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Articles 31 - 57 of 57
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Effects Of Elevated Glucocorticoid Levels On Dentate Gyrus Development, Zachary Dale Vallandingham
Effects Of Elevated Glucocorticoid Levels On Dentate Gyrus Development, Zachary Dale Vallandingham
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Exogenous glucocorticoids are commonly used in modern medications and animal studies examining the effects of glucocorticoids on the developing brain report inconsistent results. Recent reports have questioned the reliability of available drug delivery methods in mice (Herrmann et al., 2009). In our laboratory, variable behavioral results using trace eyeblink conditioning (EBC) suggest that we may be having similar problems delivering glucoroticoids to developing rat pups (Claflin et al., 2005, 2011). Subcutaneous pellets and osmotic minipumps resulted in impaired learning during trace eyeblink conditioning whereas subcutaneous injection of corticosterone (CORT) resulted in facilitation of learning on the same task. One of …
Electrical Brain Stimulation And Depressive-Like Behavior In Guinea Pigs, Nadia Kardegar
Electrical Brain Stimulation And Depressive-Like Behavior In Guinea Pigs, Nadia Kardegar
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Maternal separation in guinea pigs produces a biphasic response consisting of an active behavior phase (vocalizations and locomotor activity) followed by a phase of passive depressive-like behavior (crouched stance, piloerection, and eye closure). The mechanism for the transition from the active to the passive phase is unknown. One suggestion is that continual activity of neural circuitry producing active behavior eventually leads to the expression of passive behaviors. The purpose of this study was to test this possibility. Guinea pigs were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received daily stimulation of the bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST) to …
Glutamate Receptor-Mediated Taurine Release From The Hippocampus During Oxidative Stress, Brian Christopher Tucker
Glutamate Receptor-Mediated Taurine Release From The Hippocampus During Oxidative Stress, Brian Christopher Tucker
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Oxidative stress is an important result of cerebral ischemia and has been directly linked to hippocampal swelling and cytotoxic brain edema in vitro. Swollen brain cells activate volume regulatory mechanisms including a significant efflux of the endogenous sulfonic amino acid taurine via volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs). Studies in brain slice preparations also suggest that the excitatory amino acid glutamate plays an important role in both brain tissue swelling and in cell volume regulation. We examined relationships between oxidative stress, glutamate receptor activation, cell swelling, and volume regulation in acutely prepared slices of rat hippocampus. Our results indicate that the release …
Influence Of Daily Electrical Stimulation Of Periaqueductal Grey On Vocalization And Depressive-Like Behavior During Separation In Guinea Pigs, Jennifer Dazey
Influence Of Daily Electrical Stimulation Of Periaqueductal Grey On Vocalization And Depressive-Like Behavior During Separation In Guinea Pigs, Jennifer Dazey
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Maternal separation has been shown to promote the onset of depression. This early life stressor produces a biphasic response marked by an active "protest" phase followed by a passive "despair" phase in humans as well as several other species. In infant guinea pigs, active phase behaviors include increased locomotion and species-typical distress vocalizations, whereas the passive phase is marked by depressive-like behaviors including a crouched stance, eye-closure and extensive piloerection. The mechanism underlying the transition from one phase to the next is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if daily stimulation of the neural pathway initiating …
Persisiting Sensitization Of Depressive-Like Behavior And Thermogenic Response During Maternal Separation In Pre- And Post Weaning Guinea Pigs, Randi Lynn Schneider
Persisiting Sensitization Of Depressive-Like Behavior And Thermogenic Response During Maternal Separation In Pre- And Post Weaning Guinea Pigs, Randi Lynn Schneider
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Early attachment disruption is thought to promote later onset of depressive illness through a process involving sensitization. Maternal separation in guinea pig pups (~21 days of age) produces depressive-like behavior and core body temperature fluctuations that appear to be mediated by proinflammatory activity. These responses are enhanced during repeated separations over several days. Here, enhanced depressive-like behavior and core body temperature responses were observed from the early pre-weaning to the periadolescent period (~10-40 days of age) and persisted for more than a week. The greatest temperature response was observed during the final separation. These results demonstrate persisting sensitization of behavioral …
Aquaporin 4 Expression And Distribution During Osmotic Brain Edema And Following Chronic Treatment Of Desipramine, Sergei Alexander Robinson
Aquaporin 4 Expression And Distribution During Osmotic Brain Edema And Following Chronic Treatment Of Desipramine, Sergei Alexander Robinson
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Osmotic brain edema or chronic treatment with desipramine alters brain water permeability. In this study we investigated aquaporin 4 expression and distribution in these two conditions. Brain edema development was induced by intraperitoneal water injection. Blood serum osmolality decreased from 296 ± 1 mOsm to 278 ± 2 mOsm within 15 min. Cerebral cortex water content increased from 79.8 ± 0.2 % to 81.3 ± 0.5% during 120 min of this hyposmotic exposure. Aquaporin 4 immunostaining intensity at the astrocytic endfeet increased in water injected animals from 2.6 ± 0.04 intensity unites (IU) to 3.2 ± 0.21 IU, while total …
The Role Of Apoptosis In Hela Cells Expressing Hiv-1 Rev, Elizabeth Page
The Role Of Apoptosis In Hela Cells Expressing Hiv-1 Rev, Elizabeth Page
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The HIV protein Rev is a nucleolar protein that regulates late gene expression in infected cells by promoting the export of under-spliced viral RNAs (Pollard and Malim, 1998). Its over-expression can also inhibit progression through mitosis (Miyazaki et al., 1995), possibly through its ability to depolymerize microtubules (Watts et al., 2000). Consequently, Rev may activate the spindle assembly checkpoint in mitotic cells and increase the frequency of apoptosis. Rev also binds the nucleolar protein B23 involved in ribosome maturation and centrosome duplication. Because loss of B23 function stimulates apoptosis (Ahn et al., 2005), Rev expression may promote apoptosis by inhibiting …
Sensitization Of Behavioral Response To Maternal Separation: Persistence Of The Effect And Role Of Proinflammatory Activity, Jessie Caraway
Sensitization Of Behavioral Response To Maternal Separation: Persistence Of The Effect And Role Of Proinflammatory Activity, Jessie Caraway
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Maternal separation in guinea pigs produces a biphasic response consisting of an active behavior phase followed by a phase of passive behavior (crouched stance, piloerection, and eye closure). Previous studies suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate passive behavior during the passive phase. It is also known that guinea pig pups separated on two consecutive days show a significant increase (sensitization) in full passive behavior on the second day. The current study examined the persistence and role of pro-inflammatory activity in the sensitization of passive behavior in maternally separated guinea pigs. Guinea pig pups were assigned to one of four groups differing …
Presynaptic Regulation Of Carotid Body Type I Cells By Histaminergic And Muscarinic Receptors, Carrie Marie Thompson
Presynaptic Regulation Of Carotid Body Type I Cells By Histaminergic And Muscarinic Receptors, Carrie Marie Thompson
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Type I cells are one of two main cell types located within the carotid body. These cells respond to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis by releasing excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. This causes increased firing of the carotid sinus nerve and restores blood gas levels to their physiological values. While previous studies have shown whether individual neurotransmitters are excitatory or inhibitory, this work demonstrates how the interplay between two neurotransmitters may potentially shape the output of the carotid body. Histamine, which has previously been shown to have no effect on intracellular Ca2+ in type I cells, may function to modulate the actions …
Short-Term Administration Of Corticosterone Has Lasting Effects On Learning In Young Rats, Christine L. Wentworth-Eidsaune
Short-Term Administration Of Corticosterone Has Lasting Effects On Learning In Young Rats, Christine L. Wentworth-Eidsaune
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Corticosterone is a glucocorticoid released as part of the body's response to stress and is known to affect cognitive function, presumably via effects on the hippocampus. Trace classical eyeblink conditioning depends on the hippocampus, and has been used to examine the development of learning processes in young organisms. Experiment 1 was a dosing study, in which time course of effect of corticosterone was followed in 15-day-old Long-Evans rat pups over 24 hours for 4 different concentrations (high: 0.02 mg/g body weight (b.w.), medium: 0.01mg/g b.w., low: 0.005 mg/g b.w. and a vehicle control). In Experiment 2, two subcutaneous injections (0.02 …
Developmental Expression Of Calcium Buffering Proteins In Central Auditory Pathways Of Normal Hearing And Congenitally Deaf Mice, Adam S. Deardorff
Developmental Expression Of Calcium Buffering Proteins In Central Auditory Pathways Of Normal Hearing And Congenitally Deaf Mice, Adam S. Deardorff
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These experiments analyze differences in synaptic development in central auditory pathways between normal hearing (CBA/J) and congenitally deaf (dn/dn) mice, which provide valuable insight into central synaptic plasticity corresponding to human congenital deafness. Immunofluorescent analysis of the developmental expression of the calcium buffering proteins calretinin, calbindin d-28k, and parvalbumin at various postnatal time points was performed to assess the effects of altered neural activity on the level and/or pattern of protein expression within these nuclei. Results indicate that the pattern of calbindin and parvalbumin is unaffected by congenital deafness in dn/dn mice. However, the pattern of calretinin expression in the …
Inhibition Of Pro-Inflammatory Processes Reduces Sensitization Of The Behavioral Response To Maternal Separation, Kristopher Doojin Paik
Inhibition Of Pro-Inflammatory Processes Reduces Sensitization Of The Behavioral Response To Maternal Separation, Kristopher Doojin Paik
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The current study examined the behavioral sensitization of guinea pig pups in response to consecutive days of maternal separation. In the first experiment, guinea pigs that received centrally administered artificial cerebrospinal fluid or IL-10 exhibited sensitization of passive behaviors from Day 1 to Day 2. IL-10 decreased the levels of passive behaviors on Day 1, as well as the increase on Day 2. The second experiment used unoperated pups, which also showed sensitization of the passive response from Day 1 to Day 2, though the effect appeared reduced relative to control pups of Experiment 1. Collectively, this investigation confirms previous …
Reorganization Of Ia Afferent Synapses On Motoneurons After Peripheral Nerve Injuries, Haley E. Titus
Reorganization Of Ia Afferent Synapses On Motoneurons After Peripheral Nerve Injuries, Haley E. Titus
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After peripheral nerve injuries patients lose and do not recover the stretch reflex which leads to altered locomotor function. The focus of this thesis is to investigate the structural integrity of the central connection between Ia afferents and alpha motoneurons that mediate the stretch reflex. The overall hypothesis is that the density and distribution of Ia synapses on motoneurons is altered after peripheral nerve injuries. Analysis of Ia afferent-motoneuron contacts, revealed by vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) immunoreactivity, on the soma and dendritic arbor of motoneurons after peripheral nerve injuries revealed major reorganizations in the distribution and density of Ia …
The Presynaptic Regulation Of Isolated Neonatal Rat Carotid Body Type I Cells By Histamine, Drew C. Burlon
The Presynaptic Regulation Of Isolated Neonatal Rat Carotid Body Type I Cells By Histamine, Drew C. Burlon
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It has been previously shown that Carotid Body Type I cells have the ability to synthesize, package and release histamine in response to hypoxia, thereby contributing to the modulation of respiration within the rat. Here, isolated neonatal rat carotid body type I cells were used to identify the presynaptic effects of histamine and the specific receptor subtypes that modulate them. Although all four histamine receptor subtypes are expressed on the type I cells, and preliminary data showed promising results, further data proved that the activation of these receptors with histamine or selective agonists caused no rise in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) …
Healing Young People Thru Empowerment (H.Y.P.E.): A Hip-Hop Therapy Program For Black Adolescent Males, Adia B. Mcclellan
Healing Young People Thru Empowerment (H.Y.P.E.): A Hip-Hop Therapy Program For Black Adolescent Males, Adia B. Mcclellan
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Treating Black adolescent males with disruptive behavior disorders can be challenging for psychologists and other mental health professionals The negative perception of this group within society, as well as the absence of clinical training exploring issues pertinent to Black adolescent males, among other things, may hinder a professional’s ability to effectively work with this population. This doctoral project discussed the research in several areas currently pertinent to Black adolescent males, as well as factors that have historically been oppressive to Black Americans. It then describes several DSM-IV-TR diagnoses and legal classifications associated with Disruptive Behavior Disorders. In addition, research analyzing …
Oxidative Stress And Cell Death In Osmotically Swollen Glial Cells, Crystal Elaine Stuckey
Oxidative Stress And Cell Death In Osmotically Swollen Glial Cells, Crystal Elaine Stuckey
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Regulation of normal volume is an important aspect of cell homeostasis. Possible mechanisms which signal volume regulation are increasing the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and release of ATP for interaction with purinergic receptors. We examined whether an increase in ROS production during cell swelling also led to cell injury of C6 glioma cells. Cells were loaded with 5,6-carboxy-2,7-dihydrofluorscein diacetate (DCFDA) to fluoroscopically measure the rate of cellular ROS production and were perfused with phosphate-buffered saline solutions (PBS) containing 100 μM carbenoxolone to inhibit dye efflux. Cell death was determined cytometrically and by measuring the release of lactate …
A Descriptive Study Of Parenting Styles, Parental Feeding Behaviors And Bmi Percentiles In School-Age Children And Adolescents, Stephanie Jane Smith
A Descriptive Study Of Parenting Styles, Parental Feeding Behaviors And Bmi Percentiles In School-Age Children And Adolescents, Stephanie Jane Smith
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The rising rate of obesity in the pediatric population has demanded further investigation from members of the health care community. Numerous exercise and nutrition programs have been developed to help combat the growing rate of obesity within the pediatric population but many lack the family-centered approach needed to achieve increased compliance with the prescribed plan of care. Both parenting styles and parental feeding behaviors have been shown to play a contributing role in the weight of children. According to previous research, the authoritarian parenting style often leads to an increased BMI in children. Research examining parental feeding behaviors indicates that …
Effects Of Sepsis On Nerve Evoked Responses, Kevin Richard Novak
Effects Of Sepsis On Nerve Evoked Responses, Kevin Richard Novak
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Sepsis and SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) have become two expensive and complicated problems seen in the intensive care unit (ICU). These two illnesses have been known to cause dysfunction with excitable tissues in the body. Encephalopathy, neuropathy, and myopathy are the three biggest. In this paper we discuss the development of an animal model of sepsis and the neurological complications sepsis brought about. Nerve conduction studies showed increased durations on compound muscle action potential, and decreased amplitude as well as increased duration and latency on sensory nerve action potentials. These results were not consistent with the two most common …
Effects Of Subcutaneous Postnatal Choline Supplementation On Hippocampus-Mediated Learning And Memory In Rat Pups, Jeremy Alan Moore
Effects Of Subcutaneous Postnatal Choline Supplementation On Hippocampus-Mediated Learning And Memory In Rat Pups, Jeremy Alan Moore
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The effects of postnatal injections of choline on the acquisition of two variants of eyeblink conditioning were examined in developing Long-Evans rat pups. Choline administration on postnatal days (PND) 15-27 was followed by evaluation of trace eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 1) and delay eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 2) on PND 28-29. The results of these experiments show that choline produced greater improvements in learning and memory during the trace condition than in the delay condition, presumably due to its effect on the hippocampus. Trace eyeblink conditioning relies heavily on an intact hippocampus but delay eyeblink conditioning does not, and it is understood …
Stress Reducing Effects Of Oxytocin In A Maternal Separation Paradigm, Keely Jane O'Connell
Stress Reducing Effects Of Oxytocin In A Maternal Separation Paradigm, Keely Jane O'Connell
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This study compared the effects of centrally and peripherally administered oxytocin (OT) on HPA axis activity and the presence of both stress-induced active and passive behaviors in female guinea pig pups (Cavia porcellus) after 180-min of isolation . In Experiment 1, one dose of oxytocin (10μg/.2ml) was injected subcutaneously into the periphery. Plasma cortisol levels were reduced after 180-min of isolation and two passive behaviors, eye-closure and crouch, were reduced as well with the administration of oxytocin. In Experiment 2, two different doses (10μg/.2ml and 20μg/.2ml) were injected into the periphery with no significant results. In Experiment 3 one dose …
The Development And Molecular Expression In Mammalian Cells Of An Ha-Tagged Plasmid Encoding For The Target Of Rapamycin (Mtor), Kevin S. Dougherty
The Development And Molecular Expression In Mammalian Cells Of An Ha-Tagged Plasmid Encoding For The Target Of Rapamycin (Mtor), Kevin S. Dougherty
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The protein kinase mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is a master controller of cell growth and proliferation due to its ability to integrate growth signals and regulate translation through 4E-BP1 and p70-S6K. We developed four phCMV2-HA-tagged plasmids to overexpress TOR in mammalian cells: Wild Type, D2357E (Kinase Dead), R2109A (PA Binding Deficient) and, S2035T (Rapamycin Resistant) each verified by restriction enzyme digestion and direct sequencing. Plasmid DNA was overexpressed in COS-7 cells and the 289 kDa protein detected in Western blots developed with anti-HA and anti-mTOR antibodies. Kinase activity of the overexpressed protein was detected by in vitro phosphorylation of …
Development Of An Audio Visual Tool For Medical Training At Kennedy Space Center, Rimawi, Nidal El
Development Of An Audio Visual Tool For Medical Training At Kennedy Space Center, Rimawi, Nidal El
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As part of an effort to improve efficiency of space-flight medical support at Kennedy Space Center, a training video was created to replace a series of lectures given before a launch or landing of the Space Shuttle. The video was designed to familiarize volunteer physicians from around the country with the specific emergency response protocols for a Space Shuttle launch or landing emergency at Kennedy Space Center. The methods used were consistent with standard film making techniques as outlined in several film making texts. The Production was divided into three phases; A pre-production phase wherein the research, screenwriting and production …
Developmental Expression Of Calcium-Binding Proteins In The Avcn And Mntb Of Normal Hearing And Congenitally Deaf Mice, John L. Roebel
Developmental Expression Of Calcium-Binding Proteins In The Avcn And Mntb Of Normal Hearing And Congenitally Deaf Mice, John L. Roebel
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This experiment analyzes synaptic differences in the central auditory pathway between normal hearing and congenitally deaf (dn/dn) mice, and provides valuable insight into central changes that correspond with human congenital deafness. Specifically, this experiment analyzes developmental expression of the Calcium (Ca2+)-binding proteins Calretinin (CR), Calbindin D-28k (CB) and Parvalbumin (PV) in large excitatory synapses in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) of normal and dn/dn mice. Immunofluorescence imaging with primary antibodies detecting CR, CB or PV was used to analyze the expression of each at 9 days, 13 days, 20 days, 30 …
Clinical Presentation Of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Does Age Make A Difference? Implications For Emergency Nursing, Iesiah M. Harris
Clinical Presentation Of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Does Age Make A Difference? Implications For Emergency Nursing, Iesiah M. Harris
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Accurately recognizing symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) presents a challenge to Emergency Department (ED) nurses and physicians. Due to the variety of clinical presentations in patients, ACS is frequently missed diagnosed. Studies demonstrate that many patients present with atypical symptoms and presentation varies based on gender. There is, however, a paucity of studies on the presentation of ACS in the elderly. With the older American population growing at exponential rates, it is imperative that studies are conducted to better comprehend ACS clinical presentation in the elderly. By 2020, it is anticipated, that 20% of the population will be 65 …
The Relationship Between Lactic Acid, Reactive Oxygen Species And The Hypoxia-Induced Acidification Seen In Chemosensitive Neurons Of The Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (Nts), Trevor Downing
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The NTS is one of many sites of chemoreception meaning that it responds to changes in CO2 and pH. NTS neurons also acidify approximately 0.13 pH units in response to hypoxia. Experiments involved brainstem slices exposed to a control hypoxic bout followed by hypoxia in conjunction with different drugs. The drugs included fluorocitrate, 4-hydroxycinnamate, oxygen-glucose deprivation and iodoacetate. Iodoacetate produced the strongest blunting of the hypoxia-induced acidification and decreased the response by ~53%. Results from the studies using the superoxide probe DHE showed an increase in the levels of ROS during the hypoxic exposure prior to reoxygenation. Two ROS scavengers …
Perioperative Nurses' Attitudes Toward Computers, Marie A. Bashaw
Perioperative Nurses' Attitudes Toward Computers, Marie A. Bashaw
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Computer technology continues to expand and grow in health care today. Computers have become an every day part of health care throughout the hospital environment. Computer technology has been a part of the monitoring system in the operating room; now computer technology is on the verge of entering the operating room for patient charting, impacting the perioperative nurses' daily routine. Determining perioperative nurses' attitudes toward computerization is important in minimizing stress and difficulty of implementing intraoperative computerization. Through understanding demographics associated with these attitudes, a smooth transition can be accomplished to perioperative computerization. Identification of demographics that increase perioperative nurse …
Incidence Of Definitive Airway Management Prior To Arrival Of A Rotary Airmedical Service With The Glasgow Coma Scale As An Indicator, Teresa A. Buckingham
Incidence Of Definitive Airway Management Prior To Arrival Of A Rotary Airmedical Service With The Glasgow Coma Scale As An Indicator, Teresa A. Buckingham
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Definitive airway management is one of the most important aspects of the care of ill or injured patients with a decrease in the level of consciousness. The effect of poor airway management can lead to aspiration, hypoxia, suffocation and death. Definitive airway management is the gold standard of care in patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of less than or equal to eight. Since average flight times to arrive at the patients "bedside" (hospital or accident scene location) are thirty minutes to two hours, the care that the patient receives prior to arrival of the flight crew is vital …