systems. The spectral discrimination requirements led to the definition of the ideal tunable optical filter for spectral discrimination purposes. Analytical and computer an analysis was performed for known birefringent filters which showed promise of electrical tunability excluding acousto-optic filters. No perfect match was found to the ideal tunable optical filter for hyperspectral imaging defined in this thesis. Both Lyot and Solc based filters exhibited two drawbacks for …

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Handwritten Word Recognition Based On Fourier Coefficients, Gary F. Shartle Dec 1993

Handwritten Word Recognition Based On Fourier Coefficients, Gary F. Shartle

Theses and Dissertations

A machine which can read unconstrained words remains an unsolved problem. For example, automatic entry o handwritten documents into a computer is yet to be accomplished. Most systems attempt to segment letters o a word and read words one character at a time. Segmenting a handwritten word is very difficult and often, the confidence of the results is low. Another method which avoids segmentation altogether is to treat each word as a whole. This research investigates the use of Fourier Transform coefficients, computed from the whole word, for the recognition of handwritten words. To test this concept, the particular pattern …

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Characterization Of Nonlinear Effects In Optically Pumped Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers, Scott L. Brown Dec 1993

Characterization Of Nonlinear Effects In Optically Pumped Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers, Scott L. Brown

Theses and Dissertations

The nonlinear characteristics of optically pumped Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers VCSELs are identified, isolated, and quantified. Three different VCSELs are evaluated including two with gain regions of bulk GaAs operating at 875nm and one multi-quantum well MQW InGaAs VCSEL operating at 950nm. The nonlinearities evaluated include those due to cavity temperature, carrier injection, and internal lasing field. The VCSELs are pumped by a picosecondfemtosecond TiSapphire laser which is configured to operate in CW, gated CW minimum gate width was 200ns, picosecond, and gated picosecond modes. A linear relationship is shown between wavelength and substrate temperature, cavity temperature, and injected …

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Experimental Verification Of Tomographic Reconstruction Of Turbulent Air Flow Structure Using Optical Wavefront Measurements, Bryon L. Pedersen Dec 1993

Experimental Verification Of Tomographic Reconstruction Of Turbulent Air Flow Structure Using Optical Wavefront Measurements, Bryon L. Pedersen

Theses and Dissertations

The performance of an aircraft based optical system is degraded by aero-optic turbulence. The varying index of refraction within the turbulent field causes phase perturbation in an optical wave. In order to compensate for aero-optic turbulence effects, the nature of the turbulence must be understood. Large scale, organized structure within the turbulence has been found to contribute significantly to the overall phase perturbation caused by a turbulent field. A unique approach was devised to determine the turbulence structure using tomographic reconstruction techniques. Tomography provides an excellent means to determine the underlying structure within a turbulent field. The tomographic reconstruction produces …

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