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Articles 3781 - 3810 of 13783

Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering

Application Of Analogical Reasoning For Use In Visual Knowledge Extraction, Kara Lian Combs Jan 2021

Application Of Analogical Reasoning For Use In Visual Knowledge Extraction, Kara Lian Combs

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

There is a continual push to make Artificial Intelligence (AI) as human-like as possible; however, this is a difficult task because of its inability to learn beyond its current comprehension. Analogical reasoning (AR) has been proposed as one method to achieve this goal. Current literature lacks a technical comparison on psychologically-inspired and natural-language-processing-produced AR algorithms with consistent metrics on multiple-choice word-based analogy problems. Assessment is based on “correctness” and “goodness” metrics. There is not a one-size-fits-all algorithm for all textual problems. As contribution in visual AR, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is integrated with the AR vector space model, Global …

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Intelligent Healthcare Process Discovery And Operational Coordination Using Discrete Event Simulation And Machine Learning, Suleyman Yildirim Jan 2021

Intelligent Healthcare Process Discovery And Operational Coordination Using Discrete Event Simulation And Machine Learning, Suleyman Yildirim

Wayne State University Dissertations

The healthcare system in the US is rapidly changing and reshaping to adopt continuously evolving demand for improved operational efficiency and treatment effectiveness from patients and providers in critical health services. Healthcare service systems and clinical treatment operations need to be more predictable to increase operational efficiency through proactive operations management. This research contributes to the literature by discovering clinical processes and calibrating discrete-event simulation models in healthcare service systems using data-driven and process-driven predictive models. Unlike the data-driven predictive approaches such as machine learning and statistical methods, the proposed methodologies in this thesis leverages and focuses on process-based methods …

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Medical Surge Capability: Performance Modeling Of Hospital Emergency Departments, Egbe-Etu Emmanuel Etu Jan 2021

Medical Surge Capability: Performance Modeling Of Hospital Emergency Departments, Egbe-Etu Emmanuel Etu

Wayne State University Dissertations

Hospitals are faced with significant challenges during and after natural or human-caused disasters. Surge planning is a critical component of every healthcare facility’s emergency plan and response system. The process of managing and allocating scarce resources by tackling the vulnerability inherent to patients means that defining improvement priorities is one of the main challenges healthcare systems face when responding to a medical surge event (e.g., COVID-19). The consequences of these challenges include increased patient mortality, ambulance diversion, long wait times, and unavailability of beds. Previous efforts in hospital operations management have successfully applied operations research techniques in analyzing and optimizing …

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A Multi-Agent Semi-Cooperative Unmanned Air Traffic Management Model With Separation Assurance, Yanchao Liu Jan 2021

A Multi-Agent Semi-Cooperative Unmanned Air Traffic Management Model With Separation Assurance, Yanchao Liu

Industrial and Systems Engineering Faculty Research Publications

This paper presents an air traffic management framework to enable multiple fleets of unmanned aerial vehicles to traverse dense, omni-directional air traffic safely and efficiently. The main challenge addressed here is separation assurance in the absence of full coordination and communication. In this framework, each fleet is independently managed by a routing agent, which progressively plans the non-overlapping move-ahead corridors for vehicles in the fleet by solving a nonlinear optimization model. The model is artfully designed so that agents of different fleets need not engage in complicated multilateral communications or make guesses about external vehicles’ flight intents to maintain effective …

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Application Of Analogical Reasoning For Use In Visual Knowledge Extraction, Kara Lian Combs Jan 2021

Application Of Analogical Reasoning For Use In Visual Knowledge Extraction, Kara Lian Combs

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

There is a continual push to make Artificial Intelligence (AI) as human-like as possible; however, this is a difficult task because of its inability to learn beyond its current comprehension. Analogical reasoning (AR) has been proposed as one method to achieve this goal. Current literature lacks a technical comparison on psychologically-inspired and natural-language-processing-produced AR algorithms with consistent metrics on multiple-choice word-based analogy problems. Assessment is based on “correctness” and “goodness” metrics. There is not a one-size-fits-all algorithm for all textual problems. As contribution in visual AR, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is integrated with the AR vector space model, Global …

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Identifying Sources Of Covid19 Pandemic Supply Chain Fragility, Clovia Hamilton Jan 2021

Identifying Sources Of Covid19 Pandemic Supply Chain Fragility, Clovia Hamilton

Technology & Society Faculty Publications

Supply chain management is in the industrial engineering management and operations management disciplines. It involves product procurement of raw materials, production, storage, distribution, wholesales, and retail sales. The COVID19 pandemic has the added challenge of healthcare service operations management. This paper is a bibliometric study of the COVID19 supply chain fragility problem. In February 2021, the United States’ President called for a review of the pandemic related supply chain for vaccines, personal protective equipment (PPE), medical equipment such as ventilators, and food. This study involves a search for references published between January 1, 2020 and April 30, 2021. It reveals …

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Computational Modeling For Decision-Making Under Climate Change Uncertainty: Reservoir Simulation Game, Julianne Quinn Jan 2021

Computational Modeling For Decision-Making Under Climate Change Uncertainty: Reservoir Simulation Game, Julianne Quinn

All ECSTATIC Materials

Almost every decision you make is under uncertainty. Will I need a rain jacket in the afternoon? Will they say yes if I ask them out? Is 1 hour enough time to finish this assignment? Oftentimes, we can use computational modeling to simulate different scenarios of what might happen in the future to inform what decisions are best on average, or what decisions minimize the worst case outcome. For example, you could decide what player to draft for your Fantasy Football team by simulating player performance. In this activity, we will simulate how much water to release from a dam …

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Methods To Integrate Domain Expert User Knowledge Into Process Discovery, Jasim Alnahas Jan 2021

Methods To Integrate Domain Expert User Knowledge Into Process Discovery, Jasim Alnahas

Wayne State University Dissertations

Process Mining (PM) is a new era in business development management that reinforces business process sustainability. Process Mining uses various techniques to discover the process model and identify the root cause analysis of process delays based on the event log. There are three main types of process models: procedural models, declarative models, and hybrid models. Procedural models tend to discover the main pattern of the activity flows in the process. In contrast, declarative models analyze the process behavior and express this behavior as a compact set of rules between pair of two activities. Hybrid models are a combination of procedural …

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The Architecture Design Of Electrical Vehicle Infrastructure Using Viable System Model Approach, Mahdi Boucetta, Niamat Ullah Ibne Hossain, Raed Jaradat, Charles Keating, Siham Tazzit, Morteza Nagahi Jan 2021

The Architecture Design Of Electrical Vehicle Infrastructure Using Viable System Model Approach, Mahdi Boucetta, Niamat Ullah Ibne Hossain, Raed Jaradat, Charles Keating, Siham Tazzit, Morteza Nagahi

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

Exponential technological-based growth in industrialization and urbanization, and the ease of mobility that modern motorization offers have significantly transformed social structures and living standards. As a result, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained widespread popularity as a mode of sustainable transport. The increasing demand for of electric vehicles (EVs) has reduced the some of the environmental issues and urban space requirements for parking and road usage. The current body of EV literature is replete with different optimization and empirical approaches pertaining to the design and analysis of the EV ecosystem; however, probing the EV ecosystem from a management perspective has not …

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Effective Project Management And The Role Of Quality Assurance Throughout The Project Life Cycle, Monier Madison Ouabira, Hengameh Fakhravar Jan 2021

Effective Project Management And The Role Of Quality Assurance Throughout The Project Life Cycle, Monier Madison Ouabira, Hengameh Fakhravar

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

Quality is a fundamental requirement in effective project management. Effective project management entails a steady focus on quality management as well as achievement of all user requirements as defined during the requirements engineering phase of project implementation. Quality assurance must be executed throughout the project development cycle as a new normal in reducing errors and challenges during project development. Conducting quality assurance throughout the project development cycle has many benefits to both the project as well as the project development team. Understanding the research approach to use is critical in achieving high-quality findings in projects. There is a need to …

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Complex System Governance As A Framework For Asset Management, Polinpapilinho F. Katina, James C. Pyne, Charles B. Keating, Dragan Komljenovic Jan 2021

Complex System Governance As A Framework For Asset Management, Polinpapilinho F. Katina, James C. Pyne, Charles B. Keating, Dragan Komljenovic

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

Complex system governance (CSG) is an emerging field encompassing a framework for system performance improvement through the purposeful design, execution, and evolution of essential metasystem functions. The goal of this study was to understand how the domain of asset management (AsM) can leverage the capabilities of CSG. AsM emerged from engineering as a structured approach to organizing complex organizations to realize the value of assets while balancing performance, risks, costs, and other opportunities. However, there remains a scarcity of literature discussing the potential relationship between AsM and CSG. To initiate the closure of this gap, this research reviews the basics …

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The Technology Transfer Network Dynamic In The Information Technology Industry Of Yucatan, Mexico, Francisco Cima, Pilar Pazos, Ana Maria Canto Jan 2021

The Technology Transfer Network Dynamic In The Information Technology Industry Of Yucatan, Mexico, Francisco Cima, Pilar Pazos, Ana Maria Canto

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

The present paper explores the technology transfer linkages among universities, research centers, and private companies in Yucatan, Mexico's information technology industry. Social network analysis (SNA) was used as a method to identify the structural characteristics of the technology transfer collaborations, and the changes in the patterns of interactions among institutions over the years. Data were obtained from the National Council for Science and Technology repository (CONACYT). Associations formed to enhance technology advancement and innovation practices between 2010 and 2018 were analyzed in this study. Network transitivity, the patterns of triadic configurations, and heterophily were compared to uncover the evolution of …

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Interactive Agent-Based Simulation For Experimentation: A Case Study With Cooperatve Game Theory, Andrew J. Collins, Sheida Etemadidavan Jan 2021

Interactive Agent-Based Simulation For Experimentation: A Case Study With Cooperatve Game Theory, Andrew J. Collins, Sheida Etemadidavan

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

Incorporating human behavior is a current challenge for agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). Human behavior includes many different aspects depending on the scenario considered. The scenario context of this paper is strategic coalition formation, which is traditionally modeled using cooperative game theory, but we use ABMS instead; as such, it needs to be validated. One approach to validation is to compare the recorded behavior of humans to what was observed in our simulation. We suggest that using an interactive simulation is a good approach to collecting the necessary human behavior data because the humans would be playing in precisely the …

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Human Characteristics Impact On Strategic Decisions In A Human-In-The-Loop Simulation, Andrew J. Collins, Shieda Etemadidavan Jan 2021

Human Characteristics Impact On Strategic Decisions In A Human-In-The-Loop Simulation, Andrew J. Collins, Shieda Etemadidavan

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

In this paper, a hybrid simulation model of the agent-based model and cooperative game theory is used in a human-in-the-loop experiment to study the effect of human demographic characteristics in situations where they make strategic coalition decisions. Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a computational method that can reveal emergent phenomenon from interactions between agents in an environment. It has been suggested in organizational psychology that ABM could model human behavior more holistically than other modeling methods. Cooperative game theory is a method that models strategic coalitions formation. Three characteristics (age, education, and gender) were considered in the experiment to see if …

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Dynamic Analysis Of The Implementation Of The Blockchain Technology In The Supply Chain, Rehab Ali Jan 2021

Dynamic Analysis Of The Implementation Of The Blockchain Technology In The Supply Chain, Rehab Ali

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Blockchain technology is a new digital technology that has been disrupting the way businesses are performing. It is a decentralized and distributed ledger that enables transactions of any form of value. As blockchain technology provides visibility, transparency, and security through the multi-agent system, the supply chain sector is one of its critical and promising applications. In a highly dynamic environment, the supply chain's efficiency needs to be measured from a blockchain perspective. As the main benefit of blockchain technology is the visibility and real-time access to data, blockchain technology's preeminent affected areas within the supply chain are the responsiveness to …

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A Multi-Elm Model For Incomplete Data, Baichuan Chi, Amaury Lendasse, Edward Ratner, Renjie Hu Jan 2021

A Multi-Elm Model For Incomplete Data, Baichuan Chi, Amaury Lendasse, Edward Ratner, Renjie Hu

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This Paper Presents a Novel Model of Extreme Learning Machines (Elms) for Incomplete Data. Elms Are Fast Accurate Randomized Neural Networks. Nevertheless, Elm Can Only Be Applied on the Complete Dataset. Therefore, a Novel Multi-Elm Model for Incomplete Data is Proposed, Consisting of Multiple Secondary Elms and One Primary Elm. the Secondary Elms Are Approximating the Primary Elm's Hidden Neurons' Outputs for the Data with Missing Values. as Summarized in the Experimental Section, This Model Can Be Applied on Data with Any Missing Patterns, without using Imputations and Can Outperform the Traditional Imputation Methods within a Reasonable Fraction of Missing …

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Integrated Optimization And Learning Methods Of Predictive And Prescriptive Analytics, Mehmet Kolcu Jan 2021

Integrated Optimization And Learning Methods Of Predictive And Prescriptive Analytics, Mehmet Kolcu

Wayne State University Dissertations

A typical decision problem optimizes one or more objectives subject to a set of constraints on its decision variables. Most real-world decision problems contain uncertain parameters. The exponential growth of data availability, ease of accessibility in computational power, and more efficient optimization techniques have paved the way for machine learning tools to effectively predict these uncertain parameters. Traditional machine learning models measure the quality of predictions based on the closeness between true and predicted values and ignore decision problems involving uncertain parameters for which predicted values are treated as the true values.Standard approaches passing point estimates of machine learning models …

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Predicting The Geometrical Disassembly Feasibility Of Mechanical Assemblies In Design Phase, Header Alrufaifi Jan 2021

Predicting The Geometrical Disassembly Feasibility Of Mechanical Assemblies In Design Phase, Header Alrufaifi

Wayne State University Dissertations

Disassembly of products has gained more and more attention due to the economic, environmental, and social benefits and the contribution to the protection of natural resources [1]. Where, disassembly is the first and usually the most critical and challenging process in most recovery processes (i.e. remanufacturing, reuse, maintenance, and recycling processes) which are essential reverse flows in circular economy systems. As policies, regulations, products, and systems move towards and strive for a circular economy, it is increasingly vital that disassembly analysis, models, and methods are feasible during development and manufacturing life-cycle stages. However, checking disassembly feasibility is considered a critical …

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Strategies For Implementing Internet Of Things Devices In Manufacturing Environments, Todd Efrain Hernandez Jan 2021

Strategies For Implementing Internet Of Things Devices In Manufacturing Environments, Todd Efrain Hernandez

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been exploited as a threat vector for cyberattacks in manufacturing environments. Manufacturing industry leaders are concerned with cyberattacks because of the associated costs of damages and lost production for their organizations. Grounded in the general systems theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies electrical controls engineers use to implement secure IoT devices in manufacturing environments. The study participants were eight electrical controls engineers working in three separate manufacturing facilities located in the Midwest region of the United States. The data were collected by semistructured interviews and 15 organizational documents. …

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Opioid Medication Use And Education Following Sports Medicine Procedures: An Evidence-To-Practice Review, Caitlin S. O’Mara, Michael G. Ward, Zachary K. Winkelmann Jan 2021

Opioid Medication Use And Education Following Sports Medicine Procedures: An Evidence-To-Practice Review, Caitlin S. O’Mara, Michael G. Ward, Zachary K. Winkelmann

Clinical Practice in Athletic Training

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), illicit and prescription drug overdoses are responsible for 128 deaths every day in the United States. In 2018, 70% of all overdose related deaths involved opioids. Efforts to minimize the opioid epidemic focus on community education, research, partnership, and healthcare support. Under the CDC guidelines, current practices include monitoring trends of drug use and drug related deaths, conducting research to recognize areas in need of improvement and to analyze effectiveness of current treatments, partner with community organizations and healthcare systems that deal firsthand with opioid users, and educate the public on drug …

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Factors That Affect The Successful Implementation Of Quality Management Systems In Healthcare, Mustafa Rawshdeh Jan 2021

Factors That Affect The Successful Implementation Of Quality Management Systems In Healthcare, Mustafa Rawshdeh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Modern Organizations must be high performing to sustain and grow their operations. This is particularly true for healthcare organizations as they have complex and sensitive operations. One way to improve organizational performance is to adopt Quality Management Systems (QMSs). QMSs organize and improve the effectiveness of all processes to meet stakeholder requirements and achieve organizational performance improvements in alignment with strategic goals. However, the value of QMSs is dependent on successful implementation, which is reportedly quite challenging. This doctoral research examines the factors that affect the successful implementation of QMSs in healthcare. First, a systematic analysis of the published literature …

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A Framework For Mitigating Obsolescence In Military Based Systems, Ryan Rust Jan 2021

A Framework For Mitigating Obsolescence In Military Based Systems, Ryan Rust

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Obsolescence is an unavoidable reality in manufacturing systems and supply chain environments as systems are needed to be sustained for longer and longer periods of time. These extended life cycle products include airplanes, ships, industrial equipment, medical equipment, and military systems. The United States military has coined this issue as Diminishing Manufacturing Sources and Material Shortages (DMSMS). Research shows that the main areas of concern for obsolescence are cost optimization, obsolescence management, system life cycle, design/system refresh planning, architecture/open systems, and end-of-life (EOL) predictions. This effort suggests a need for a more effective management approach to tackling obsolescence with an …

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Eeg-Based Signatures Of Isometric Arm Forces By Females At Different Levels Of Physical Exertion And Comfort, Mahjabeen Rahman Jan 2021

Eeg-Based Signatures Of Isometric Arm Forces By Females At Different Levels Of Physical Exertion And Comfort, Mahjabeen Rahman

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

In recent years, electroencephalography (EEG) has become a valuable technique for ergonomics studies of physical activities and other real-life tasks. Since the perception of force exertion is influenced by various psychophysical, cognitive, and social factors, different subjective measures have been traditionally used to measure the perception of physical exertion and related body discomfort. Along with the subjective measures, research showed that neural signals are also necessary objective measures to understanding human perception of physical tasks. However, EEG signatures of different physical exertion levels and perceived physical comfort have not been explored. The main objective of this study was to investigate …

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Investigating The Interaction Effects Of Green Product Development And Countries Green Growth Performance: Economic Complexity Perspective, Seyyedmilad Talebzadehhosseini Jan 2021

Investigating The Interaction Effects Of Green Product Development And Countries Green Growth Performance: Economic Complexity Perspective, Seyyedmilad Talebzadehhosseini

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

For many years, natural resources have been used as the main input of production process in countries around the world, which has caused many problems to our planet such as rapid climate change, loss of biodiversity, drastic environmental events, and social problems. In recent years, pressure on countries to transition to cleaner production processes to mitigate problems arising from using natural resources has increased. As a result, green products have become a point of interest due to their low environmental impact, and green product development has become an important part of green growth policies for many countries. Green product development …

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Can Backward-Chained, Ab-Initio Pilot Training Decrease Time To First Solo?, Samuel M. Vance, Kat Gardner-Vandy, Jared Alan Freihoefer Jan 2021

Can Backward-Chained, Ab-Initio Pilot Training Decrease Time To First Solo?, Samuel M. Vance, Kat Gardner-Vandy, Jared Alan Freihoefer

Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research

Flight simulation has made progressively significant inroads into pilot training at all levels of a pilot’s career – typically starting with training for the Instrument rating in light aircraft and concluding with Type Certification in transport category jetliners. This research was designed to explore if significant training inroads could also be offered to ab-initio pilots, those with no prior flight experience. An experimental group of four pilot trainees, without prior flight experience, were exposed to flight in a backwards-chained simulation starting from 4’ AGL (Above Ground Level). Graduated, exponential increments of both altitude and distance from landing were successively added …

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Enhancing Cyberweapon Effectiveness Methodology With Se Modeling Techniques: Both For Offense And Defense, C. Ariel Pinto, Matthew Zurasky, Fatine Elakramine, Safae El Amrani, Raed M. Jaradat, Chad Kerr, Vidanelage L. Dayarathna Jan 2021

Enhancing Cyberweapon Effectiveness Methodology With Se Modeling Techniques: Both For Offense And Defense, C. Ariel Pinto, Matthew Zurasky, Fatine Elakramine, Safae El Amrani, Raed M. Jaradat, Chad Kerr, Vidanelage L. Dayarathna

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

A recent cyberweapons effectiveness methodology clearly provides a parallel but distinct process from that of kinetic weapons – both for defense and offense purposes. This methodology promotes consistency and improves cyberweapon system evaluation accuracy – for both offensive and defensive postures. However, integrating this cyberweapons effectiveness methodology into the design phase and operations phase of weapons systems development is still a challenge. The paper explores several systems engineering modeling techniques (e.g., SysML) and how they can be leveraged towards an enhanced effectiveness methodology. It highlights how failure mode analyses (e.g., FMEA) can facilitate cyber damage determination and target assessment, how …

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A Blockchain-Enabled Model To Enhance Disaster Aids Network Resilience, Farinaz Sabz Ali Pour, Paul Niculescu-Mizil Gheorghe Jan 2021

A Blockchain-Enabled Model To Enhance Disaster Aids Network Resilience, Farinaz Sabz Ali Pour, Paul Niculescu-Mizil Gheorghe

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

The disaster area is a true dynamic environment. Lack of accurate information from the affected area create several challenges in distributing the supplies. The success of a disaster response network is based on collaboration, coordination, sovereignty, and equality in relief distribution. Therefore, a trust-based dynamic communication system is required to facilitate the interactions, enhance the knowledge for the relief operation, prioritize, and coordinate the goods distribution. One of the promising innovative technologies is blockchain technology which enables transparent, secure, and real-time information exchange and automation through smart contracts in a distributed technological ecosystem. This study aims to analyze the application …

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A Fuzzy Clustering Methodology To Analyze Interfaces And Assess Integration Risks In Large-Scale Systems, Josh Henry Goldschmid Jan 2021

A Fuzzy Clustering Methodology To Analyze Interfaces And Assess Integration Risks In Large-Scale Systems, Josh Henry Goldschmid

Doctoral Dissertations

“Interface analysis and integration risk assessment for a large-scale, complex system is a difficult systems engineering task, but critical to the success of engineering systems with extraordinary capabilities. When dealing with large-scale systems there is little time for data gathering and often the analysis can be overwhelmed by unknowns and sometimes important factors are not measurable because of the complexities of the interconnections within the system. This research examines the significance of interface analysis and management, identifies weaknesses in literature on risk assessment for a complex system, and exploits the benefits of soft computing approaches in the interface analysis in …

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The Development Of A Holistic Quality Score Using In-Situ Monitoring Of Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Ryan Daigneault Jan 2021

The Development Of A Holistic Quality Score Using In-Situ Monitoring Of Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Ryan Daigneault

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Additive manufacturing processes allow for a great degree of flexibility in terms of part production. The process is autonomous once the part has started printing in that the operator generally does not need to intervene until the part is finished. One issue that this introduces, however, is an inability to determine part quality during the printing process. Once a part has started printing, the operator must either wait until the part is finished or regularly check on the part during the print to determine the part quality. Using data gathered from multiple sensors, a quality score can be used to …

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An Improvement Of Data Analytics Detection Rules In The Internal Audit Of The Procurement And Inventory Processes, Penpak Rangsipunyaporn Jan 2021

An Improvement Of Data Analytics Detection Rules In The Internal Audit Of The Procurement And Inventory Processes, Penpak Rangsipunyaporn

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Data analytics is a powerful tool to deliver value-added internal audit results as it reduces execution time and increases efficiency, effectiveness, and assurance level compared with the audit sampling approach. Because detection rules are criteria applied in the data analytics method to discover anomalies in the business transactions. Therefore, this project aims to improve the anomaly detection rules in the procure-to-pay and inbound inventory processes for an audit firm based in Thailand to provide internal audit services for clients in the manufacturing business. The sub-processes cover (1) process governance, (2) vendor selection, evaluation, and master data maintenance, (3) ordering, (4) …

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