Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Educational Leadership Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 991 - 1020 of 20694

Full-Text Articles in Educational Leadership

Telling Herstory: The Preparation, Perspectives, And Persistence Of Novice Black Women Principals, Dana Roseman Dec 2025

Telling Herstory: The Preparation, Perspectives, And Persistence Of Novice Black Women Principals, Dana Roseman

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Being a Black Woman public school principal is an intensified, all-encompassing yet rewarding role, marked by disparities that our white counterparts are not forced to navigate. Inspired by the daily, distressed calls from novice Black Women principals seeking support in their roles and personal experience, this qualitative study employs the Sista Circle Methodology (SCM) to explore their perceptions of principal preparation programs, professional support, and persistence strategies within the first five years of appointment in a large urban school district. Framed by Black Feminist Thought (Collins, 1990), the study examines the social, gender, cultural, and experiential contexts unique to Black …


Perceptions And Behaviors Of Female Title I Principals And Faculty Trust In The Post-Covid-19 Educational Environment, Jessica A. Robbins Dec 2025

Perceptions And Behaviors Of Female Title I Principals And Faculty Trust In The Post-Covid-19 Educational Environment, Jessica A. Robbins

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Faculty trust in principals is essential to a healthy school culture, yet it remains one of the most fragile and complex aspects of leadership, particularly in Title I schools (Tschannen-Moran, 2007, 2014; Tschannen-Moran et al., 2015). While trust has been widely studied, fewer investigations have focused on the specific behaviors female principals use to build trust in the post-COVID era (Berkovich, 2018; Bukko et al., 2021; Handford & Leithwood, 2013; Jeanquart-Barone, 2013; Zajda et al., 2023; Zheng et al., 2021). Research suggests that women in leadership must be deliberate in fostering trust, yet their behaviors are often judged more harshly …


Adverse Childhood Experiences And Academic Achievement, Leah A. Brehmer Dec 2025

Adverse Childhood Experiences And Academic Achievement, Leah A. Brehmer

Graduate Teacher Education

The paper examines the impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on student success. Through the literature review, three themes emerge: the first is the impact of ACEs on learning, the second is the usage of trauma-informed practices, and the third is how resilience plays a role in student success. Awareness regarding how ACEs impact students and academics, changes can be made to prioritize the student and their success in schools. The review incorporates statistics from studies primarily conducted in the United States, supplemented by a few international studies that support the research findings. Nearly half of the students in the …


When Two Worlds Collide: A Narrative Inquiry Into The Teacher Identity Development Of Graduate Students Of Additional Languages, Hannah L. Garver Dec 2025

When Two Worlds Collide: A Narrative Inquiry Into The Teacher Identity Development Of Graduate Students Of Additional Languages, Hannah L. Garver

Teacher Education, Educational Leadership & Policy ETDs

This study explores a population that has been understudied in teacher identity research: native English-speaking graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) of additional languages who assumed this role with no prior teaching experience. Influenced by my own experience as a GTA, the purpose of this study is to gain insight into how this population’s experiences shape their identities as teachers and later careers. This qualitative study uses narrative inquiry as a method by which to examine their experiences through the stories told by participants: six former GTAs of French and German.

Using data in the form of semi-structured interviews and some participants’ …


A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Implementing An Education Model From School Leaders’ Perspectives, Jackie Marie Cusimano Phd Dec 2025

A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Implementing An Education Model From School Leaders’ Perspectives, Jackie Marie Cusimano Phd

Teacher Education, Educational Leadership & Policy ETDs

A high school science teacher asked the question, “Why not make every class an elective?” He noticed that when his high school students were required to take a course, such as biology, the attendance and participation lacked when compared to his elective course of forensic biology. Both classes covered the same science standards. This question led him to applying for a public charter license and ultimately opening the first Choice Charter School in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 2014. Choice Charter Schools follow the created Choice Charter Education Model, which is based on William Glasser’s Choice Theory (Glasser, 1998). Since the …


The Underrepresentation Of Black Women In Executive Leadership Roles, Bre Hayward Dec 2025

The Underrepresentation Of Black Women In Executive Leadership Roles, Bre Hayward

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Abstract The problem that was addressed through this study is that Black women are underrepresented in executive leadership roles in the United States. Grounded in Ladson-Billings’ critical race theory and Hill Collins’ Black feminist theory, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the perceptions and experiences of Black women executives regarding the challenges they face in attaining executive leadership roles and their recommendations to address the underrepresentation of Black women in executive leadership roles. Data were collected using semistructured interviews of 13 adult Black female executive leaders in a private sector organization who had at least 2 …


What Makes A Good Leader? Ms Lili: Mississippi Library Leadership Institute, Anita L. Winger Dec 2025

What Makes A Good Leader? Ms Lili: Mississippi Library Leadership Institute, Anita L. Winger

Theses and Dissertations

What is leadership? The goal of this research is to develop leaders, but what does that mean? It is true that leadership is needed at every level in an organization, and a leader does not need to be at the administrative level of the organization but can lead from any role and any level in the organization. Everyone has their own style of leadership that needs to be developed. The research explored different styles and theories of leadership and focused on implementing a Character Strength-based framework of leadership. Through this research, identified topics will be presented to participants in the …


How Are Teacher Leadership Characteristics Defined?: Investigating The Development Of Leadership Identity, Role Clarity, And Administrative Support, Anna C. Daher Dec 2025

How Are Teacher Leadership Characteristics Defined?: Investigating The Development Of Leadership Identity, Role Clarity, And Administrative Support, Anna C. Daher

Theses and Dissertations

The research study investigated how graduates of a teacher leadership preparation program perceived their development as teacher leaders, the factors that supported or hindered their leadership practices, and how their lived experiences aligned with the Teacher Leader Model Standards. The mixed method qualitative research study was designed to examine how teacher leaders make meaning of their growth and enactment of leadership while remaining in classroom roles. Eighteen graduates of a teacher leadership preparation program at a public university in Mississippi completed a survey on their leadership development and current roles. Of those, six participants representing diverse educational backgrounds, experience levels, …


Enhancing Leadership Development For Faculty And Staff At Community Colleges, Christopher L. Haralson Dec 2025

Enhancing Leadership Development For Faculty And Staff At Community Colleges, Christopher L. Haralson

Theses and Dissertations

Community colleges serve as critical gateways to higher education and workforce advancement, yet many lack formal leadership development programs tailored to their unique missions and operational challenges. This capstone project explores the need for and proposes the design of a comprehensive leadership program for community colleges, addressing three guiding questions: (1) How can community colleges build institutional support for leadership development programs? (2) In what ways can leadership programs increase faculty and staff engagement to improve student success? (3) How can structured leadership programs serve as foundations for succession planning within college administration? A desk-based research methodology was employed, anchored …


Examining Relationships Among Teachers’ Perceptions Of School Climate And Culture And Their Sense Of School Belonging, Kimberly D. Lathan Dec 2025

Examining Relationships Among Teachers’ Perceptions Of School Climate And Culture And Their Sense Of School Belonging, Kimberly D. Lathan

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships among teachers’ views of school climate and culture and their sense of belonging within a Mississippi school district. Using a quantitative survey research design, data were collected from 99 teachers during the 2024–2025 school year through the School Climate Survey and the School Belonging Scale Survey. The researcher sought to determine whether differences in the teachers' perceptions of their schools’ climate and culture and their sense of belonging existed by gender and grade span, as well as whether significant relationships existed among the constructs of their schools’ climate and culture …


Stimming Toward Something: Misreading, Method, And Neuroqueer Becoming, Kara Fahringer-Baer Dec 2025

Stimming Toward Something: Misreading, Method, And Neuroqueer Becoming, Kara Fahringer-Baer

Ought: The Journal of Autistic Culture

This autotheoretical piece examines the epistemic injustices faced by a neurodivergent individual in higher education, tracing how institutional cultures demand legibility while extracting and erasing the knowledge produced at their margins. Drawing on the personal experience of a queer, cis-passing, neurodivergent scholar-practitioner in the U.S. community college system, the narrative enacts theory through lived friction, institutional residue, and creative refusal. By naming the margins as method, the piece offers both scholars and practitioners a framework for recognizing how neuroqueer ways of knowing unsettle dominant logics while making new forms of understanding possible.


Paradigm Pivot: Envisioning A New Education System To Cultivate An Era Of Human Intelligence, Heather J. Leslie Phd Dec 2025

Paradigm Pivot: Envisioning A New Education System To Cultivate An Era Of Human Intelligence, Heather J. Leslie Phd

Learning Design Center: Staff Scholarship

This think piece proposes a new paradigm for the education system that moves towards more humane practices and away from more mechanistic, standardized practices in order to cultivate intrinsic motivation, authenticity, and the capacity for each person to develop their unique human abilities in the era of artificial intelligence.


The Effect Of Early Intervention Programs On Literacy Performance Scores Of Kindergarten Students In One Central Arkansas School District, Abigail M. Stone Dec 2025

The Effect Of Early Intervention Programs On Literacy Performance Scores Of Kindergarten Students In One Central Arkansas School District, Abigail M. Stone

ATU Theses and Dissertations 2021 - Present

This study was conducted in a central Arkansas school district to see if going to the Arkansas Better Chance (ABC) Early Intervention Program located in that central Arkansas school district made a difference in how well kids did on their kindergarten reading test (NWEA MAP Growth). This was a quantitative, causal-comparative study, meaning the researcher looked at archived test scores from kindergarteners in Fall 2021 where some of the participants attended ABC Pre-K, and some did not.

The main goal of the study was to answer this research question: Is there a significant difference in kindergarten readiness literacy scores between …


Building Our Own Curriculum: Black Women’S Stories Of Higher Education Leadership Development, Sabrina Louise Brown Dec 2025

Building Our Own Curriculum: Black Women’S Stories Of Higher Education Leadership Development, Sabrina Louise Brown

Tennessee State University Alumni Theses and Dissertations

Despite increasing attention to gender equity in higher education leadership, Black women remain disproportionately underrepresented in senior administrative roles. Women's Leadership Development Programs (WLDPs) emerged to cultivate leadership talent, yet often reflect race-evasive, gender-centered frameworks that marginalize Black women's intersectional experiences. This phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of Black women who participated in a women-only higher education leadership development program in North Carolina. Guided by Black Feminist Thought and Endarkened Feminist Epistemology, this research centered Black women's knowledge systems and ways of knowing as legitimate sources of insight and resistance. Through interviews with eight Black women who completed the …


The Impact Of Teacher Effectiveness Factors On Student Achievement: A Case Study, Renita Joy Perkins Dec 2025

The Impact Of Teacher Effectiveness Factors On Student Achievement: A Case Study, Renita Joy Perkins

Tennessee State University Alumni Theses and Dissertations

This quantitative, correlational study examined the relationship between teacher, evaluation scores and student achievement using Tennessee's Educator Acceleration Model (TEAM) evaluation system at Spencer Elementary School in rural Van Buren County. The study analyzed data from nine teachers across grades 3-5 and 150 students, investigating correlations between TEAM evaluation scores, Level of Effectiveness (LOE) ratings, and student performance on Tennessee Ready assessments in mathematics, English Language Arts, and science. Key findings revealed a counterintuitive experience-performance paradox: while teacher years of experience positively correlated with evaluation scores (r=.422, p<.001) and LOE ratings (r=.132, p=.024), it negatively correlated with student English Language Arts achievement (r=- .174, p=.039). The study demonstrated strong internal consistency within the TEAM evaluation system, with significant correlations between LOE scores and teacher evaluation ratings (r=.375, p<.001). However, only weak correlations emerged between teacher evaluation scores and student achievement outcomes, with a slight positive relationship found only in English Language Arts (r=.165, p=.049). The research revealed robust cross-subject correlations in student achievement (r=.706, p<.001), suggesting that effective teaching impacts learning holistically rather than in subject specific ways. These findings challenge assumptions about the predictive validity of observation-based evaluation systems and highlight the complexity of measuring teaching effectiveness. Implications for educational leaders include reconsidering the relationship between teacher experience and effectiveness, implementing differentiated professional development based on evaluation data rather than years of service, and developing more nuanced approaches to using evaluation systems that integrate multiple measures of teacher impact on student learning outcomes.


Predicting First-Year Retention Rates Of First Generation College Students, Trena Barksdale Dec 2025

Predicting First-Year Retention Rates Of First Generation College Students, Trena Barksdale

Tennessee State University Alumni Theses and Dissertations

First-generation college students (FGCS) often encounter academic, financial, and social commitments that elevate their risk of attrition. Although academic preparation and engagement are recognized persistence factors, predictive research at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) remains scarce. This quantitative study utilized binary logistic regression to identify key predictors of first-year retention among FGCS at a public HBCU. The analysis specifically tested the influence of high school GPA, Pell Grant status, and on-campus housing. Findings confirmed that both GPA and on-campus housing were strong, statistically significant predictors of retention, while Pell Grant status was not. These results underscore the vital role …


Exploring The Experiences Of White Passing And White-Assumed Latine College Students, Emanuel Magaña Dec 2025

Exploring The Experiences Of White Passing And White-Assumed Latine College Students, Emanuel Magaña

Dissertations and Theses

Between 2009 and 2019 Latine college enrollment has increased, yet retention and graduation rates lag those of their white peers. While barriers for Latine students are well-documented, the influence of colorism, particularly among lighter-skinned or white passing students, remains understudied. This study utilized a qualitative case-study approach grounded in CRT and LatCrit and based on a Street Race Praxis framework. This study explored the experiences of twelve white passing and/or white-assumed Latine students at an emerging HSI in the Pacific Northwest. Using Testimonio informed approach and Counterstory, I drew from interviews, pláticas, site observations, and document analysis to create four …


The Chemistry Of Color: A Comparative Analysis Of Natural And Synthetic Dyes In Textile Application, Caitlyn Pinaga Cpht Dec 2025

The Chemistry Of Color: A Comparative Analysis Of Natural And Synthetic Dyes In Textile Application, Caitlyn Pinaga Cpht

Honors Program Theses and Research Projects

The Chemistry of Color: A Comparative Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Dyes in Textile Application examines how color functions at the intersection of chemistry, culture, and environmental responsibility. This project traces the evolution of dyeing from ancient natural pigment traditions, rooted in ecological knowledge, agricultural practices, and cultural identity, to the industrial rise of synthetic dyes, whose laboratory precision enabled unprecedented consistency, brightness, and global textile expansion. Through experimental swatch analysis, the study compares the behavior of natural dyes derived from plants and food sources with modern fiber-reactive and synthetic dye classes on a range of fibers including cotton, bamboo …


Exploring Adjunct Faculity Member Acceptance To Learning Management Systems When Transitioning To Online Course Instruction: A Traditional Case Study, Maryelizabeth Mcardle Dec 2025

Exploring Adjunct Faculity Member Acceptance To Learning Management Systems When Transitioning To Online Course Instruction: A Traditional Case Study, Maryelizabeth Mcardle

Theses and Dissertations

In recent years, the typical college student wearing a university sweatshirt and holding a backpack has evolved to include a rising population of adult learners returning to college (Morris, 2020). According to the Educational Advisory Board, adult learners are defined as students aged 25 and older (Morris, 2020). Of the approximately 20 million students enrolled in a degree-earning program in 2019, nearly 6.5 million were adult learners (Morris, 2020). The purpose of this qualitative case study is to understand adjunct faculty members' experiences, which led to positive intentions to use and actual usage of the LMS when assigned to instruct …


School And District Leaders’ Understanding Of Technology Organizations’ Cyber Business Practices, Jayejaye Johnson Dec 2025

School And District Leaders’ Understanding Of Technology Organizations’ Cyber Business Practices, Jayejaye Johnson

Journal of Educational Research and Practice

Educational technology (EdTech) interoperability throughout cyberspace provides the financial opportunity to collect and sell student privacy information in digital learning environments, challenging school leaders to govern schools and keep children safe. School leaders provide the resources, funding, planning, decision making, and administration for EdTech cybersecurity practices and policies, yet little is known about what public school leaders understand. A quantitative study was designed using primary data collected from an online survey. Four research questions guided this study: What are the differences in cybersecurity practices and policy response scores (1) between male and female school leaders; (2) among leaders with different …


'The Rest Is Silence': Reframing Stasis As Integral To Creative Practice, Corinna Di Niro, Pablo Muslera Dec 2025

'The Rest Is Silence': Reframing Stasis As Integral To Creative Practice, Corinna Di Niro, Pablo Muslera

Staff Scholarship - Australia & Dubai

This duoethnographic study examines the relationship between motion and stasis in creative practice through the lens of two creative educators working in postgraduate and undergraduate Creative Industries. Drawing on our combined experiences as practitioners and educators at SAE University College, we explore how creative blockages can be reframed as productive rather than problematic, challenging dominant productivity paradigms in contemporary creative industries and education. Through structured dialogic exchange, we investigate three interconnected themes: the rhythmic nature of creative practice, the pedagogical value of embracing productive stasis, and the tension between institutional timelines and creative development. We consider how encouraging SAE creative …


Internal Coherence Factors Of Instructional Leadership Teams And Their Impact On Student Academic Growth: A Quantitative Predictive Correlational Study, Jennifer E. Clark Dec 2025

Internal Coherence Factors Of Instructional Leadership Teams And Their Impact On Student Academic Growth: A Quantitative Predictive Correlational Study, Jennifer E. Clark

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, predictive correlational study is to examine the relationship that the Internal Coherence Framework factors of leadership, teacher collaboration, and collective teacher efficacy have on student academic growth measured through teacher VAM scores. This study has significance, in that, it demonstrates how Instructional Leadership Teams (ILTs) based on the Internal Coherence Framework, through intentional focus on strengthening pedagogy and collective teacher efficacy, impact student achievement at the secondary school level. Junior high and high school teachers who receive VAM scores from thirteen junior high schools and eight suburban high schools in southeast Louisiana responded to the …


A Predictive Correlational Study Of The Relationship Between Faculty Leadership Styles And Teacher Communication Orientation In Jamaica’S Higher Education System, Zandy Uriel Elliott Dec 2025

A Predictive Correlational Study Of The Relationship Between Faculty Leadership Styles And Teacher Communication Orientation In Jamaica’S Higher Education System, Zandy Uriel Elliott

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This quantitative study examined the extent to which faculty leadership styles, gender, and years of experience predict teacher communication orientation, specifically assertiveness (TCO-A) and responsiveness (TCO-R), among higher educational institutions in Jamaica. Grounded in communication theory and leadership frameworks, the study explored how faculty leadership express themselves and respond to others. Data were collected from 216 faculty members using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Sociocommunicative Orientation Scale (SCO). Descriptive analyses indicated that participants’ mean responsiveness scores were slightly higher than assertiveness scores across all years-of-experience categories, with many displaying traits consistent with an “Amiable” to “Expressive” communication profile …


A Phenomenological Study Of Teachers’ Perspectives On Social-Emotional Learning As A Tool For Mitigating Poverty, Violence, And Trauma In Urban High Schools Of West Tennessee, Schevonda G. Hunt Dec 2025

A Phenomenological Study Of Teachers’ Perspectives On Social-Emotional Learning As A Tool For Mitigating Poverty, Violence, And Trauma In Urban High Schools Of West Tennessee, Schevonda G. Hunt

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand teachers' perspectives on Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) as a mitigating factor for poverty, violence, and trauma for high school students in West Tennessee. At this stage in the research, SEL implementation was generally defined as the strategies and practices teachers used to integrate cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of learning to address the unique challenges faced by students in high-stress urban environments. The theory guiding this study was the social cognitive theory, which emphasized the reciprocal interaction between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors in learning and development. The central research question was …


Preparing Educational Leaders: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study, Alexander William Barber Ii Dec 2025

Preparing Educational Leaders: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study, Alexander William Barber Ii

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand the business training conducted in succession planning for executive leaders at community colleges. The central research question for this study is: What are the experiences of executive leaders at community colleges in business training conducted in succession planning? I conducted a hermeneutic phenomenological study at a nationally recognized community college that is implementing new higher education programs. The theoretical framework guiding this study was Smith’s institutional theory. Purposeful sampling was used to interview personnel working at the executive level in positions of vice presidents and presidents on-site. Individual interviews and …


Exploring The Self-Esteem And Self-Efficacy Of African American Adults Who Participated In A Performing Arts Program As Teenagers In North Louisiana: A Hermeneutical Phenomenological Study, Nolan E. Budgewater Ii Dec 2025

Exploring The Self-Esteem And Self-Efficacy Of African American Adults Who Participated In A Performing Arts Program As Teenagers In North Louisiana: A Hermeneutical Phenomenological Study, Nolan E. Budgewater Ii

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the lived experience of former African American students who participated in a performing arts summer program in North Louisiana. The theory guiding this study was Bandura’s social cognitive theory, as it framed the structure around what the adolescent observed and learned through their lived experience. The central question guiding this study was, “What are the lived experiences of former African American students who participated in a performing arts program in North Louisiana?” The site for this study was a performing arts organization that serves predominantly African American students. There were an …


A Causal-Comparative Study On The Impact Of Digital Learning Competency Professional Development And Socioeconomic Status On Teacher Digital Self-Efficacy, Sabrina C. Steigelman Dec 2025

A Causal-Comparative Study On The Impact Of Digital Learning Competency Professional Development And Socioeconomic Status On Teacher Digital Self-Efficacy, Sabrina C. Steigelman

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between teacher self-efficacy, participation in digital learning professional development, and the socioeconomic status of schools. A causal-comparative design was used to investigate how these variables influenced teacher self-efficacy in implementing digital learning strategies aligned with the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) standards. The sample included K-12 educators from public schools across North Carolina, representing both low and mid- socioeconomic school settings. Data were collected through a Qualtrics survey, which included the Technology Integration Confidence Scale Version 3 (TICS V.3) and a demographic questionnaire. A two-way ANOVA was …


2025-12-04 Faculty Senate Meeting Minutes, Morehead State University. Faculty Senate. Dec 2025

2025-12-04 Faculty Senate Meeting Minutes, Morehead State University. Faculty Senate.

Faculty Senate Records

Faculty Senate meeting minutes from December 4, 2025.


Listening To Families: A Perspective On Practice For Reframing Chronic Absenteeism Through Parent Voice, Anthony S. Felder Dec 2025

Listening To Families: A Perspective On Practice For Reframing Chronic Absenteeism Through Parent Voice, Anthony S. Felder

The Journal of Advancing Education Practice

Chronic absenteeism remains a critical issue in U.S. schools, particularly in urban communities disproportionately affected by poverty, trauma, and systemic inequities. Traditional attendance interventions often disregard the lived experiences of families, resulting in strategies that lack empathy and effectiveness. This perspective article draws on qualitative findings from parent focus groups conducted in a high-need urban district to emphasize what families believe schools should do to better support consistent attendance. Key themes highlight the necessity for practical resource support and two-way, trust-based communication between schools and families. Grounded in both practitioner experience and current research, this article presents actionable recommendations for …


Preparing Teachers To Seek Out Student Voice: Grounding The Work In Critical Consciousness, Stephanie Mg Herb Dec 2025

Preparing Teachers To Seek Out Student Voice: Grounding The Work In Critical Consciousness, Stephanie Mg Herb

Northwest Journal of Teacher Education

Seeking out student voice is a powerful and beneficial practice that requires teachers to be thoughtful and intentional. While students may feel validated when teachers respond to their input, soliciting student voice can also be harmful if not done carefully. It is necessary to use a critically conscious lens when soliciting student voice and responding to their input and feedback to best support students with historically marginalized identities. Teachers must be prepared to seek out multiple perspectives, deeply listen, and take critical action in response to the information that the students provide. By doing so, teachers can create empowering learning …