Criminology Commons^™

The Impacts Of Hiv-Specific Criminal Laws On Hiv Serostatus Disclosure, Risk Behaviors, And Hiv Testing, Shao-Chiu Juan

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Before the advent of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), many states enacted and strictly enforced laws that criminalized HIV transmission. These laws were enacted to prevent HIV-infected individuals from knowingly transmitting the virus to the uninfected. Over the past two decades, however, questions have been raised regarding the effectiveness of HIV criminalization and its unintended consequences. For example, there is little evidence that the criminalization of HIV transmission has been effective in reducing the spread of the disease, particularly when compared to education and other prevention efforts. Moreover, stigmatization associated with criminalization may actually undermine public health efforts. The dissertation aims to …

Perceptions Of Justice : Views Of Jailed Defendants On Procedural And Distributive Justice, Kirstin Anne Morgan

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The current study examines defendant perceptions of their recent experiences in one of two criminal courts in an urban-suburban county. Forty-three interviews were conducted with jail sentenced participants, during which they were asked about the perceived fairness of the case process and outcomes, as well as their relationship with their defense attorney for the case. This study was undertaken to answer four research questions: 1) Are the concepts of procedural and distributive justice related from the defendant perspective? 2) Are perceptions of procedural justice related to satisfaction with case outcomes? 3) Are perceptions of procedural justice related to satisfaction with …

The Criminological Implications Of Moral Foundations, Jasmine Renee Silver

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Judgments about morality play an important role in several areas of crime and justice. This dissertation applies Haidt’s Moral Foundations Theory (MFT)—which posits that judgments about morality are intuitive and pluralistic—to develop a theoretical framework for understanding the role of moral cognition in shaping attitudes and behaviors related to crime and justice. I also draw on research suggesting that people make moral judgments separately about moral agents (e.g., offenders) and moral patients (e.g., victims). Specifically, via an offender-centered theoretical framework, I argue that endorsement of moral foundations that promote moral concerns that are specific to one’s ingroup (a binding motive) …

An Exploration Of Caregiver Engagement In Residential Treatment For Youth, Raquel Moriarty Derrick

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Support for caregiver engagement in their child’s residential treatment is widespread and growing because of the benefits of caregiver engagement to a youth’s treatment process. This dissertation explores the construct of caregiver engagement, defined as caregiver motivation and expectation for their child’s treatment, caregiver bond with staff and caregiver collaboration on treatment goals and tasks among a cohort of 101 caregivers with a child in a Residential Treatment Center (RTC). Mixed methods were used to qualitatively and quantitatively explore caregiver perspectives and experiences that contribute to or detract from their level of engagement in their child’s treatment process. Findings reveal …

The Comparative Lethality Of Two Disparate World Regions : An Examination Of Latin America And Europe To Explain Discrepant Homicide Trends, Karise Marie Curtis

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Within recent decades, homicide rates in Latin American nations have strongly diverged from those of European nations. The former experienced a sharp increase in the last two decades, while the latter have experienced the oft-characterized “modern crime decline.” However, few studies have endeavored to explain this divergence, and many that do often attribute any differences to a regional dummy variable said to characterize some unique phenomenon occurring in the region (i.e., machismo) without modeling specifically for levels of said phenomenon. As such, this study uses a panel extension of a well-known homicide model (Land, McCall, & Cohen, 1990) in a …

การปฏิบัติต่อผู้ต้องขังหญิงระหว่างพิจารณาคดีในประเทศไทยตามข้อกำหนดกรุงเทพ (Bangkok Rules), สตรีรัตน์ แสงวิเชียร์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การศึกษาเรื่อง "การปฏิบัติต่อผู้ต้องขังหญิงระหว่างพิจารณาคดีในประเทศไทยตามข้อกำหนด (Bangkok Rules" นี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาปัญหาการปฏิบัติต่อผู้ต้องขังหญิงระหว่างพิจารณาคดีในทัณฑสถานหญิงและเรือนจำที่ควบคุมผู้ต้องขังหญิงในประเทศไทยและแนวทางการปฏิบัติต่อผู้ต้องขังหญิงระหว่างพิจารณาคดีในประเทศไทยให้สอดคล้องตามข้อกำหนดกรุงเทพ (Bangkok Rules) การศึกษานี้เป็นการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ โดยศึกษาจากเอกสารและการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึก (In-depth Interview) ผู้ต้องขังหญิงระหว่างพิจารณาคดีที่อาศัยอยู่ในเรือนจำ/ทัณฑสถานตั้งแต่ 6 เดือนขึ้นไปจำนวน 9 คน ผู้ซึ่งถูกควบคุมตัวอยู่ในทัณฑสถานหญิงธนบุรี เรือนจำกลางสมุทรสงคราม และเรือนจำจังหวัดพระนครศรีอยุธยา อีกทั้งสัมภาษณ์เจ้าหน้าที่ผู้ปฏิบัติงานรวม 6 คน และผู้เชี่ยวชาญเฉพาะด้านทัณฑวิทยา ผลการศึกษาพบว่าปัญหาการปฏิบัติต่อผู้ต้องขังหญิงระหว่างพิจารณาคดีในทัณฑสถานหญิงและเรือนจำ ได้แก่ ปัญหาด้านสถานที่คับแคบไม่เพียงพอต่อจำนวนผู้ต้องขัง ส่งผลให้ไม่สามารถแยกคุมขังได้ รวมถึงพื้นที่ไม่มีสัดส่วนในการทำกิจกรรมต่าง ๆ ด้านงบประมาณจากรัฐไม่เพียงพอต่อจำนวนผู้ต้องขัง ระยะเวลาทำกิจกรรมส่วนตัวไม่เพียงพอ/การไม่มีน้ำใช้ คุณภาพอาหารของเรือนจำบางแห่งไม่เหมาะสม การเยี่ยมญาติของเรือนจำบางแห่งแตกต่างจากที่อื่น ซึ่งให้เยี่ยมน้อยเกินไป ผู้ต้องขังที่ป่วยเป็นโรคเฉพาะไม่ได้รับการรักษาอย่างเต็มที่ อีกทั้งเจ้าหน้าที่ไม่เพียงพอต่อจำนวนผู้ต้องขังและขาดเจ้าหน้าที่ที่มีความเชี่ยวชาญเฉพาะทาง และขาดมาตรการทางเลือกในการเลี่ยงผู้กระทำผิดเข้าสู่เรือนจำ การค้นพบที่สำคัญในการวิจัยครั้งนี้คือ เรื่องการตรวจค้นตัวผู้ต้องขังที่อดีตเคยมีการค้นลุกล้ำเข้าไปในร่างกาย ซึ่งถือเป็นเรื่องที่ละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนเป็นอย่างยิ่ง โดยจากการศึกษาไม่พบการปฏิบัติเช่นนั้นแก่ผู้ต้องขังแล้ว ข้อเสนอแนะจากผลการศึกษา มีดังนี้ ข้อเสนอแนะเชิงนโยบาย 1)ข้อเสนอให้มีการลดการควบคุมผู้ต้องขังหญิงระหว่างพิจารณาคดีในเรือนจำ 2)ข้อเสนอให้มีการแก้ไขเพิ่มเติมพรบ.ราชทัณฑ์ ในประเด็นที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการปฏิบัติต่อผู้ต้องขังหญิงระหว่างพิจารณาคดีให้มีความชัดเจน 3)ควรมีการใช้มาตรการเลี่ยงโทษจำคุก ข้อเสนอแนะเชิงปฏิบัติการต่อทัณฑสถาน 1)ควรเพิ่มอัตรากำลังเจ้าหน้าที่ในสัดส่วนที่มากขึ้น 2) ควรเพิ่มเวลาการทำกิจกรรมส่วนตัว ข้อเสนอแนะเชิงปฏิบัติการต่อเรือนจำชายที่มีแดนหญิง 1) ควรเพิ่มอัตรากำลังเจ้าหน้าที่และเจ้าหน้าที่ที่มีความเชี่ยวชาญเฉพาะ 2)ควรปรับปรุงคุณภาพและปริมาณของอาหารให้เพิ่มมากขึ้น 3) ควรเพิ่มการเยี่ยมญาติ 4) ควรให้เจ้าหน้าที่คัดกรองผู้ต้องขังหญิงระหว่างพิจารณาคดีที่มีโรคประจำตัวเพื่อรับการรักษาที่ต่อเนื่องและป้องกันไม่ให้มีอาการที่รุนแรงมากขึ้น

Measuring The Effect Heterogeneity Of Police Enforcement Actions Across Spatial Contexts, Eric L. Piza

Publications and Research

Purpose: This study tests whether the effect of police actions is influenced by similar crime generators and attractors (CGAs) that influence crime. Said differently, in recognition that the presence of CGAs presents higher risk of crime at certain places, we test whether CGAs similarly create a situation where specific police enforcement actions are more effective at certain types of places than others.

Methods: Using longitudinal logistic regression models incorporating panel data, we measure the effect of various police enforcement actions on gun violence in Newark, NJ. Risk Terrain Modeling (RTM) was further used to test whether the effect of the …

The Crime Prevention Effect Of Cctv In Public Places: A Propensity Score Analysis, Eric L. Piza

Publications and Research

This study measures the effect of CCTV in Newark, NJ across three separate crime categories: auto theft, theft from auto, and violent crime. CCTV viewsheds, denoting camera line-of-sight, were units of analysis. Viewsheds for treatment units were created by digitizing live CCTV footage within a geographic information system (GIS). Control viewsheds were created with GIS tools and aerial imagery from Google maps. Treatment cases were matched with control cases via propensity score matching (PSM) to ensure statistical equivalency between groups. Effect was measured via odds ratios and average treatment on the treated statistics. Findings offer modest support for CCTV as …

Special Or Segregated Housing Units, Ryan M. Labrecque

Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications and Presentations

This chapter presents a systematic review of the literature that highlights the need for the development of more effective treatment strategies and interventions that are responsive to the specific risks and needs of the population. It also reviews the use and function of segregation in the United States. The chapter summarizes the principles of effective correctional intervention to provide a framework for understanding how correctional programming might best be integrated into these restrictive housing units. It provides a systematic review of the empirical segregation literature and describes what is known about the inmates held in restrictive housing. The chapter discusses …

Police Interrogation, Philip M. Stinson

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Script Analysis Of Open-Air Drug Selling: A Systematic Social Observation Of Cctv Footage, Victoria A. Sytsma, Eric L. Piza

Publications and Research

Objectives: Through the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) video foo- tage, the current study builds upon the drug transaction work of Piza and Sytsma by developing a crime script for open-air drug selling.

Methods: Researchers conducted a systematic social observation of CCTV footage of open-air drug markets in Newark, NJ. The data were used to identify sequential stages of drug transactions. Fisher’s exact tests measured whether buyer and seller activities during specific acts of the drug transaction event were related to activities seen in subsequent stages.

Results: This study finds three distinct acts to open-air drug events. During the pretransaction …

The Influence Of Life Domains On Adolescent And Adult Offending: Testing An Extension Of Agnew’S General Theory, Joseph Mark Calvert

Theses and Dissertations--Sociology

More than a decade has passed since Agnew (2005) introduced his General Theory of Crime and Delinquency (GTCD). Despite this interval, GTCD remains a relatively untested theory. Drawing on previous testing efforts, the current research provides a systematic assessment of Agnew's theoretical propositions. It also provides only the second empirical examination of Cochran's (2015) extension of GTCD, which incorporates religion as a sixth distinct life domain. Nested negative binomial regression modeling and Poisson regression modeling are used to assess the effects of life domains on several diverse forms of self-reported criminal behavior at two distinct stages of development: adolescence and …

A Phenomenological Analysis Of Formerly Incarcerated Women's Perceptions Of Successful Reentry, Angela Martilik

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Female offenders are distinctly different from male offenders, and present with their own gender-specific needs and issues both in and out of the correctional setting. Most approaches to treatment and programming for female offenders are currently based on research involving males and approaches designed for males. Inquiry regarding the gender-specific needs of female inmates as they pertain to treatment and reentry programs is necessary so professionals can better understand how to serve this population. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 8 women who were formerly incarcerated in the United States, this phenomenological study was used to examine the perceptions of successful …

Student Perspectives Of Alternative Schools As Facilitators And Barriers For Positive Disciplinary Outcomes, Chasidy Phelps

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Inconsistent findings within the existing literature tend to confuse the ability of behavior-focused alternative schools to address behavior problems of at-risk juveniles. Recent studies have suggested that juveniles who successfully commit to greater self-regulation skills display both academic success and positive classroom behavior. Although self-regulation skills have been positively associated with behavioral success among juveniles placed in behavior-focused alternative schools, it remains unclear as to what aspects of these programs that juveniles experience as facilitating the development of such skills. This phenomenological study used semistructured interviews of 5 students in Grades 10 through 12 enrolled in a behavior-focused alternative school …

Relationship Between Victims Of Urban Violence And Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Jashon Anthony Banks Sr.

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Urban violence has become common in lower-income communities that have high rates of shootings and African-American victims. Urban violence causes victims and their family and friends to experience trauma and puts them at risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) injuries. However, there is a gap in knowledge in the framework of urban communities and their range of needs to address PTSD. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether a relationship exists between reinforcement of needs, membership, influence, shared emotional connection, and post-traumatic stress symptomology (PTSS) of urban violence victims in a large metropolitan city. Albert Bandura's self-efficacy …

Predictors Of Conviction: An Examination Of Arson Trial Outcomes In Florida, Timothy York

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The influences that crime control, due process factors, and individual demographic characteristics have on the criminal trial outcomes of accused arsonists was unknown. Absent this knowledge, it was not clear if public policy ensures justice for the accused, particularly for the disadvantaged. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to investigate, using Packer's due process and crime control model as the theoretical framework, the relationship between time to trial, number of defense and prosecution witnesses, access to fire origin and cause experts, legal representation type, age, race, education, and gender and criminal arson case outcomes. A sample size of 165 …

Nsu Ph.D. In Criminal Justice 2018, Nova Southeastern University

Abraham S. Fischler College of Education and School of Criminal Justice College Archive

No abstract provided.

Opioid Use And Abuse In The United States, James Pellerin

Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

Opioids have quadrupled the number of unintentional drug overdose deaths since 1999 and are now among the leading causes of death in the United States. Though some reform has recently occurred, the United States continues to operate largely under a punitive criminal justice model despite unsuccessful legislative schemes and voluminous research stemming from a previous war on drugs. This thesis serves to explore the history and extent of opioids in the United States and to analyze salient catalysts responsible for creating an epidemic of abuse. While private and governmental coalitions have formed to develop successful interventions and treatments, they are …

It's About Time: Length Of Incarceration, Gang Membership, And Recidivism Among Illinois Prison Releasees, Henry Douglas Otto

Master's Theses

This study explored the effect of time spent incarcerated on recidivism among a sample of individuals released from IDOC facilities from 2011 to 2014 (N = 72,716). Gang members were compared to non-gang members in order to evaluate the potentially heterogeneous nature of the effect of length of stay on recidivism within the competing frameworks of deterrence theory and social learning theory. The samples were further split into separate analyses based on the current felony class, and length of stay was operationalized as incarceration in months and split into quartiles based on the distribution of each felony class sample. The …

Examining Recidivism And Correlates Of Yasi Scores Among Youth Released From Idjj, Claire Fischer

Master's Theses

There are two main purposes of this research: 1) to provide the Illinois Department of Juvenile Justice (IDJJ) with an updated picture of recidivism and 2) to determine how YASI risk/needs/protective domains and risk scores relate to post-release recidivism. To date, the research that is available regarding youth recidivism is fraught with methodological concerns (i.e., inconsistency in measurement). Moreover, there have been no systematic analyses of the YASI in Illinois since its implementation within the IDJJ. Thus, the present research will attempt to fill in the gaps by assessing rates of juvenile recidivism, the degree to which needs identified by …