Orthodontics and Orthodontology Commons^™

Modulation Of Rankl And Osteoprotegerin In Adolescents Using Orthodontic Forces, Nathan Reed Hamman

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Orthodontic tooth movement is mediated by interactions between PDL cells and those of the alveolus. One protein--the receptor activator nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)--is critical for osteoclastogenesis, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a decoy ligand that competitively inhibits RANKL. A higher RANKL/OPG ratio is associated with areas of bone resorption, while a lower ratio occurs in areas of bone deposition and homeostasis. There has been almost no clinical study of RANKL and OPG expression in patients undergoing orthodontic tooth movement.

The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in the levels of RANKL and of OPG in response to …

A Survey Of Treatment Characteristics In A University-Based Graduate Orthodontic Program, A. Brian Anderson

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

While there are a few national surveys on malocclusion in the U.S., few reports characterize actual orthodontic patients and their treatments. The purpose of this study was to describe the patients and their treatment at a university based orthodontic department, namely the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis. The goals of this study are: (1) to research patient demographics, dental and skeletal relationships and treatment variables; (2) to test for temporal trends in these patients and their treatment across a 26 year interval from 1980 to 2005; and (3) to assess the correlations among patient demographics, dental and skeletal …

Long-Term Changes In The Dental Occlusion Of Subjects Treated Orthodontically, Kenneth Cooper Dyer Iv

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

A major challenge in orthodontics is to provide a treatment result that remains stable after appliances are removed. Orthodontic treatment can move teeth from their neutral positions, which increases potential for future relapse. The literature from the University of Washington, Seattle, shows that relapse is pervasive and of considerable magnitude (Little RM. Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment: University of Washington studies. Semin Orthod 1999;5:191-204). The intent of this study was to quantify the posttreatment dental changes that occurred over approximately a quarter-century in a cohort of women who had received comprehensive orthodontic treatment as teenagers. Dental casts of …

Longitudinal Cephalometric Changes Of Orthodontic Patients Evaluated Long-Term, Lisa Ku

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Posttreatment changes are further complicated by the slow continued growth that occurs after treatment into adulthood. The purpose of this study was to examine long term posttreatment changes. The lateral cephalograms of 51 Caucasian females treated in the standard Edgewise practice of one private practitioner in Cookeville, TN were examined to investigate changes in the cranial base, nasomaxillary complex, mandible, interach relationships, dental relationships, and the soft tissue integumental profile that occured an average of 23 years posttreatment. Two tailed t-tests (α = 0.05) were run to see whether the posttreatment changes was statistically significantly different from zero. Craniofacial growth …

Cephalometric Evaluation Of Mara Therapy In The Treatment Of Class Ii Malocclusions, Tiffany Rachelle Mcclaran

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

The effectiveness of functional appliances is a debatable topic in the orthodontic literature, primarily because the benefits have not been consistently reproduced among clinical studies. The present study was a retrospective cephalometric analysis of patients with Class II, division 1 malocclusions at the start of treatment. There were 51 children treated by a single clinician with a MARA in combination with Edgewise appliances. The comparison group consisted of subjects treated with fixed Edgewise appliances only from the University of Tennessee, Department of Orthodontics. Subjects in the two treatment groups were matched on a one-to-one basis for sex and for five …

The Effect Of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 On The Osseointegration Of Temporary Anchorage Devices, Eden E. Cruz

Master's Theses

Titanium has been widely used for dental implants, and in particular, roughened titanium surfaces have provided a means for increasing bone apposition and strengthening the implant-to-bone interface. Finding a way to further increase osseointegration is important because there is a significant clinical benefit to patients if a stable anchor can be established instead of anchoring orthodontic hardware to the molars. In this study, the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) on the ability of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) to osseointegrate was investigated. The temporary anchorage devices (TADs) used in this study were manufactured from commercially pure titanium and …

Osseointegration Of Temporary Anchorage Devices Using Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, Erin E. Cruz

Master's Theses

Over the past 5 years, the use of titanium implants as temporary anchorage devices (TADs) has become an important tool in clinical orthodontic practices. The use of TADs have provided orthodontists a way of moving teeth against fixed objects rather than against the surrounding teeth, which tend to counteract desired motion. At present, viable attachment of TADs involves direct insertion through gingival tissue and piercing of the bone. Surface modifications such as sandblasted and acid-etched treatment or bone morphogenetic protein surface treatment, however, can be applied to the TADs to promote enhanced osseointegration, thereby allowing the TADs to serve as …

Vertical Facial And Dental Arch Dimensional Changes In Extraction Vs. Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment, Meena Kumari, Mubassar Fida

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

OBJECTIVE: To compare the vertical facial and dental arch dimensional changes occurring with extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatments.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparative study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi during the period 2003 to 2005.

METHODOLOGY: Data were collected using records of patients who visited the study setting during the study period. Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalographs and study casts of 81 orthodontic patients (41=non-extraction and 40=premolar extractions) were taken. Variables used for evaluating vertical dimension were Frankfort mandibular plane angle (FMA), facial height (N-Me), facial height ratio (N-ANS/ANS-Me), soft tissue facial height (G' to …

Comparison Of Cephalometric Norms Of Esthetically Pleasing Faces, Attiya Jawaid Shaikh, Arif R Alvi

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

OBJECTIVE: To establish cephalometric norms of a sample of aesthetically pleasing Pakistani faces and to analyze differences and similarities with accepted standards for Caucasians.

STUDY DESIGN: Analytical cross sectional study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Carried out at Alvi Dental Hospital, Karachi, from August 2007 to February 2008.

METHODOLOGY: Cephalometric tracings were analyzed on a sample of 40 (20 males and 20 females) Pakistani young adults, aged 18-25 years, with full complement of permanent teeth, no previous orthodontic treatment and pleasing profile. To check the reliability of the measurements, 20 randomly selected cephalograms were retraced. None of the measurements showed …

Effects Of Functional Appliances On The Tmj And Mandibular Length Of Skeletal Class Ii Patients: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study, David C. Lee

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Introduction: Functional appliances have been efficiently used in the treatment of Class II malocclusions caused by retrognathic mandibles. Cone beam computed tomography has enabled us to make more accurate linear measurements by eliminating superimposition of other structures and to analyze skeletal anatomic detail in all three planes of space. This retrospective study evaluated the osseous changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and length of the mandible in skeletal Class II malocclusion patients treated with the fixed functional appliances and compared measurements with Class I malocclusion patients treated with orthodontic mechanics that did not alter skeletal relationships.

Materials and Methods: Twelve …

The Influence Of Work Of Fracture On Six Orthodontic Bonding Systems, Tyler S. Pritchard

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Introduction: Bonding is the primary method of attaching brackets to teeth in modem orthodontics. Thus, many studies have focused on the maximum shear bond strength values of orthodontic adhesives. In contrast, very little research has been performed considering the work of fracture of orthodontic bonding systems. Work of Fracture is defined as the area under the curve of a stress-strain graph. Previous shear bond strength studies measured the force necessary to produce bond failure. The purpose of this study was to measure the maximum shear force and displacement of six bonding systems and to calculate the work of fracture.

Materials …

Influence Of Stainless Steel Orthodontic Brackets On Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Christian James Hoybjerg

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Introduction: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines provide 2D as well as 3D images that are excellent in contrasting soft-tissue in the maxillofacial region and are void of ionizing radiation. The drawbacks include the lack of depiction of cortical bony detail and image degradation caused by substances in the scanned area. Specifically, in the orthodontic field stainless steel brackets cause more distortion of MR images then any other bracket material. It is unknown what type of stainless steel alloy causes the most MRI distortion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree of craniofacial MR distortion caused by various …

Effects Of Functional Appliances On Pharyngeal Airway Dimensions: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study, Melissa K. Lee

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Introduction: Functional appliances are intended to correct by incremental advancement of the mandible for correction of skeletal Class 11 relationships. Similar in design to functional appliances, mandibular advancing devices (MAD) are used for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients as they increase the size of the airway by drawing the tongue and soft palate forwards, and thus maintain its patency during sleep. It has been shown that significant increases in airway dimensions and decreases in airway resistance were gained in OSA patients while evaluated with a MAD in place. This retrospective study evaluated volumetric, cross-sectional area and linear changes in the …

Observer Reliability Of Cephalometric Landmark Identification On 3-D Mr Images, Michael S. Pollack

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Introduction: Cephalometric analysis is a cornerstone of orthodontic diagnosis, yet much information is lost when 3-dimensional structures are assessed with 2-dimensional methods. CBCT offers 3-dimensional imaging but at the cost of higher levels of ionizing radiation. Magnetic resonance imaging provides 3-dimensional imaging without ionizing radiation and additionally imparts visualization of soft tissue structures. Prior to employing MR images for cephalometric analysis, reliability of landmark identification must be assessed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate intra- and interobserver reliability in 3-dimensional landmark identification using MR images.

Materials and Methods: Fifteen cranial MR images (3.0 T, MP-RAGE) from subjects between …

Prevalence Of White Spot Lesions During Orthodontic Treatment, Julian Dixon

Theses and Dissertations

The reported prevalence of decalcification in orthodontic patients varies from 2 to 96% mainly due to the lack of a standard examination technique. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the prevalence of white spot lesions around brackets using visual examination and the DIAGNOdent; 2) to determine which teeth were the most susceptible to decalcification; and 3) to test the accuracy of the DIAGNOdent by comparing to the visual examination. The presence of white spot lesions was determined in two groups of patients who were 6 and 12 months into orthodontic treatment, respectively. The control group consisted of …

Perceived Responsibility For The Development Of White Spot Lesions During Orthodontic Treatment, Blake Maxfield

Theses and Dissertations

White spot lesions (WSLs) or decalcifications remain a common complication in orthodontic patients with poor oral hygiene. The purpose of this study was to compare attitudes regarding the development of WSLs among patients, parents, orthodontists and general dentists and improve prevention and treatment protocols through better communication. A survey was developed to evaluate and compare the current opinions of orthodontic patients (n=315), parents (n=279), orthodontists (n=305) and general dentists (n=191) regarding the significance, prevention and treatment of WSLs. All four groups indicated that WSLs did detract from the overall appearance of straight teeth. All four groups indicated that patients were …

Leadership And Dental Aesthetics Of Adults As Perceived By Laypersons, E. Britton Montgomery

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to determine if dental aesthetics is perceived by adults to affect an individual’s ability to emerge as a leader. An electronic survey was constructed using facial frontal smiling photographs of 10 patients. Statements were formulated to evaluate four leadership characteristics: intelligence, self-confidence, friendliness, and trustworthiness. Evaluators indicated their level of agreement with each statement for each subject using a 100mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Data was obtained from 214 evaluators. Picture ratings were analyzed using repeated-measures mixed-model analyses. Evaluator factors and picture factors were considered when testing for crooked vs. straight teeth differences. There …

Use Of Cvm Stages In Assessment Of Young Orthodontic Patients To Estimate Growth Potential, David Justin Sander

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Harnessing a patient’s growth to correct parasagittal discrepancies is an important part of Class II correction in orthodontic treatment; however, orthodontists rarely have the opportunity to choose when a patient is referred to them. Diagnostic records can assist the orthodontist in determining how much growth a patient has remaining. The purpose of this retrospective cephalometric study was to determine whether the amounts of in-treatment facial growth differ significantly by sex and by cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stage. The sample consisted of 133 Class II division 1 patients from a single private practice office treated with a combination of a functional …

Mesiodistal Crown Size In Relation To The Risk And Severity Of Malocclusion, Jon Robert Zang-Bodis

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

From among numerous potential causes of dental malocclusion, tooth size has been implicated as one factor. Prior studies show that mesiodistally larger teeth increase the risk of malocclusion. The present report extends our understanding by testing for graded responses between crown size and the extent of dental malocclusion. Maximum mesiodistal crown dimensions of all 14 permanent tooth types (excluding third molars) were measured in 207 American white adolescents (routine orthodontic patients), and 10 measures of malocclusion (e.g., rotations, displacements, spacing) were recorded. Analysis of covariance (controlling for sexual dimorphism in tooth size) disclosed (1) significant positive associations between …

Bonding Orthodontic Brackets To Stainless Steel Crowns, Daniel Stewart

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to compare shear bond strengths of brackets bonded to stainless steel crowns using various orthodontic adhesives and surface conditioning techniques. One hundred and twenty mandibular first molar stainless steel crowns were randomly divided into groups: (1): Aluminablasting + Metal Primer + Assure; (2): Aluminablasting + Silane Coupling Agent + Transbond; (3): Diamond Bur Abrasion + Metal Primer + Assure; (4): Diamond Bur Abrasion + Silane Coupling Agent + Transbond; (5: control): Acid Etching + Metal Primer + Assure; (6: control): Acid Etching + Silane Coupling Agent + Transbond. Bond strength was tested using a …

Comparison Of Mandibular Alveolar Bone With Facial Type Using Cbct, Jason M. Loop

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between facial type and cortical bone thickness (mm), cortical bone density (rHU) and trabecular bone density (rHU) in the mandibular alveolar bone. Twenty-five consecutive dolichofacial, 25 consecutive mesiofacial, and 25 consecutive brachyfacial patients with T1 lateral cephalograms and CBCT scans were used in this study. A Ricketts analysis was used to compute the VERT index for each patient. All statistical analyses were performed at the significance level of α = 0.05. The one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests indicated there was a statistically significant relationship between facial type and …

Buccal Bone Changes Following Rapid Maxillary Expansion (Rmf), Long-Term Results, Elena S. Iacob

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The purpose of this study was to use Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images to quantitatively evaluate buccal bone changes of maxillary first premolar (P1), second premolar (P2) and first molar (M1) shortly after Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) and at the end of orthodontic treatment, as well as to evaluate the variables that may be associated with the short-term and long-term changes. Forty-seven consecutive patients (25 males and 22 females) with a mean age of 14.5years and who required RME as part of their orthodontic treatment and had pre-RME (T1) and post-RME (T2) CBCT images available were used for the …

Cephalometric Analysis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Wade A. Williams

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if T1-weighted 3D magnetic resonance images performed at 3.0 Tesla could be used to conduct routine orthodontic cephalometric analysis.

Methods: Three cranial imaging methods were compared using sixteen non-growing subjects (10 male and 6 female) who were not claustrophobic, did not have any metallic restorations on the distal of first molars, had no medical implants and the female subjects were not pregnant. Sagittal cranial images were produced by three methods: (1) a digital lateral cephalometric (LC) radiograph (Orthophos XG Plus, Sirona^TM, Bensheim, Germany), (2) a 12-inch FOV cone beam …

Orthodontic Mini-Implant Failure: Assessing The Relationship To Bone Quality Using Qcbct, Joshua Schneider

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cortical bone thickness (mm), cortical bone density (HU), and trabecular bone density (HU) of mini-implants sites in both the maxilla and mandible using QCBCT to determine if they had any effect on mini-implant failure rate. Patient characteristics (age, gender, facial type), mini-implant characteristics (date of placement, manufacturer, length, and diameter), and the mini-implant site (region) were also evaluated. One hundred and six mini-implants in 50 consecutive patients with complete patient records, CBCT information, and T1 radiographs were included in the study. Thirty-four of the 106 mini-implants were considered "failures" resulting in …

Assessment Of Psychosocial Impact Of Dental Aesthetics, Munizeh Khan, Mubassar Fida

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics using the 'Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire' (PIDAQ) and self-rated Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN).

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Dental Section, the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from August to September 2006.

METHODOLOGY: Adults with no prior orthodontic treatment were asked to complete a modified version of the 'Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire' (PIDAQ). A total of four variables including 'Dental Self-confidence', 'Social impact', 'Psychological impact' and 'Perceived orthodontic treatment need' were assessed by a series of statements, …

Recognizing A Dysfunctional Swallowing Pattern Using Surface Electromyography (Semg), Michelle F. Couto

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if a surface electromyography (sEMG) assessment of swallowing is better at identifying Oral Muscular Dysfunction (OMD) than a clinical evaluation (observation & digital palpation) of swallowing. The assessment was conducted on children ages 9 to 17, who were patients at the Orthodontic Department at Loma Linda University, School of Dentistry. Additionally, the prevalence of a “perceived” swallowing dysfunction was assessed.

Methods: This study included 39 randomly selected subjects from the orthodontic patients at Loma Linda University. Each subject’s “dry” swallow was evaluated using two separate methods: (a) sEMG and (b) digital …

Immediate Provisionalization Of Single 3.0 Mm Diameter Implant In Maxillary And Mandibular Anterior Region, Kotaro Oyama

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Immediate provisionalization of single implants with standard (3.75 - 4.5 mm) and wide diameter (> 4.5 mm) has been well documented. When the space is limited, small diameter implants (3.0 mm) must be used. Although high success rates have been reported, they were limited to healed site and were placed as staged procedures. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the success rate and peri-implant tissue response of small diameter (3.0 mm) implants undergoing immediate provisionalization in the esthetic area.

Eleven patients who had missing maxillary lateral incisor(s) and/or mandibular incisor(s) participated in this study. Thirteen 3.0 mm …

Esthetic Evaluation Of Edgewise Orthodontic Treatment In Matched Class Ii, Division 1 Subjects, With And Without A Mara, Kelly-Gwynne Mason Fergus

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Orthodontics’ concern about facial esthetics has motivated the investigation of treatment options, and their effects, in hopes of discerning the optimal treatment for patients, both esthetically and functionally. In our efforts to determine the optimal treatment option for patients with Class II, division 1 malocclusions, we examined two current treatment methods’ effects on facial esthetics, namely (1) orthopedic functional therapy using a MARA in combination with Edgewise appliances and (2) Edgewise mechanics alone. This study was a retrospective esthetic evaluation of profile silhouettes (prior to and following orthodontic treatment) of 30 consecutively treated American white adolescents with Class II, division …

Influence Of Tooth Crown Size On Malocclusion, Michael Kelly Agenter

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Malocclusion is an increasingly common, multifactorial problem in industrialized countries. Although the causes of dental malocclusion are obscure in most instances, one contributing factor may be tooth size. While several researchers have studied whether tooth size contributes to malocclusion, there still is no consensus. Some have found that the mesiodistal widths of the mandibular incisor teeth are significantly larger in subjects with anterior crowding, while others have been unable to support this conclusion. Study designs often have been confounded by combining the sexes, which confuses sexual dimorphism with the supposed effect of tooth size on crowding. The present study tested …

Maxillary Incisor Crown Form And Crowding In Adolescent Orthodontic Patients, Kortne King Frederick

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Dental crowding occurs when the mesiodistal tooth crown widths exceed the space available in the dental arch for proper alignment. Previous research dealing with this common orthodontic problem has measured mesiodistal (MD) tooth widths or clinical tooth height-to-width ratios from dental casts. The present study used full mouth periapical series of dental radiographs, which provided an opportunity to study anatomical crown form of the maxillary incisors, as measured from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), in relation to crowding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the statistical association between maxillary incisor crown form and the extent of crowding in adolescent …