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Structural And Thermal Characterization Of Chitosan/Pva/Vitamin Matrices And Their Histological Impact On Cell Proliferation And Tissue Remodeling In Wound Healing, Estabraq Hasan Rashed, Hanaa Shuker Mahmood Oct 2026

Structural And Thermal Characterization Of Chitosan/Pva/Vitamin Matrices And Their Histological Impact On Cell Proliferation And Tissue Remodeling In Wound Healing, Estabraq Hasan Rashed, Hanaa Shuker Mahmood

Baghdad Science Journal

The healing of wounds is one of the complex biological processes, which involves appropriate coordination of cellular and molecular reactions and the production of innovative biomaterials turned out to be the prerequisite to enhance the efficiency of the healing process. The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate a Vitamin A-loaded chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA) biodegradable composite film for potential wound-healing applications. The composite films were fabricated by means of the 98: 2 CS/PVA mixture with various concentration of vitamin. A physicochemical characterization was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) …


ユーピとは何か?復習編, Yoshihiko Ariizumi Oct 2026

ユーピとは何か?復習編, Yoshihiko Ariizumi

Spiritual Proficiency

ユーピメソッドについて、一般の人にとって親しみやすい表現で簡単に説明されています。もっと深く学びたい人への参考資料もこれを通してアクセスできます。


Avatar Scholars: One Life, Many Learning Worlds, John O'Connor, Valerie Hill, Murat Gulmez, Cağla Solak, Lucia Morales Oct 2026

Avatar Scholars: One Life, Many Learning Worlds, John O'Connor, Valerie Hill, Murat Gulmez, Cağla Solak, Lucia Morales

Case studies: Digital Education

My work in Virtual Environments began in 2006, exploring the educational potential of immersive virtual worlds at Technological University Dublin (formerly Dublin Institute of Technology), where I created and led the award-winning module Virtual Environments: Is One Life Enough? in Second Life. The module used avatar-based learning to foster collaboration, creativity, digital literacy and critical reflection on identity, community and technology.


Progressive Remodeling Of Global Protein Interaction Networks In A Mouse Model Of Tauopathy, Noah Lampl, Morgan C Stephens, Zihan Wang, Joseph T Nigro, Alejandro Rondon Ortiz, Ryan Hekman, Anna Lourdes F Cruz, Rebecca Roberts, Lulu Jiang, Juan Botas, Andrew Emili, Benjamin Wolozin Oct 2026

Progressive Remodeling Of Global Protein Interaction Networks In A Mouse Model Of Tauopathy, Noah Lampl, Morgan C Stephens, Zihan Wang, Joseph T Nigro, Alejandro Rondon Ortiz, Ryan Hekman, Anna Lourdes F Cruz, Rebecca Roberts, Lulu Jiang, Juan Botas, Andrew Emili, Benjamin Wolozin

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Neurodegenerative disease is marked not just by loss of proteins or cells, but by dynamic rewiring of macromolecular interaction networks that precede and drive pathology. Here, we present a temporally resolved, systems-scale map of multi-protein complex remodeling in a tauopathy model, integrating co-fractionation mass spectrometry, quantitative phosphoproteomics, and machine learning to decode phosphorylation-dependent shifts in protein interactomes across disease progression. This interactomic atlas serves as a resource to investigate functional assemblies, including MAPT-Dpysl2 and Cyfip1-actin, as well as ptk2b-Kars/Dars and ptk2b-Msn-Farsb-complexes, that modulate early disease phenotypes in vivo. Notably, it captures the composition, dynamics, and regulatory state of protein complexes …


Progressive Remodeling Of Global Protein Interaction Networks In A Mouse Model Of Tauopathy, Noah Lampl, Morgan C Stephens, Zihan Wang, Joseph T Nigro, Alejandro Rondon Ortiz, Ryan Hekman, Anna Lourdes F Cruz, Rebecca Roberts, Lulu Jiang, Juan Botas, Andrew Emili, Benjamin Wolozin Oct 2026

Progressive Remodeling Of Global Protein Interaction Networks In A Mouse Model Of Tauopathy, Noah Lampl, Morgan C Stephens, Zihan Wang, Joseph T Nigro, Alejandro Rondon Ortiz, Ryan Hekman, Anna Lourdes F Cruz, Rebecca Roberts, Lulu Jiang, Juan Botas, Andrew Emili, Benjamin Wolozin

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Neurodegenerative disease is marked not just by loss of proteins or cells, but by dynamic rewiring of macromolecular interaction networks that precede and drive pathology. Here, we present a temporally resolved, systems-scale map of multi-protein complex remodeling in a tauopathy model, integrating co-fractionation mass spectrometry, quantitative phosphoproteomics, and machine learning to decode phosphorylation-dependent shifts in protein interactomes across disease progression. This interactomic atlas serves as a resource to investigate functional assemblies, including MAPT-Dpysl2 and Cyfip1-actin, as well as ptk2b-Kars/Dars and ptk2b-Msn-Farsb-complexes, that modulate early disease phenotypes in vivo. Notably, it captures the composition, dynamics, and regulatory state of protein complexes …


Strategic Messaging As An Essential Element Of U.S. Biodeterrence, Part One: Communicating Capability In An Era Of Escalating Biological Threats, James Giordano Oct 2026

Strategic Messaging As An Essential Element Of U.S. Biodeterrence, Part One: Communicating Capability In An Era Of Escalating Biological Threats, James Giordano

Strategic Insights

Strategic messaging plays a critical role in U.S. biodeterrence by shaping how potential adversaries perceive American preparedness, capabilities, and resolve. In this article, Dr. James Giordano discusses how advances in artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, and other emerging technologies are changing the nature of biological threats and their implications for national security and military operations.

Dr. Giordano argues that effective biodeterrence requires more than protective technologies and response capabilities. It also depends on credible communication that demonstrates U.S. preparedness, influences adversary decision-making, and reduces uncertainty. He emphasizes the importance of communicating both capabilities and limitations without compromising operational security, strengthening deterrence …


Resolving Satellite And In Situ Mismatches In Net Primary Production Using High-Frequency In Situ Bio-Optical Observations In The Subpolar Northwest Atlantic, Kitty Warsi Kam, Emmanuel Devred, Stephanie Alam Clay, Mohammad M. Amirian, Andrew J. Irwin, Dariia Atamanchuk, Uwe Send, Douglas W. R. Wallace Oct 2026

Resolving Satellite And In Situ Mismatches In Net Primary Production Using High-Frequency In Situ Bio-Optical Observations In The Subpolar Northwest Atlantic, Kitty Warsi Kam, Emmanuel Devred, Stephanie Alam Clay, Mohammad M. Amirian, Andrew J. Irwin, Dariia Atamanchuk, Uwe Send, Douglas W. R. Wallace

Publications and Research

Net primary productivity (NPP) plays a central role in biological carbon pump (BCP) and global carbon cycling, but NPP estimates in high-latitude regions remain highly uncertain despite their disproportional contribution to the global carbon sink. Previous studies identified discrepancies among satellite- and in situ-derived NPP estimates, but the drivers of disagreement remain poorly resolved due to limited high-frequency observations. Here, we present continuous depth-resolved estimates of in situ NPP from the Central Labrador Sea (56°N) in the subpolar Northwest Atlantic, reconstructed from daily bio-optical profiles collected between May and November 2016, and a 40-year dataset of photosynthesis parameters derived from …


Early Life Adversity Enhances Prosocial Helping Towards A Cagemate And Reshapes Brain-Wide Neural Activity And Network Organization, Jocelyn M. Breton, Audrey Lynch, Janey Chiang, Samadhi Wijethunga, Isabelle Abdallah, Jeremiah Hickman-Maynard, Zara Poon, Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal, Heather Brenhouse Oct 2026

Early Life Adversity Enhances Prosocial Helping Towards A Cagemate And Reshapes Brain-Wide Neural Activity And Network Organization, Jocelyn M. Breton, Audrey Lynch, Janey Chiang, Samadhi Wijethunga, Isabelle Abdallah, Jeremiah Hickman-Maynard, Zara Poon, Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal, Heather Brenhouse

Neuroscience: Faculty Publications

Early life adversity (ELA) is linked to changes in social behavior and emotional regulation and to increased risk for developing mood and conduct disorders. However, the effects of ELA on empathy and its associated behaviors, including prosocial helping, remain poorly understood. Animal models of ELA provide a tractable way to study how early rearing conditions impact prosocial behavior and underlying neural circuitry. In the current study, adult male and female rats reared under maternal separation (MS) or control conditions were tested in a helping behavior task in which they could release a trapped cagemate. Behavior was assessed across repeated testing …


Korelasi Foreign Language Anxiety Dengan Performansi Berbicara Bahasa Mandarin Peserta Didik Sma Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Malang, Kharisma Budi Setyawati, Lukluk Ul Muyassaroh, Herri Akhmad Bukhori Oct 2026

Korelasi Foreign Language Anxiety Dengan Performansi Berbicara Bahasa Mandarin Peserta Didik Sma Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Malang, Kharisma Budi Setyawati, Lukluk Ul Muyassaroh, Herri Akhmad Bukhori

Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts

This study aims to describe the Mandarin speaking performance of eleventh-grade IBB students at the Laboratory High School of Universitas Negeri Malang and to examine the relationship between foreign language anxiety (FLA) and Mandarin speaking performance. A quantitative correlational design was applied to 24 students selected through total sampling. Anxiety levels were measured using an adapted Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS; Horwitz et al., 1986), while speaking performance was assessed through role-play dialogues scored with an analytic rubric. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, a linearity test, and Pearson product-moment correlation. Students’ FLA fell into …


Konstruksi Identitas Nasional Melalui Bahasa Visual Animasi Dalam Trailer Film Merah Putih: One For All, Deva Alviana, A. Syaifuddin Rohman Oct 2026

Konstruksi Identitas Nasional Melalui Bahasa Visual Animasi Dalam Trailer Film Merah Putih: One For All, Deva Alviana, A. Syaifuddin Rohman

Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts

This study aims to analyze the application of the 12 principles of animation, the construction of national identity, and audience interpretations of the animated film trailer Merah Putih: One for All. A qualitative approach was employed through scene-by-scene audiovisual analysis of the 2-minute, 2-second trailer published on the YouTube channel @perfikitv and reception analysis of 15 comments purposively selected from X. The analytical framework combines Thomas and Johnston’s 12 principles of animation with Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory. The evaluation indicates that one principle was applied effectively, two were partially applied, four were inadequately applied, and five were not adequately …


Dynamic Nature Of Soil Iron Minerals: Recent Advances Using Iron Isotope Tracers And Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Luiza Notini, Andrew R.C. Grigg, L. Joëlle Kubeneck, Michelle M. Scherer, Ruben Kretzschmar Oct 2026

Dynamic Nature Of Soil Iron Minerals: Recent Advances Using Iron Isotope Tracers And Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Luiza Notini, Andrew R.C. Grigg, L. Joëlle Kubeneck, Michelle M. Scherer, Ruben Kretzschmar

Michigan Tech Publications

Iron plays a central role in defining the redox and surface chemical environment of soils and sediments, by mediating the behavior of nutrients, pollutants, and carbon compounds. However, the mechanisms that drive dynamic changes in Fe speciation and mineral composition can be difficult to trace. Over three decades, technical advances in spectroscopy and theoretical modeling techniques have revealed detailed mechanisms of Fe mineral recrystallization and transformation. Here, we provide a perspective on the application of iron isotopic tracers to the development of atomic-scale mechanistic understanding of Fe mineral dynamics. We review key milestones in the advancement of 57Fe tracers …


Staff Education To Increase Staff Competence To Assess And Promote Antidepressant Medication Adherence, Helen Ohene Oct 2026

Staff Education To Increase Staff Competence To Assess And Promote Antidepressant Medication Adherence, Helen Ohene

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Walden University College of Nursing This is to certify that the doctoral study by Helen Ohene has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Margaret Harvey, Committee Chairperson, Nursing Faculty Dr. Joan Hahn, Committee Member, Nursing Faculty Chief Academic Officer and Provost Sue Subocz, Ph.D. Walden University 2026 Executive Summary: Staff Education Project Staff Education to Increase Staff Competence to Assess and Promote Antidepressant Medication Adherence by Helen Ohene Executive Summary Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the …


Effective Strategies Small Retail Business Leaders Use To Implement Flexible Work Arrangements To Improve Employee Retention, Shantel Marie Nowlin Oct 2026

Effective Strategies Small Retail Business Leaders Use To Implement Flexible Work Arrangements To Improve Employee Retention, Shantel Marie Nowlin

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

High employee turnover remains a persistent and costly challenge for small retail businesses, undermining workforce stability and organizational performance. Without effective retention strategies, small retail business leaders risk increased operational costs, lower productivity, and reduced long-term competitiveness. Grounded in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore effective strategies that small retail business leaders use to implement flexible work arrangements to improve employee retention. The project population consisted of six small retail business leaders in the southeastern region of the United States. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and a review of publicly available …


Strategies Corporate Human Resource Managers Use To Enhance Worker Well-Being And Productivity, Colitha Lashon Sweeney Oct 2026

Strategies Corporate Human Resource Managers Use To Enhance Worker Well-Being And Productivity, Colitha Lashon Sweeney

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Employer-sponsored mental health programs cannot achieve their intended impact when employees who need support cannot consistently access, understand, or trust the resources available to them. Corporate human resource (CHR) managers are concerned because inconsistencies in program availability, communication, implementation, and employee awareness reduce access to mental health resources, diminish employee engagement, and limit overall organizational effectiveness. Grounded in the socioeconomic determinants of health framework, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to identify and explore effective strategies that CHR managers used to develop and implement employer-sponsored mental health programs to enhance worker well-being and productivity. The participants were six …


Resource Development Planning For One Nonprofit Organization's Long-Term Success, Zau Tawng Nka Oct 2026

Resource Development Planning For One Nonprofit Organization's Long-Term Success, Zau Tawng Nka

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Resource development is a challenge for community-based nonprofit organizations seeking to sustain services and achieve long-term success. Leaders at one nonprofit organization identified a need for a more strategic approach to resource development and funding sustainability. The research questions were what are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the organization, and what strategies can the organization employ to sustain funding and long-term success. The purpose of this study was to assess the organization's capacity for resource development and to identify strategies to support long-term financial sustainability and organizational effectiveness. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis served as the framework. …


Breaking Down Barriers For Healthcare Recycling, Vanessa Goldsmith Oct 2026

Breaking Down Barriers For Healthcare Recycling, Vanessa Goldsmith

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Hospitals generate large volumes of costly, often recyclable medical waste. Hospital supply chain and procurement leaders who lack effective recycling strategies are confronted with higher operational costs and increased environmental burdens. Grounded in stakeholder theory and dynamic capabilities theory, this qualitative pragmatic inquiry aimed to identify and explore effective strategies used by hospital supply chain and procurement leaders to recycle medical equipment and supplies, reduce waste, and lower operational costs. The participants were 10 hospital supply chain and procurement leaders who had implemented recycling strategies, including repair, reuse, redeployment, and reprocessing practices. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and publicly …


Improving Colorectal Cancer Screening Rates Among Adults Ages 45–75 At A Neighborhood Health Center Through Electronic Health Record Alerts And Provider Workflow Intervention, Angela A. Thornton Oct 2026

Improving Colorectal Cancer Screening Rates Among Adults Ages 45–75 At A Neighborhood Health Center Through Electronic Health Record Alerts And Provider Workflow Intervention, Angela A. Thornton

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The Doctor of Nursing Practice organizational change project addressed low colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates among adults aged 45–75 years at a neighborhood health center, which is a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC). Low screening presented a nursing practice concern because of missed opportunities for early detection. The practice-focused question asked whether an evidence-based CRC screening intervention, compared with usual care, improved screening completion within 6 weeks. The purpose was to improve screening through manual electronic health record (EHR) alerts, standardized medical assistant workflows, patient reminders, ColoFIT kit distribution, and navigation. The Johns Hopkins nursing evidence-based practice model guided evidence …


Ecological Associations Between Homelessness Burden, Behavioral Health Factors, And Hiv-Related Outcomes Across New Jersey Counties, 2018–2023, Christopher E. Nwadinma Oct 2026

Ecological Associations Between Homelessness Burden, Behavioral Health Factors, And Hiv-Related Outcomes Across New Jersey Counties, 2018–2023, Christopher E. Nwadinma

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

HIV disparities may reflect interconnected housing instability, behavioral health conditions, and healthcare access barriers, yet their relationships with HIV-related outcomes remain understudied across New Jersey counties. This quantitative ecological study examined associations between county-level homelessness burden and HIV prevalence, Stage 3 (AIDS) at diagnosis, and the PrEP-to-Need Ratio (PNR) during 2018–2023, with frequent mental distress and binge drinking as potential moderators. The social determinants of health framework guided the study. County-level data from New Jersey Point-in-Time reports, CDC AtlasPlus, NJSHAD, AIDSVu, CDC PLACES, the American Community Survey, and U.S. Census Bureau population estimates were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). …


Adverse Childhood Experiences And The Long-Term Impact Of Parental Mental Illness In Young Adults, Laura Michelle Paez Berthon Oct 2026

Adverse Childhood Experiences And The Long-Term Impact Of Parental Mental Illness In Young Adults, Laura Michelle Paez Berthon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Parental mental illness can expose children to unstable environments that influence their emotional development, relational behaviors, coping mechanisms, and long-term functioning into adulthood. A qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study was employed to explore the lived experiences of young adults who grew up with at least one parent experiencing mental illness and to understand how these experiences influenced their development. Attachment theory and family systems theory served as the theoretical foundations for this study. The research questions were used to explore how adverse childhood experiences and family dynamics involving parental mental illness shaped emotional development, relational behaviors, coping mechanisms, and cognitive patterns …


Voices Of Rebellion: Examining Revolutionary Music Through Digital Content Analysis, Rowan Flynn Oct 2026

Voices Of Rebellion: Examining Revolutionary Music Through Digital Content Analysis, Rowan Flynn

The Compass

The history of American revolutionary action can be traced through its art, especially the music. In particular, the genres of blues, punk, and hip-hop mark three distinct demographics using music to make social change and bring awareness to widespread issues.


Who Holds The Power: A Discourse Analysis Surrounding Human Trafficking, Maria Bernardo Oct 2026

Who Holds The Power: A Discourse Analysis Surrounding Human Trafficking, Maria Bernardo

The Compass

Narratives surrounding human trafficking in the United States have shaped public understanding through government, media, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Human trafficking is a complex global issue involving exploitation using force, fraud, or coercion for numerous purposes. Through the examination of intertextual relationships among government reports, victim narratives, and media coverage, this project aims to look at dominant narratives about human trafficking while comparing them to policy. While policy criteria describes indicators, literature argues how human trafficking is not clearly defined. A common issue in literature is the definition of a trafficked person. There is often a debate between what scholars …


Patriotism From The Past To The Present: Inclusive And Exclusive Pratriotism As Powerful Forces In American History And Trump’S Presidency, Nicole Burgon Oct 2026

Patriotism From The Past To The Present: Inclusive And Exclusive Pratriotism As Powerful Forces In American History And Trump’S Presidency, Nicole Burgon

The Compass

What is patriotism? Is it standing for the “Star-Spangled Banner” before every sports game? Is it displaying the American flag in front of a house? While Americans often associate patriotism with these symbolic gestures, American patriotism is an attitude that has been present since the start of our nation’s history. Patriotism can be defined as a feeling of devotion, attachment, commitment, or support for one’s country. It is, however, more than a single dictionary definition. In 1946, Merle Curti’s The Roots of American Loyalty traced American patriotism throughout history as “a pattern of emotions and ideas.” In a 1999 article …


The Compass, Issue 13, The Compass Oct 2026

The Compass, Issue 13, The Compass

The Compass

No abstract provided.


The Commercialization Of Wellness: Gray Market Peptides & Cancer, Bryan M. Burt Oct 2026

The Commercialization Of Wellness: Gray Market Peptides & Cancer, Bryan M. Burt

Advances in Cancer Education and Quality Improvement

No abstract provided.


The Oriental Religions In Roman Paganism, Franz Cumont Oct 2026

The Oriental Religions In Roman Paganism, Franz Cumont

Hannah Arendt Marginalia - All

New York : Dover Publications, [1956]

Call #: BL805 .C8 1956

Contains underling and marginal lining

PDF information: 47 pages - 15.6 MB


Nov. 2026 At Your Service - Membership Questions Answered: Renewals, Insurance, Staff Training, And More, Mda Membership Department Staff Oct 2026

Nov. 2026 At Your Service - Membership Questions Answered: Renewals, Insurance, Staff Training, And More, Mda Membership Department Staff

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This resource column answers critical operational questions for Michigan Dental Association members. Topics addressed include navigating health insurance open enrollment through the MDA Health Plan, proper legal and administrative protocols for dismissing a patient mid-treatment via peer review resources, and utilizing the Certified Dental Business Professional Program for onboarding and training inexperienced dental office staff.


Clinical Comparability Of A Computer-Based Vision Screening Platform To Snellen Acuity In A Young Adult Population, Meghan E. Garvey, Lindsey Stroop, Jacob Just, Brynn Palmer, Andrew Burchett, Donald J. Kosiak Jr Oct 2026

Clinical Comparability Of A Computer-Based Vision Screening Platform To Snellen Acuity In A Young Adult Population, Meghan E. Garvey, Lindsey Stroop, Jacob Just, Brynn Palmer, Andrew Burchett, Donald J. Kosiak Jr

Aesculapius Journal (Health Sciences & Medicine)

Background: Military readiness depends on timely access to accurate health screening tools. The use of digital technologies for visual acuity testing may reduce bottlenecks during large-scale Physical Health Assessment (PHA) events and improve the efficiency of provider workflow. This study evaluated a computer-based vision screening (CBVS) platform against the traditional Snellen chart in a non-military, college-aged sample to assess clinical comparability and test-retest reliability.

Methods: Visual acuity was assessed in 68 college-aged adults (77.9% female, 73.5% Non-Hispanic White; mean age = 20.9 years) using both a Snellen chart and the CBVS platform, with assessments performed in randomized order to minimize …


The Greeks And Their Gods, Wkc Guthrie Oct 2026

The Greeks And Their Gods, Wkc Guthrie

Hannah Arendt Marginalia - All

Boston : Beacon Press, 1955.

Call : BL781 .G8 1955

Arendt copy contains underlining and marginal lining

PDF Information : 106 Pages, 53.2 MB


Kingship And The Gods : A Study Of Ancient Near Eastern Religion As The Integration Of Society & Nature, Henri Frankfort Oct 2026

Kingship And The Gods : A Study Of Ancient Near Eastern Religion As The Integration Of Society & Nature, Henri Frankfort

Hannah Arendt Marginalia - All

Chicago ; London : University of Chicago Press, [1948]

Call #: BL325.K5 F7

Contains underlining and marginal lining

PDF information: 37 pages - 18 MB


Reconstructing The Administrative State In The Shadow Of The Unitary Executive, William Thomas Worster Oct 2026

Reconstructing The Administrative State In The Shadow Of The Unitary Executive, William Thomas Worster

ConLawNOW

The Supreme Court’s unfolding embrace of the unitary executive theory has now substantially restricted Congress’s ability to insulate administrative agencies from presidential control. In Trump v. Slaughter, the Court invalidated the Federal Trade Commission’s statutory removal protections and, in turn, shifted its substantial regulatory, adjudicative, and enforcement powers from independence to far more enhanced presidential supervision. The decision thus exposes a fundamental problem in the constitutional organization of, and legislative assumptions supporting, the administrative state, that have evolved over a substantial part of the nation’s history. Modern agencies are classified as “executive,” firmly placed within Article II under the …