Beef Science Commons^™

Characterization Of The Domestic Goat Γδ T Cell Receptor Gene Loci And Gene Usage, Alexandria Gillespie, Al Yirsaw, Karthick P. Gunasekaran, Timothy P. L. Smith, Derek M. Bickhart, Michael Turley, Timothy Connelley, Janice C. Telfer, Cynthia L. Baldwin

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Goats and cattle diverged 30 million years ago but retain similarities in immune system genes. Here, the caprine T cell receptor (TCR) gene loci and transcription of its genes were examined and compared to cattle. We annotated the TCR loci using an improved genome assembly (ARS1) of a highly homozygous San Clemente goat. This assembly has already proven useful for describing other immune system genes including antibody and leucocyte receptors. Both the TCRγ (TRG) and TCRδ (TRD) loci were similarly organized in goats as in cattle and the gene sequences were highly conserved. However, the number of genes varied slightly …

Evaluation Of Condensed Algal Residue Solubles As An Ingredient In Cattle Finishing Diets And Its Effects On Digestibility And Fatty Acid Flow And A Comparison Of Single And Dual Implant Strategies In Finishing Heifers, John Calvin Gibbons

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Two experiments, a performance study (Exp. 1) and digestion study (Exp. 2) were conducted to evaluate a novel liquid feed, condensed algal residue solubles (CARS), in feedlot diets. In Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, steers were fed three inclusions of CARS at 0%, 2.5%, 5%. There were quadratic responses for greater carcass adjusted final BW, ADG, G:F, HCW, 12^th rib fat, and yield grade. There was a linear increase in marbling score and a linear decrease in DMI and LM area as CARS increased. In Exp. 2, CARS did not affect intake or digestibility. Fatty acid flow at the …

Cytokine And Haptoglobin Profiles From Shipping Through Sickness And Recovery In Metaphylaxis- Or Un-Treated Cattle, Carol G. Chitko-Mckown, Gary L. Bennett, Larry A. Kuehn, Keith D. Dedonder, Michael D. Apley, Gregory P. Harhay, Michael L. Clawson, Aspen M. Workman, Bradley J. White, Robert L. Larson, Sarah F. Capik, Brian V. Lubbers

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Fifty-six head of cattle, 28 animals with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), and 28 healthy animals that were matched by treatment, sale barn of origin, day, and interactions among these variables, were identified from a population of 180 animals (60 each purchased at three sale barns located in Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky) enrolled in a study comparing animals receiving metaphylaxis to saline-treated controls. Cattle were transported to a feedlot in KS and assigned to treatment group. Blood samples were collected at Day 0 (at sale barn), Day 1, Day 9, and Day 28 (at KS feedlot), and transported to the …

Young Cattle Producers Conference Develops Leaders In Idaho, Carmen J. Willmore, Meranda Small, Sarah Baker, Jim Church

Journal of Extension

The need for young leadership in the beef industry has become a rising concern as the average age of primary operators increases. Extension educators developed a leadership conference for beef producers with the primary objective to educate and develop leadership qualities in young cattle producers. To achieve the objective participants, age 18-40 years old, had opportunities to learn all aspects of the industry through presentations, hands-on learning and industry tours. A post-conference survey revealed that participants planned to utilize what they learned and had a better understanding of the beef industry at the conclusion of the program.

Breed Differences In Placental Development During Late Gestation Between Chinese Meishan And White Crossbred Gilts In Response To Intrauterine Crowding, Jeremy R. Miles, Jeffrey L. Vallet

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

The objective of this study was to evaluate placental development during late gestation (day 100) between Chinese Meishan (CM; n = 7) and White crossbred (WC; n = 5) gilts following intrauterine crowding induced by unilaterally hysterectomy-ovariectomy. Gross placental morphology and areolae density as well as histological morphology (i.e., folded bilayer and placental stroma) were analyzed using computer-assisted morphometry for placentas of the smallest and largest fetuses within each litter. There was a breed by fetal size interaction (P < 0.01) for areolae density in which placentas for large CM fetuses had greater areolae density compared to small CM fetuses, but the density of areolae was greater for CM fetuses compared to WC fetuses, irrespective of fetal size. The width of the folded bilayer was greater (P < 0.01) in placentas for WC gilts compared to CM gilts, irrespective of fetal size. Placentas for small fetuses had greater (P < 0.01) folded bilayer width compared to large fetuses, irrespective of breed. The placental stromal width was greater (P < 0.01) in placentas for large fetuses compared to small, irrespective of breed. The difference between stromal width in placentas between divergent-sized littermates, however, was greater (P = 0.05) in WC gilts compared to CM gilts, indicating there was a limited response to intrauterine crowding in CM gilts. These results indicate there is an altered placental development during late gestation in CM compared to WC gilts, thus, there are likely different mechanisms for responding to intrauterine crowding between breeds.

A Reference Genome Assembly Of Simmental Cattle, Bos Taurus Taurus, Michael P. Heaton, Timothy P.L. Smith, Derek M. Bickhart, Brian L. Vander Ley, Larry A. Kuehn, Jonas Oppenheimer, Wade R. Shafer, Fred T. Schuetze, Brad Stroud, Jennifer C. Mcclure, Jennifer P. Barfield, Harvey D. Blackburn, Theodore S. Kalbfleisch, Kimberly M. Davenport, Kristen L. Kuhn, Richard E. Green, Beth Shapiro, Benjamin D. Rosen

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Genomics research has relied principally on the establishment and curation of a reference genome for the species. However, it is increasingly recognized that a single reference genome cannot fully describe the extent of genetic variation within many widely distributed species. Pangenome representations are based on high-quality genome assemblies of multiple individuals and intended to represent the broadest possible diversity within a species. A Bovine Pangenome Consortium (BPC) has recently been established to begin assembling genomes from more than 600 recognized breeds of cattle, together with other related species to provide information on ancestral alleles and haplotypes. Previously reported de novo …

A Reference Genome Assembly Of American Bison, Bison Bison Bison, Jonas Oppenheimer, Benjamin D. Rosen, Michael P. Heaton, Brian L. Vander Ley, Wade R. Shafer, Fred T. Schuetze, Brad Stroud, Larry A. Kuehn, Jennifer C. Mcclure, Jennifer P. Barfield, Harvey D. Blackburn, Theodore S. Kalbfleisch, Derek M. Bickhart, Kimberly M. Davenport, Kristen L. Kuhn, Richard E. Green, Beth Shapiro, Timothy P.L. Smith

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Bison are an icon of the American West and an ecologically, commercially, and culturally important species. Despite numbering in the hundreds of thousands today, conservation concerns remain for the species, including the impact on genetic diversity of a severe bottleneck around the turn of the 20th century and genetic introgression from domestic cattle. Genetic diversity and admixture are best evaluated at genome-wide scale, for which a high-quality reference is necessary. Here, we use trio binning of long reads from a bison-Simmental cattle (Bos taurus taurus) male F1 hybrid to sequence and assemble the genome of the American plains bison (Bison …

Managing And Buying Bulls, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Animal production and livestock factsheets

Weaning percentage and therefore conception rate, can significantly influence profitability in the breeder herd.

Bulls need to be managed to optimise their performance for the mating period to maximise conception rates. For producers retaining females in the breeding herd, bulls can have a significant impact on future herd productivity through the genetics they pass on.

Various tools are available to assess how a bull will perform before purchase, including visual appraisal, obtaining a bull breeding soundness examination (BBSE) and utilising estimated breeding values (EBVs).

Push-Pull Strategy Combined With Net Houses For Controlling Cowpea Insect Pests And Enhancing Crop Yields, Seydou Diabate, Thibaud Martin, Lucy Kananu Murungi, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, John Wesonga, John M. Kimani, Emilie Deletre

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Net houses can be used in tropical environments to protect crops such as cowpea against large insect pests, thereby avoiding pesticide treatments while sustainably mitigating the effects of climate change. We investigated a push-pull strategy to prevent small insect pest outbreaks in a net house. The push component consisted of two stimulus plants, i.e. Cymbopogon citratus and Tagetes minuta, and the pull stimuli consisted of visual cues from blue and yellow sticky traps. Field experiments were set up in central Kenya and conducted during a rainy and a dry season, involving an open field control treatment, and three management treatments …

Are The Current Animal Trypanosomiasis Management Methods In Kenya Complementary Or Substitutes? Evidence From Kwale County, Arnold Lumumbah Musungu, David Jakinda Otieno, Beatrice Wambui Muriithi, Rose Nyikal, Daniel Masiga, Michael Nyanganga Okal

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) and its vectors, mainly tsetse, are a major constraint to livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Control efforts have been ongoing for decades, but finding a sustainable solution remains a major concern. This paper assessed the complementarity and substitutability of existing AAT management methods to inform policies toward an integrated approach. A multivariate probit (MVP) analytical technique was used to model interrelationships in the control methods from 308 randomly selected livestock keepers. The results show that the current AAT control methods are complementary and not substitutes. Furthermore, the number of years of formal education, household size, …

Mosaic Agriculture: A Guide To Irrigated Crop And Forage Production In Northern Wa, Geoff A. Moore Mr, Clinton K. Revell Dr, Christopher Schelfhout Dr, Christopher Ham Mr, Samuel Crouch Mr, Meredith M. Guthrie

Bulletins 4000 -

The Bulletin is a comprehensive guide for pastoralists, agronomists, agribusiness and the broader community on the growing of irrigated crops and pastures within a rangeland pastoral setting.

Dispersed irrigation developments on stations throughout the northern rangelands (sometimes referred to as mosaic agriculture) has created opportunities for the introduction of more productive forage species and pastoralists can now grow high quality forage for 12 months of the year. This can help to overcome the key constraint of traditional pastoral systems, the low quality of the feed over the dry season that typically results in stock losing condition.

Evaluating Accuracy Of Dna Pool Construction Based On White Blood Cell Counts, Amy N. Abrams, T. G. Mcdaneld, John W. Keele, Carol G. Chitko-Mckown, Larry A. Kuehn, Michael G. Gonda

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Pooling individual samples prior to DNA extraction can mitigate the cost of DNA extraction and genotyping; however, these methods need to accurately generate equal representation of individuals within pools. The objective of this study was to determine accuracy of pool construction of blood samples based on white blood cell counts compared to two common DNA quantification methods. Fifty individual bovine blood samples were collected, and then pooled with all individuals represented in each pool. Pools were constructed with the target of equal representation of each individual animal based on number of white blood cells, spectrophotometric readings, spectrofluorometric readings, and whole …

Rapid Estimation Of Salmonella Enterica Contamination Level In Ground Beef – Application Of The Time-To-Positivity Method Using A Combination Of Molecular Detection And Direct Plating, Dayna M. Harhay, Margaret D. Weinroth, James L. Bono, Gregory P. Harhay, Joseph M. Bosilevac

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Little progress has been made in decreasing the incidence rate of salmonellosis in the US over the past decade. Mitigating the contribution of contaminated raw meat to the salmonellosis incidence rate requires rapid methods for quantifying Salmonella, so that highly contaminated products can be removed before entering the food chain. Here we evaluated the use of Time-to-Positivity (TTP) as a rapid, semi-quantitative approach for estimating Salmonella contamination levels in ground beef. Growth rates of 14 Salmonella strains (inoculated at log 1 to −2 CFU/g) were characterized in lean ground beef mTSB enrichments and time-to-detection was determined using culture and molecular …

Assessment Of Alternative Models For Genetic Analysis Of Worm And Tick Infestation In Nellore Cattle, T. L. Passafaro, F. B. Lopes, Thomas W. Murphy, B. D. Valente, R. C. Leite, G. J.M. Rosa, F. L.B. Toral

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Worms and ticks are important parasites in beef cattle, especially in tropical areas, causing significant economic and production losses. Understanding animal-to-animal variation on infestation for these parasites might guide genetic selection and improvement of management practices to attenuate its detrimental effects. Statistical models used to analyze such traits usually assume a Gaussian distribution for the observed data. However, this assumption is quite often inappropriate for counting data. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1) Estimate genetic parameters for worms and tick infestations in Nellore cattle, and 2) To compare the overall performance of six data analysis approaches for worm …

Sdsu Beef Day 2021 Complete Proceedings, Department Of Animal Science

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

This is the complete proceedings of the South Dakota State University, Department of Animal Science Beef Day 2021. The proceedings contain research presented on the following topics:
/="/">Feedlot
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Evaluation Of Kws Hybrid Rye On Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, And Efficiency Of Net Energy Utilization In Finishing Feedlot Steers, Warren Rusche, Julie Walker, Southeast South Dakota Research Farm, Becca Brattain, Zachary Smith

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
Our objectives were to determine the effects of hybrid rye inclusion on finishing steer performance and carcass characteristics, and to estimate net energy (NE) value.
Study Description
Predominately Angus steers (n = 240, initial shrunk bodyweight [BW] = 891 ± 40.8 pounds) were used in 117-d finishing experiment. Hybrid rye was used to replace either one-third, two-thirds, or 100% of dry-rolled corn (DRC) resulting in four treatments: [DRC:Rye, DM basis (60:0), (40:20), (20:40), and (0:60)] with six pens per treatment and 10 steers/pen. Performance adjusted NE values were calculated from performance and carcass data. Replacing DRC with rye linearly …

Effect Of Corn Silage Inclusion Level And Steroidal Implant Type On Growth Performance, Dietary Net Energy Utilization, Beef Production Per Acre And Apparent Total Tract Digestibility In Feedlot Finishing Steers, Elizabeth Buckhaus, Warren Rusche, Zachary Smith

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
The experimental objective was to determine the influence corn silage inclusion level and terminal implant type have on animal performance, carcass traits, and beef production per acre of cropland in finishing steers harvested at a common fatness endpoint.
Study Description
Maine-Anjou × Angus beef steers (n = 156 steers; initial BW 807 ± 81.9 lbs) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement finishing experiment at the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD. Steers were weighed on 2 consecutive days and assigned into 5 weight blocks. Dietary treatments consisted (DM basis) of 1) 15% (CS15) or 2) 30% …

Evaluation Of Bacillus Subtilis Pb6 Probiotic (Clostat®500) On Feedlot Phase Growth Performance, Efficiency Of Dietary Net Energy Utilization, And Fecal And Subiliac Lymph Node Salmonella Prevalence In Spring Placement Yearling Beef Steers Fed In Southeastern South Dakota, Zachary K. Smith, P. Rand Broadway, Warren C. Rusche, Julie A. Walker, Keith R. Underwood, Jeri;Yn E. Hergenreder

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
The objective of this research was to determine the influence of Bacillus subtilis PB6 administration had on growth performance, carcass traits, and Salmonella prevalence in yearling steers placed on feed in March in southeastern South Dakota that were not subjected to marketing or environmental stressors during the finishing phase.
Study Description
Yearling crossbred beef steers (N = 238; initial shrunk BW = 886 ± 68.8 lbs) were used in a 140-d finishing study at the Southeast Research Farm (SERF) in Beresford, SD. Steers were allotted to one of 24 pens (N = 9 to 10 steers/pen) and assigned to …

Effects Of Harvest Maturity And/Or Kernel Processing On Corn Silage Processing Score And Particle Size Of Corn Silage, Thomas Hamilton, Julie Walker, Warren Rusche, Zachary Smith

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
A single corn hybrid was used to evaluate harvest maturity (Mat) and/or kernel processing (KP) effects on corn silage processing score (CSPS) and particle size (PS).
Study Description
Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial of: 1) Mat (early and late) and 2) KP (no or yes). A single corn field was planted on April 27, 2020. There were 12 loads (experimental unit) per simple effect treatment mean. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. Early harvest (3/4 milk line) occurred on August 28, 2020 [yield (as is) = 17.40 tons/acre; DM = 43.1%; CP, NDF, …

Estimating The Effects Of Weather, Dry Matter Intake, And Body Weight On Daily Water Intake In Weaned Calves, Zach S. Mcdaniel, Himali Wickramasinghe, Cody L. Wright, Michael G. Gonda, Zachary K. Smith

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
The purpose of this study was to study the effect of weather, dry matter intake, and body weight on the water requirements of weaned calves and estimating the requirements in a model.
Study Description
Weaned steers (n=48) were selected to study the effects of the weather, body weight, and dry matter intake on water intake in the winter (n=24) and summer (n=24) months. Calves were provided with ad libitum access to feed and water at the SDSU Cow-Calf Education and Research Facility (CCERF) and measured utilizing an automated feed and water system (Insentec, The Hague, Netherlands). Temperature, humidity, precipitation, …

Virtual Feedlot Shortcourse: When Life Hands Out Lemons, Warren Rusche

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
The COVID-19 pandemic forced changes in how Extension programming was delivered in 2020. Web-based distance learning tools were used to deliver educational material when it was impractical to use traditional delivery methods. Study Description
The SDSU Extension Feedlot Shortcourse has traditionally been an in-person event with as much opportunity for hands-on learning and demonstrations as possible. The program is offered over a two-day period in August at the SDSU Cow-Calf Education and Research Facility with approximately 30 participants each year, on average. The program addresses feed delivery and mixing, animal health, production technologies, and risk management. However, the events …

North Central Farm And Ranch Stress Assistance Center: A Comprehensive Needs Assessment In South Dakota, Krista Ehlert, Andrea Bjornestad

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
The overall objective of this project is to work with mobilized partners to form the North Central Farm and Ranch Stress Assistance Center (NC FRSAC). The NC FRSAC will create and expand stress management and mental health resources and services to agricultural producers, advocates and stakeholders who support agricultural producers. This project is led by the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. South Dakota State University is one of the partners and our supporting objective is to establish a state-wide task force to develop an assistance network, conduct a comprehensive needs assessment, develop and implement educational workshops to producers and their …

Developing Web Application Tools To Support Beef Cattle Production, Jameson Brennan, Krista Ehlert

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
The objective of this project was to demonstrate the development of web-based applications to help producers gather and utilize data to make more informed management decisions for their operation.

Vaccinating The Young Calf With A Parenteral Adjuvanted Vaccine To Develop A Protective Brsv Iga Nasal Response, Karim W. Abdelsalam, Elizabeth A. Kolb, Robin E. Buterbaugh, Carol L. Rinehart, Douglas Ensley, George A. Perry, Christopher C.L. Chase

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an adjuvanted modified live virus (MLV) vaccine in the presence of well-defined maternal passive immunity.
Study Description
Calves were vaccinated at approximately 1 month of age and challenged ~90 days later when BRSV systemic antibodies were less than 1:4. Clinical signs, nasal secretions and blood samples for virus measurement [polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation (VI)] and to measure for mucosal BRSV IgA antibodies were collected and the animals were euthanized and necropsied 8 days post infection. Body temperature and other clinical signs were lower at 6 …

Interactions Of Change In Nutrition After Ai On Plasma Metabolites, Steroid Hormone Production, And Uterine Environment, Taylor N. Andrews, Kaitlin M. Epperson, Jerica J.J. Rich, Saulo Menegatti Zoca, Adalaide C. Kline, Lacey K. Quail, Abigail L. Zezeski, Thomas W. Geary, Julie A. Walker, George A. Perry

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
The objective was to evaluate the impact of nutritional changes post artificial insemination (AI) on plasma metabolites, steroid hormones, and uterine environment.
Study Description
Beef heifers (n = 43) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatment groups (High = 161.5% or Low = 77.5% of maintenance energy) for 14 d after AI (post-AI). Post-AI dietary treatments continued until uteri were flushed for embryo recovery (d 14 post-AI). Blood samples were collected on d -3, 0 (day of AI), 3, 6, 9, 12, and 14 for analysis of plasma glucose, proteins, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and cholesterol using colorimetric assays. …

Use Of Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins To Determine Fetal Age Throughout Gestation In Cattle, Adalaide C. Kline, Kaitlin M. Epperson, Jerica J.J. Rich, Saulo Menegatti Zoca, Taylor N. Andrews, Lacey K. Quail, Jim R. Rhoades, George A. Perry

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
The objective of the current study was to determine if a commercially available blood pregnancy test could be modified to detect differences in pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentrations to indicate stage of pregnancy or fetal age in cattle.
Study Description
Previously identified pregnant females were grouped by age (pre-primiparous or multiparous). Blood samples were collected between day 27 and 190 of pregnancy (n = 176 from pre-primiparous and n = 240 from multiparous) and serum was tested in duplicate using a commercially available blood pregnancy test, IDEXX Alertys Pregnancy Test. Procedures were adapted to allow concentrations to fall within the …

The Presence Of Persistent Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection And A Novel Bosavirus In A Bison Herd, Ben M. Hause, Julia F. Ridpath, Angela E. Pillatzki, Tom Bragg, Christopher C.L. Chase

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen of cattle, leading to losses due to reproductive failure, respiratory disease and immune dysregulation. An investigation was conducted in an American bison (Bison bison) herd dealing with reproductive issues in 2018-2019 calving season to determine likely cause of the losses.

Prevalence Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Subspecies Among Persistently Infected Samples From Cattle In The United States, Jessie Vallejo, Travis Clement, Matthew Dammen, Christopher C.L. Chase

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective:
The focus of this survey was to determine the prevalence of BVDV subspecies in the United States.

Comparison Of Winter Cow Feeding Strategies On Offspring Carcass Characteristics And Meat Quality, Erin Gubbels, Christopher Schauer, Don Stecher, Donny Drolc, Robin Salverson, Adele Harty, Warren Rusche, Cody Wright, Kristi Cammack, Zachary Smith, J. Kyle Grubbs, Keith Underwood, Janna Block, Kenneth Olson, Amanda Blair

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
The objective of this research was to investigate effects of maternal prepartum dietary energy source (forage vs. concentrate) during mid and late gestation on carcass composition, and meat quality of offspring.
Study Description
Angus-based cows from 2 sources [n = 129 from SDSU (Experiment 1) and n = 70 from North Dakota State University (Experiment 2)] were stratified by body weight and age and placed into two treatment groups at a drylot facility during mid- and late-gestation: Concentrate (dams fed a concentrate-based diet) or Forage (dams fed a forage-based diet). Calves were finished and carcass data was collected. Striploins …

Influence Of Beef Carcass Chilling Rate On Steak Case Life And Quality Traits, Trevor C. Dehaan, Amanda D. Blair, Judson K. Grubbs, Keith R. Underwood

SDSU Beef Day 2021 Summary Publication

Objective
To determine if beef carcass weight influences chilling rate, pH decline, beef color, case life and tenderness of steaks from the round, loin, rib and chuck.