Community Health and Preventive Medicine Commons^™

Comprehensive Review Of The Evidence Regarding The Effectiveness Of Community-Based Primary Health Care In Improving Maternal, Neonatal And Child Health: 8. Summary And Recommendations Of The Expert Panel, Robert E. Black, Carl E. Taylor, Shobha Arole, Abhay Bang, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, A Mushtaque R. Chowdhury, Betty R. Kirkwood, Nazo Kureshy, Claudio F. Lanata, James F. Phillips

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: The contributions that community-based primary health care (CBPHC) and engaging with communities as valued partners can make to the improvement of maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH) is not widely appreciated. This unfortunate reality is one of the reasons why so few priority countries failed to achieve the health-related Millennium Development Goals by 2015. This article provides a summary of a series of articles about the effectiveness of CBPHC in improving MNCH and offers recommendations from an Expert Panel for strengthening CBPHC that were formulated in 2008 and have been updated on the basis of more recent evidence.
Methods: …

Brief Report: Medication Sharing Is Rare Among African Hiv-1 Serodiscordant Couples Enrolled In An Efficacy Trial Of Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (Prep) For Hiv-1 Prevention, Kerry A. Thomson, Jessica Haberer, Mark A. Marzinke, Andrew Mujugira, Craig Hendrix, Connie Celum, Patrick Ndase, Alan Ronald, David Bangsberg, Jared Baeten

OHSU-PSU School of Public Health Faculty Publications and Presentations

Sharing of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medications is a concern for PrEP implementation. For HIV-1 serodiscordant couples, sharing may undermine the HIV-1 prevention benefit and also cause antiretroviral resistance if taken by HIV-1 infected partners. Within a PrEP efficacy trial among HIV-1 serodiscordant couples, we assessed the occurrence of PrEP sharing by self-report and plasma tenofovir concentrations in HIV-1 infected partners. PrEP sharing was self-reported at < 0.01% of visits, and 0% -1.6% of randomly selected and 0% of purposively selected specimens from HIV-1 infected participants had detectable tenofovir concentrations (median: 66.5 ng/mL, range: 1.3-292 ng/mL). PrEP sharing within HIV-1 serodiscordant couples was extremely rare.

Care Coordination For Community Transitions For Individuals Post-Stroke Returning To Low-Resource Rural Communities, Patrick H. Kitzman, Keisha Hudson, Violet Sylvia, Frances Feltner, Johnnie Lovins

Physical Therapy Faculty Publications

High rates of hospital readmissions have been shown within 12 months post-discharge from inpatient rehabilitation following stroke. Multiple studies coupled with our previous work indicate a need for care support for stroke survivors’ transitions to the community. The Kentucky Care Coordination for Community Transitions (KC³T) program was developed to provide access to medical, social, and environmental services to support community transitions for individuals with neurological conditions and their caregivers living in Kentucky. This program assessment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of using a specially trained community health worker to support community transitions. Thirty acute stroke survivors were …

Community Living Integration Club For Women In Recovery From Sex Trafficking, Toni Thompson

Occupational Therapy Program Student Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Sex trafficking is one form of human trafficking, a heinous human rights violation that transcends international borders. People who have been trafficked often present with complex neurobehavioral, psychological, emotional, physiological, sensory, and developmental difficulties. The United Nations developed the international 3 p protocol to guide governmental agencies, non-governmental groups, and individuals in developing programs and legal actions of trafficking prevention, protection, and prosecution. Protection encompasses the recovery of trafficking survivors and community integration has been identified as an essential foundation for successful recovery. Measurable components of community integration include safe housing, stable employment, and vocation-focused education. This Capstone describes the …

Community Health News, Georgia Southern University

Community Health Department News (2011-2018)

• Georgia Southern Assesses Child Body Mass Index Perceptions

Who's Hungry In San Diego, Alison M. Schurman, Kathy S. James

Doctor of Nursing Practice Final Manuscripts

Objective: Food insecurity (FI) is a lack of access to nutritious food. FI has been linked to multiple preventable diseases from behavioral disorders to asthma to obesity and its sequelae. In San Diego County, 14 percent of families are food insecure. The AAP recommends screening for FI at all well appointments using the two-question FI screening tool. The aim of this project was to implement this tool at a multi-clinic, low income population community health center where ninety-five percent of patients meet qualification for SNAP benefits.

Methods: Stakeholders chose one week to screen all patients presenting to clinic for FI …

Private Sector Role, Readiness And Performance For Malaria Case Management In Uganda, 2015., Kathryn A. O'Connell, Vamsi Vasireddy, Megan Littrell, Andria Rusk, Actwatch Group, Henry Kaula, Peter Buyungo, Jimmy Opigo

Collected Faculty and Staff Scholarship

BACKGROUND: Several interventions have been put in place to promote access to quality malaria case management services in Uganda's private sector, where most people seek treatment. This paper describes evidence using a mixed-method approach to examine the role, readiness and performance of private providers at a national level in Uganda. These data will be useful to inform strategies and policies for improving malaria case management in the private sector.

METHODS: The ACTwatch national anti-malarial outlet survey was conducted concurrently with a fever case management study. The ACTwatch nationally representative anti-malarial outlet survey was conducted in Uganda between May 18th 2015 …

Do Anti-Malarials In Africa Meet Quality Standards? The Market Penetration Of Non Quality-Assured Artemisinin Combination Therapy In Eight African Countries., Kathryn A. O'Connell, Vamsi Vasireddy, Megan Littrell, Andria Rusk, Actwatch Group, Paul N Newton, Kara Hanson, Catherine Goodman

Collected Faculty and Staff Scholarship

BACKGROUND: Quality of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is important for ensuring malaria parasite clearance and protecting the efficacy of artemisinin-based therapies. The extent to which non quality-assured ACT (non-QAACT), or those not granted global regulatory approval, are available and used to treat malaria in endemic countries is poorly documented. This paper uses national and sub-national medicine outlet surveys conducted in eight study countries (Benin, Kinshasa and Kantanga [Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC], Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia) between 2009 and 2015 to describe the non-QAACT market and to document trends in availability and distribution of non-QAACT in …

Putting Care Back Into "Health Care:" An Analysis Of The Place Of Community Health Workers Within The U.S. Health Care System, Megan Schowalter

Honors Program Theses

This paper explores who a Community Health Worker (CHW) is and contextualizes the social, political, and historical factors that allowed for the growth of CHWs within the primary health care sector in the U.S. It analyzes how CHWs perceive their own roles and responsibilities within the U.S. health system as a means of highlighting the gap within health care services and the influence of Social Determinants of Health (SDH) on well-being. The second part of this paper relates CHWs to scholarship by medical anthropologist Paul Farmer and public health scholar Alicia Yamin concerning pathologies of power and the need for …

Thinking Locally, Acting Globally: Global Health At The University Of Vermont, Kate E. Bright

University Libraries Faculty and Staff Publications

Published by the Dana Medical Library at the University of Vermont, this electronic exhibit explores the Global Health programs that have developed in affiliation with UVM departments and colleges. With input from enthusiastic physicians, nurses, professors and students, we gain an understanding of the broader Global Health mission as well as get a sense of the focus of each individual UVM program and initiative. From fighting Ebola in Liberia to curriculum supported international residencies in New Zealand, there is a movement toward international collaboration to promote public health and prevent disease. Health care professionals as well as educators strive to …

Pneumonia Research And The Omics Revolution: It Is Time For Pneumomics, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

No abstract provided.

Short Duration Of Antibiotic Therapy In Hospitalized Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Results From The Capo International Cohort Study, Alejandro Chirino Navarta, Paula Peyrani, Timothy L. Wiemken, Marcos I. Restrepo, James D. Chalmers, Carlos M. Luna, Francesco Blasi, Julio A. Ramirez, Stefano Aliberti

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Introduction: Experts suggest a short duration of antibiotic therapy (DOT) in responding patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes after hospital discharge among patients treated with short-course antibiotic therapy (SCT) vs. long-course antibiotic therapy (LCT) for CAP.

Methods: A secondary analysis of the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) database from January 2007 to June 2013 was performed, including hospitalized CAP patients who reached clinical stability within 5 days. Two groups were identified: patients who were treated with antibiotic therapy for a total duration of 5 days or less (SCT Group) vs. …

Clinical Research: Educational Videos - The Process Of Clinical Research: Step-By-Step From Idea To Publication, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Clinical research can be defined as the creation and dissemination of new knowledge with the goal to improve outcomes in patients with a particular health problem. In this short video, Dr. Julio Ramirez, from the University of Louisville, offers an overview of the process of clinical research and describe how an investigator moves from the generation of an idea to the publication of study findings.

Predicting 30-Day Mortality In Hospitalized Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia Using Statistical And Machine Learning Approaches, Timothy L. Wiemken, Stephen P. Furmanek, William A. Mattingly, Brian E. Guinn, Rodrigo Cavallazzi, Rafael Fernandez-Botran, Leslie A Wolf, Connor L. English, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Background: Predicting if a hospitalized patient with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) will or will not survive after admission to the hospital is important for research purposes as well as for institution of early patient management interventions. Although population-level mortality prediction scores for these patients have been around for many years, novel patient-level algorithms are needed. The objective of this study was to assess several statistical and machine learning models for their ability to predict 30-day mortality in hospitalized patients with CAP.

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the University of Louisville (UofL) Pneumonia Study database. Six different statistical and/or machine …

A 49-Year-Old Woman With Chronic Skin Lesions, Acute Mental Status Changes And New Pulmonary Infiltrate: Case Discussion From The University Of Louisville Hospital, Bhavani Puskur, Youssef Khafateh, Srikant Ramachandruni, Veronica Corcino, Mark Burns, Forest W. Arnold

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

No abstract provided.

Impact Of Obesity On Mortality In Hospitalized Patients With Pneumonia Due To 2009 H1n1 Influenza A Virus Versus Other Etiologies, Martin A. Espinosa-Ginic, Ryan T. Hurt, Stephen P. Furmanek, Paula Peyrani, Julio A. Ramirez, Timothy Lee Wiemken, The Capo Investigators

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Background: Reports from the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (2009 H1N1) pandemic indicate increased mortality in obese patients hospitalized with pneumonia. However, articles published prior to the pandemic have suggested that obesity may be a protective factor for mortality in these patients. The objective of this study was to compare the impact of obesity on mortality in hospitalized patients with pneumonia due to the 2009 H1N1 versus pneumonia due to other etiologies.

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the CAPO international cohort study. Study groups were defined as follows: Group One, pneumonia due to 2009 H1N1: Patients hospitalized with …

A New Journal Section: Patient Management, Forest W. Arnold, Rodrigo Cavallazzi

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

No abstract provided.

Impact Of Temperature Relative Humidity And Absolute Humidity On The Incidence Of Hospitalizations For Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Due To Influenza, Rhinovirus, And Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Results From Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (Capo) International Cohort Study, Timothy L. Wiemken, William A. Mattingly, Stephen P. Furmanek, Brian E. Guinn, Connor L. English, Ruth Carrico, Paula Peyrani, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Abstract

Background: Transmissibility of several etiologies of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) may vary based on outdoor climate factors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of outdoor temperature, relative humidity, and absolute humidity on the incidence of hospitalizations for lower respiratory tract infections due to influenza, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of an ancillary study of the Community Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) database. Respiratory viruses were detected using the Luminex xTAG respiratory viral panel. Climate factors were obtained from the National Weather Service. Adjusted Poisson regression models with robust …

The Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (Capo) Cloud-Based Research Platform (The Capo-Cloud): Facilitating Data Sharing In Clinical Research, William A. Mattingly, Timothy L. Wiemken, Stephen P. Furmanek, Paula Peyrani, Robert R. Kelley, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Background: Pneumonia is a costly and deadly respiratory disease that afflicts millions every year. Advances in pneumonia care require significant research investment and collaboration among pneumonia investigators. Despite the importance of data sharing for clinical research it remains difficult to share datasets with old and new investigators. We present CAPOCloud, a web-based pneumonia research platform intended to facilitate data sharing and make data more accessible to new investigators.

Methods: We establish the first two use cases for CAPOCloud to be the automatic subsetting and constraining of the CAPO database and the automatic summarization of the database in aggregate. We use …

Exploring Breast Health Perceptions, Behaviors, And Social Cohesion Among Ethnically Diverse Black Women, Sheila Y. Mckinney

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Purpose

Study explored the relationships of ethnic identity, culture, and social cohesion to mammography, cancer screening, and preventive medical visits among African-American and Afro-Caribbean women in Broward County, FL. Purpose was to understand non-compliance to screening recommendations for breast cancer among disadvantaged Black women in an area of high prevalence.

Methods

A bounded convenience sample of 117 women (49% African-American and 51% Afro-Caribbean) completed a cross-sectional survey and a subset (n=87) participated in semi-structured discussion groups. Both measured perceptions related to breast cancer, defined ethnic identity or culture, and suggested social and cultural factors influence of ethnic identity, culture, and …