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Articles 8131 - 8160 of 25622
Full-Text Articles in Computer Engineering
Water Quality Prediction Based On Machine Learning Techniques, Zhao Fu
Water Quality Prediction Based On Machine Learning Techniques, Zhao Fu
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms on earth. The monitoring of treated wastewater discharge quality is vitally important for the stability and protection of the ecosystem. Collecting and analyzing water samples in the laboratory consumes much time and resources. In the last decade, many machine learning techniques, like multivariate linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) model, have been proposed to address the problem. However, simple linear regression analysis cannot accurately forecast water quality because of complicated linear and nonlinear relationships in the water quality dataset. The ANN model also has shortcomings …
An Investigation Into Multi-View Error Correcting Output Code Classifiers Applied To Organ Tissue Classification, Daniel Alvarez
An Investigation Into Multi-View Error Correcting Output Code Classifiers Applied To Organ Tissue Classification, Daniel Alvarez
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Large amounts of data is being generated constantly each day, so much data that it is difficult to find patterns in order to predict outcomes and make decisions for both humans and machines alike. It would be useful if this data could be simplified using machine learning techniques. For example, biological cell identity is dependent on many factors tied to genetic processes. Such factors include proteins, gene transcription, and gene methylation. Each of these factors are highly complex mechanism with immense amounts of data. Simplifying these can then be helpful in finding patterns in them. Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOC) does …
Three-Dimensional (3d) Reconstruction Of Computed Tomography (Ct) Abdominal Images Using Visualization Toolkit (Vtk), Mat Saad Afifah Husna
Three-Dimensional (3d) Reconstruction Of Computed Tomography (Ct) Abdominal Images Using Visualization Toolkit (Vtk), Mat Saad Afifah Husna
Student Works (2020-2029)
A computerized tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan combines data from several X-raysito produce a detailed image of structures inside the body. CT scans produce 2D of a “slice” or section of the abdomen but the data can also be used to construct 3-dimensional images. However, CT scan unable to accurately represent the internal structure of soft tissues and soft-tissue lesions. Therefore, using the program in Visualization Tool Kit (VTK) is needed to construct a much more clearer 3D image. To reconstruct 3D images from 2D images of a “slice” or section of abdomen which will be resulting …
Emergency Department Systems Engineering: Modelling And Event Simulation, O Alharethi Salman Zayed
Emergency Department Systems Engineering: Modelling And Event Simulation, O Alharethi Salman Zayed
Student Works (2020-2029)
Emergency department systems are meant to ensure the timely delivery for essential healthcare services through complex systems. (ED) offers various services and have several components in its parts. Examined long previous research on system engineering and quality of healthcare resulting on these are influenced by operational management. Real time data are very helpful for decision making for any systems. Patient output feedback and satisfaction can be ensured with engineered management. EDs have become evident particularly in current scenario when the world is in the grip of the deadly COVID-19. All this implies that analysis is significant for improvement of services …
Learning Transferrable Parameters For Long-Tailed Sequential User Behavior Modeling, Jianwen Yin, Chenghao Liu, Weiqing Wang, Jianling Sun, Steven C. H. Hoi
Learning Transferrable Parameters For Long-Tailed Sequential User Behavior Modeling, Jianwen Yin, Chenghao Liu, Weiqing Wang, Jianling Sun, Steven C. H. Hoi
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Sequential user behavior modeling plays a crucial role in online user-oriented services, such as product purchasing, news feed consumption, and online advertising. The performance of sequential modeling heavily depends on the scale and quality of historical behaviors. However, the number of user behaviors inherently follows a long-tailed distribution, which has been seldom explored. In this work, we argue that focusing on tail users could bring more benefits and address the long tails issue by learning transferrable parameters from both optimization and feature perspectives. Specifically, we propose a gradient alignment optimizer and adopt an adversarial training scheme to facilitate knowledge transfer …
Traffic Privacy Study On Internet Of Things – Smart Home Applications, Ayan Patel
Traffic Privacy Study On Internet Of Things – Smart Home Applications, Ayan Patel
Master's Theses
Internet of Things (IoT) devices have been widely adopted in many different applications in recent years, such as smart home applications. An adversary can capture the network traffic of IoT devices and analyze it to reveal user activities even if the traffic is encrypted. Therefore, traffic privacy is a major concern, especially in smart home applications. Traffic shaping can be used to obfuscate the traffic so that no meaningful predictions can be drawn through traffic analysis. Current traffic shaping methods have many tunable variables that are difficult to optimize to balance bandwidth overheads and latencies. In this thesis, we study …
Situation Assessment Method For Cooperative Air Combat Based On Dynamic Combat Power Field, Zhanwu Li, Yizhe Chang, Haiyan Yang, Yingxin Kou, Xu An
Situation Assessment Method For Cooperative Air Combat Based On Dynamic Combat Power Field, Zhanwu Li, Yizhe Chang, Haiyan Yang, Yingxin Kou, Xu An
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Considering on the remaining problem in current situation assessment of Beyond-Visual-Range cooperative air combat, such as isolation of static/dynamic state superiority, the concept of combat power field was applied in situation assessment of Beyond-Visual-Range cooperative air combat. Coupled with characteristics of cooperative air combat, the model of combat power field was constructed by aspects of attack, communication, detection, maneuverability, electronic countermeasure and cooperation and alert. The method was verified by the simulation. The result shows the method has advantages of integrity, visualization and continuity compared with former situation assessment methods, and is also able to improve the quality and …
Research On Optimizing Lot Sizing Of Job Shop Based On Em_Plant, Xiaobing Pei, Linlin Tan
Research On Optimizing Lot Sizing Of Job Shop Based On Em_Plant, Xiaobing Pei, Linlin Tan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Considering maximizing the rate of account and choosing production process time as the optimization objectives to solve the lot sizing optimization problems of job shop, the model about production time under ideal conditions was established, and accordingly the formula of solving theoretical optimal lot sizing was derived. To compensate for the limitations of mathematical modeling and improve the feasibility of the optimal solution, the actual manufacturing operations in job shop was simulated and optimized according to production batch simulation optimization strategy by eM_plant software. By running the simulation model the theoretical optimal solution was amended, to make optimal …
Design And Implementation Of Quantum-Inspired Bee Colony Algorithm, Shuyun Yang, Panchi Li
Design And Implementation Of Quantum-Inspired Bee Colony Algorithm, Shuyun Yang, Panchi Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To enhance the performance of artificial bee colony algorithm, a quantum-inspired bee colony algorithm was proposed. In the proposed approach, the bees were encoded with the qubits described on the Bloch sphere. The evolutionary search was achieved by rotating the qubit about the rotation axis on the Bloch sphere. The Bloch coordinates of qubit can be obtained by measuring with the Pauli matrices, and the optimization solutions can be presented through the solution space transformation. The highlight advantages of this method are the ability to simultaneously adjust two parameters of a qubit and automatically achieve the best match between …
Intelligent Detecting For Infrared Aerial Small Target Based On Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform, Liu Gang, Xingyuan Xu, Zhou Heng, Xitao Zhang
Intelligent Detecting For Infrared Aerial Small Target Based On Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform, Liu Gang, Xingyuan Xu, Zhou Heng, Xitao Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problem of infrared aerospace small target's detecting under complex background, an intelligent algorithm was proposed based on the non-subsampled contourlet transform and BP neutral network. By using the morphologic top-hat transform which had adaptive structural element, some infrared background was suppressed. By defining the center vector of subband coefficients, the proposed method constructed the synthetical image at high frequency and suppressed the complex background further. Subsequently, taking pixel's gray level, horizontal gradient, vertical gradient, diagonal gradient, neighbour mean and neighbour variance as input character vector, a BP neutral network which had three layers was constructed by …
Dynamic Simulation And Test Of Mountain Orchard Double-Track Transport Traction System, Yuping Ouyang, Tiansheng Hong, Yudong Ma
Dynamic Simulation And Test Of Mountain Orchard Double-Track Transport Traction System, Yuping Ouyang, Tiansheng Hong, Yudong Ma
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: After the traction system virtual prototype model of mountain orchard transport was established, virtual simulation test was done to get the force of wire rope and the dynamic characteristics. Compared with trapezoidal velocity, under S type velocity curve, vehicle vibration amplitude was decreased obviously in each stage, average maximum force and average force of four key points was respectively decreased by 9.2% and 12.7%. Average relative error between kinetic parameters calculation and simulation values was 4.8%. Average relative error between test and simulation values was 4.02 %. This research results have provided a simulation platform and reference to whole …
Performance Analysis Of Netted Radar Data Fusion Systems, Zhijie Chen, Bin Rao, Yongzhen Li, Zhiwei Zong
Performance Analysis Of Netted Radar Data Fusion Systems, Zhijie Chen, Bin Rao, Yongzhen Li, Zhiwei Zong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The performance analysis of netted radar data fusion systems was proposed. The principles of two representative radar netting modes (i.e., centralized fusion and distributed fusion) were introduced and the associated capabilities of anti-jamming, anti-stealth, fusion accuracy, fusion discrimination, and communication requirements were quantitatively analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the netting essence is, centralized fusion by using ‘or' rule to complement information and realize trajectory composition whereas distributed fusion by using ‘and' rule to reduce information redundancy and realize discrimination ability. The research can provide some enlightenment for the newly-developed intellective netted radar data fusion systems.
Parameter Optimization On Coordinated Control System Of Thermal Power Units In High Rate Variable Load Operation Mode, Tian Liang, Liu Fang, Xinping Liu, Jizhen Liu
Parameter Optimization On Coordinated Control System Of Thermal Power Units In High Rate Variable Load Operation Mode, Tian Liang, Liu Fang, Xinping Liu, Jizhen Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The frequent fluctuations and rapid change of power grid generating load instruction cause the deterioration of control quality of generating load and throttle pressure in thermal power units. To solve this problem, a trial and error method, the parameters adjustment range of which could be quantified, was proposed. Based on the model of controlled object, the initial value of controller parameters were set conservatively. By calculating the difference between current value and the target value of load change rate, the optimization times were determined, the PID controller parameters optimization method of coordinated control system was studied, and the effectiveness …
Research On Section Optimization Of Water Quality Monitoring Based On Comprehensive Hierarchical Clustering, Xiaofeng Lian, Peng Sen, Xiaoyi Wang, Zaiwen Liu
Research On Section Optimization Of Water Quality Monitoring Based On Comprehensive Hierarchical Clustering, Xiaofeng Lian, Peng Sen, Xiaoyi Wang, Zaiwen Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to optimize the layout of water quality monitoring section of river, lake and reservoir effectively, a new method for water quality monitoring section optimization was proposed based on comprehensive hierarchical clustering (CHC). A normalized matrix was constructed according to the original monitoring data of water quality. The method calculated the similarity to obtain the affinity-disaffinity relationship among the monitoring variables by 5 different distance algorithms, and then clustered the data set automatically by 4 different connection algorithms. Moreover, taking the correlation coefficient as the evaluation criteria, optimal hierarchical clustering algorithm was selected. With the generation …
Sliding Parameters Calculation Of Agricultural Tracked Robot Based On Ukf And Smo, Jiao Jun, Kong Wen, Lichuan Gu, Wang Qiang, Ya Gao, Chenchen Yuan
Sliding Parameters Calculation Of Agricultural Tracked Robot Based On Ukf And Smo, Jiao Jun, Kong Wen, Lichuan Gu, Wang Qiang, Ya Gao, Chenchen Yuan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to make ensure an Agricultural Tracked Robot (ATR) stable driving in farmland and reduce the slip phenomenon parameters, a novel sliding parameters estimation scheme of ATR based on UKF (Unscented Kalman Filter) and SMO (Sliding Mode Observer) was proposed. The motion equation and measurement equation of ATR were fused by UKF to compensate the measurement error from sensors and to reconstruct the precision pose parameters of ATR. Three slip parameter observers were designed for the sideslip angle, left and right track slip rate, which used the tangent function was used as the switching function to cover chattering …
Experiment Platform For Pure Electric Vehicles And Bi-Directional Power Conversion, Shaojian Song, Qingfang Lin, Xiaofeng Lin
Experiment Platform For Pure Electric Vehicles And Bi-Directional Power Conversion, Shaojian Song, Qingfang Lin, Xiaofeng Lin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: As the energy consumption and environmental pollution brought by traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, the experimental platform for pure electric vehicle research is scarce, and most of the research uses virtual vehicle simulation software, which is difficult to accurately reflect the real vehicle system. An experiment platform for LiFePO4 Battery pack (the main energy source) and ultra-capacitor (the auxiliary energy source) hybrid pure electric vehicles and bi-directional power conversion was introduced. The test results show that the introduced experimental platform can be performance test for the key components of pure electric vehicle and energy management, running under …
Implementation And Application Of Coordinate Stretched Pml Under Two-Dimensional Cylindrical Coordinate, Anshi Zhu, Zili Chen, Yang Yong, Yunhui Zhen
Implementation And Application Of Coordinate Stretched Pml Under Two-Dimensional Cylindrical Coordinate, Anshi Zhu, Zili Chen, Yang Yong, Yunhui Zhen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: According to the numerical calculation of electromagnetic field under cylindrical coordinate, the conventional split field absorbing boundary is no longer applicable. The coordinate stretched perfectly matched layers (CS-PML) were applied in the two-dimensional stretched cylindrical coordinate system. The updating equations of Maxwell curl equations in CS-PML were derived by using auxiliary equation method. The simulation results show that theoretical derivation is correct. The reflection coefficient of CS-PML is less than -30 dB, and it is able to meet the precision demand of numerical calculation. Besides, the CS-PML was adopted to investigate the radiation characteristic of the …
Simulation Of Converter Torsional Vibration Based On Multi-Body Dynamics, Hongbin Liu, Yongsheng Shi, Zhang Lei, Hongbiao Han
Simulation Of Converter Torsional Vibration Based On Multi-Body Dynamics, Hongbin Liu, Yongsheng Shi, Zhang Lei, Hongbiao Han
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Torsional vibration of large converter is very easy to cause the transmission gear failure. In order to solve large converters' torsional vibration during working, a converter multi-body dynamic analysis model on rigid-flexible coupling method was built by using of multi-body dynamics simulation software RecurDyn and the finite element analysis software ANSYS. And the dynamic simulation study of this model was carried out. The effects of torsional vibration by different parking methods, parking times, the converters' vibration frequency and the amplitude were obtained through the dynamics simulation calculation. The results show that the torsional vibration amplitude of converter can …
Study On Theory Of Scale Model Simulation Of Light Wave-Microwave System On Inequality Electrical Length Conditions, He Jing, Miao Qiang, Qifan Zhao
Study On Theory Of Scale Model Simulation Of Light Wave-Microwave System On Inequality Electrical Length Conditions, He Jing, Miao Qiang, Qifan Zhao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Light wave model measurement microwave system at big scale factor on inequality electrical length conditions was proposed. The analysis idea of such model measurement was put forward. The feasibility of simulating electromagnetic scattering at microwave band using optic wave was discussed from the angle of physical similitude and technological feasibility. Then according to this idea, the similitude relationship and conditions in the application such as RCS measurement and multipath effect measurement were analyzed in detail on inequality electrical length conditions model measurement. The research result offers a new research approach in the field of large scale electromagnetic system simulation.
Finite Element Simulation Of Machining 7075 Aluminum Alloy Based On Advantedge And Corresponding Experimental Study, Yusong Liao, Han Jiang
Finite Element Simulation Of Machining 7075 Aluminum Alloy Based On Advantedge And Corresponding Experimental Study, Yusong Liao, Han Jiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Abstract: The finite element simulation of cutting 7050 aluminum alloy was carried out based on the software of AdvantEdge, and Johnson-Cook constitutive model was chosen for the workpiece material in the model. The parameters for the constitutive model were obtained through the Hopkinson experiment. The cutting forces and surface qualities were observed through different cutting velocities and cutting depths. The cutting velocity and cutting depth were optimized, and the experiment was carried out with the guidance of the simulation results. The machined workpiece obtained from the experiment shows that the optimized cutting parameters can improve the machined surface property …
Study On Operation Mechanism Of Mixed Closed Loop Transportation Network With Exponential Queues, Li Bing, Xuan Hua, Li Jing
Study On Operation Mechanism Of Mixed Closed Loop Transportation Network With Exponential Queues, Li Bing, Xuan Hua, Li Jing
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Mixed transport queuing network is composed of single route station road and multiple route station as parallel and series form. Two random variables to denote respectively time interval of vehicle arriving freight station and the service time of these handling platforms in freight station obeyed negative exponential distribution. The closed mixed transportation queuing network was simulated using SimEvents module in Matlab software. The dynamic changes of the queue length and waiting time in freight station were analyzed. Then vehicle distribution in mixed closed loop transportation network was analyzed. The formulation to compute vehicle distribution probability in steady state was …
Review On Modeling And Simulation Of Critical Infrastructures, Baoliang Xiao, Mingzhi Zhang, Xiaoyuan He
Review On Modeling And Simulation Of Critical Infrastructures, Baoliang Xiao, Mingzhi Zhang, Xiaoyuan He
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Economic prosperity, national security and society well-being have long depended on the important services that some critical infrastructures are provided. The safety of the critical infrastructures is vital for the normal operation of the country. On the basis of research on the connotation of critical infrastructure to different nation in different historical period, the definition, classification and model of interdependencies among critical infrastructures were analyzed. The principal modeling and simulation techniques of critical infrastructure and their merits and drawbacks were summarized. The significant protection projection s and tools were analyzed and researched. Depending on all above studies, knowing …
Fire Reconstruction Method Based On Les And Linear Programming, Guangyao Yao, Peizhong Yang, Tan Xun
Fire Reconstruction Method Based On Les And Linear Programming, Guangyao Yao, Peizhong Yang, Tan Xun
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A method based on LES and linear programming was proposed for the numerical construction of fire accident. In the simulation with LES method, all the quantities were decomposed into large-scale components and small-scale components. For large-scale components, the direct simulation method was used. For small-scale components, the subgrid model was used. The LES method could improve the simulation accuracy. In the linear programming method, the parameters were locally linearized to solve the optimization problem. It could improve the simulation efficiency. The method was applied to the numerical reconstruction of a wholesale market fire in Shanghai. The spread of fire …
Compressed-Sensing Based Up-Sampling Method For Fluid Simulation, Yijing Qian, Xubo Yang
Compressed-Sensing Based Up-Sampling Method For Fluid Simulation, Yijing Qian, Xubo Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In computer fluid animation, the grid-based Euler method is a well-matured and effective way of simulating fluids, but a key bottleneck of Euler method is that it is limited to the traditional Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem in sampling step. So it cannot effectively reduce the massive data and computing of the large-scale flow fields. In order to solve this problem, compressed sensing theory was used to probe a way to break through the limitation of the sampling theorem in fluid simulation. The sparsity and compressibility of fluid data were explored, then applicable sampling function, compressive basis and reconstruction algorithm for …
Modeling Research On Dynamic Pressure Distribution Of Pilot Body In Maneuver Flight, Liu Gang, Yunpu Wang, Hongwei Chi, Hongyin Yuan
Modeling Research On Dynamic Pressure Distribution Of Pilot Body In Maneuver Flight, Liu Gang, Yunpu Wang, Hongwei Chi, Hongyin Yuan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Relationship between dynamic surface forces distribution of pilot body and flight load in maneuver flight was studied. Dynamic surface pressure and shear distribution of pilot body seated posture were expressed by setting up dynamic pressure factor and dynamic shear factor. Flight kinetic equations of pilot body seated posture were established. In the equations, relationship between pilot body inertia forces and dynamic surface forces were given, and the equations are square nonlinear for dynamic pressure factor and shear factor. Finally an example for climbing turn maneuver flight of some aircraft was done, dynamic surface forces distribution of pilot …
Numerical Simulation Of Hot And Cold Fluids Mixing In A Tee-Junction, Wenli Wei, Yunfei Hong, Shipeng Shao, Yuling Liu
Numerical Simulation Of Hot And Cold Fluids Mixing In A Tee-Junction, Wenli Wei, Yunfei Hong, Shipeng Shao, Yuling Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Flow and heat transfer model in tee junction was established and the 3D RNG k-ε turbulence model was completed to simulate the process of mixing and capture the information of velocity and temperature. The simulation results and measured data of the mean value of velocity and temperature were analyzed and compared, and are in a good agreement, which indicates that the RNG k-ε model combined with the heat transfer model can well simulate the hydraulic characteristics and heat transfer mechanism of hot and cold fluids in a tee junction. Furthermore, the upstream segment of a tee junction has two …
Research On Fault Diagnosis For Pitch Sensors Of Wind Turbines, Yanjie Zhai, Dinghui Wu, Yiyang Li, Zhicheng Ji
Research On Fault Diagnosis For Pitch Sensors Of Wind Turbines, Yanjie Zhai, Dinghui Wu, Yiyang Li, Zhicheng Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Considering the biased output fault of pitch sensors for wind turbines, a fault diagnosis method based on the multi-innovation kalman filter algorithm was proposed. The corresponding relationship between the change of the pitch angle and the tiny displacement produced by the force acting on the tower was established according to the mechanical structure characteristics of wind turbines. More accurate estimated value for the tiny displacement was achieved by using the multi-innovation kalman filter algorithm which had higher convergence speed and estimation accuracy to reduce the large noise of the output information generated by sensors. The fault could be detected …
Research On Methods For Transformation Of Declarative Model For Semi-Physical Simulation, Weijian Huang, Jianwan Ding, Liping Chen, Zhaoyuan Zhou
Research On Methods For Transformation Of Declarative Model For Semi-Physical Simulation, Weijian Huang, Jianwan Ding, Liping Chen, Zhaoyuan Zhou
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A new method for the transformation from the declarative model to the model for semi-physical simulation was proposed aiming at semi-physical simulation. By analyzing the mathematical form of the declarative model and the model for semi-physical simulation, based on bipartite graph, the mathematical form of declarative model to the mathematical form of the model for semi-physical simulation was transformed through decomposition based on bipartite graph and tearing the algebraic loop, using clutch model as the model transformation examples. The declarative model transforming idea has overcome the disadvantages of process modeling method such as considering the causality, difficult …
Numerical Simulation About Fuel Injection Source Location Impacting On Turbulent Combustion Process, Sun Hui, Guangcheng Cai, Jiang Lin, Shibo Wang
Numerical Simulation About Fuel Injection Source Location Impacting On Turbulent Combustion Process, Sun Hui, Guangcheng Cai, Jiang Lin, Shibo Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Fuel injection source location has very important influence on combustion process. It determines the location of the furnace flame. The three dimensional model of the furnace was established by the numerical simulation method. Under different conditions, the fuel injection source location on the temperature field within the furnace, the pollutant concentration field, and the flow field distribution inside the furnace combustion process were investigated. The results were compared and analyzed. After analysis, the results show that the fuel injection source location from 1.1 ~ 1.5 meter process of change, the average temperature within the furnace continue to rise, the …
Image Saliency Analysis Based On Grey Relational Computation And Prior Combination, Qiangqiang Zhou, Zhicheng Wang, Weidong Zhao, Yufei Chen, Wang Gang
Image Saliency Analysis Based On Grey Relational Computation And Prior Combination, Qiangqiang Zhou, Zhicheng Wang, Weidong Zhao, Yufei Chen, Wang Gang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: An image saliency analysis method based on the combination of grey relational computation and prior knowledge, which is a saliency computation and integration based on three different priori of boundary background, global color distribution and top salient information. The SLIC method segment the image into superpixels, then selecting the boundary superpixels on four image sides respectively to construct the reference sequence, and the same method used to construct the comparative sequence of the rest superpixels. Then four initial saliency images was derived based on boundary background priori through a grey relational computation, to make weighted and …