Digital Commons Network^™

Newborn Reflexes, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Reflexes are characterized as involuntary movements or actions and are a key indicator of a healthy brain and nervous system in newborn babies. There are five primitive reflexes that are common for infants who do not experience central nervous system (CNS) deficits. Furthermore, newborn reflexes are also considered to add adaptive value by increasing their chances of survival.

Divorce, Effects On Relationships, Nicholas Boston, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Divorce has been seen to have significant impacts on relationships both within and outside of families. In terms of friendships, the divorced couple is often seen to withdraw from other couples prior to the divorce in order to avoid sharing uncomfortable details. With more attention instead focused on friendships with individuals, divorced couples lose some, if not all, of their couple friends, whom may take sides either individually or as a couple. As well, fellow couples may not wish to be pulled into conflict. However, individual friendships tend to strengthen as the divorcees turn their freed-up time for attention towards …

Reasons For Divorce, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Today, divorce is a common result for many couples regarding marital conflict and discord. The impacts of divorce have been linked to increased psychological distress, increased risk of substance abuse, depression, and poorer overall health when compared to non-divorced individuals (Amato, 2000; Hughes and Waite, 2009). Per Shelby Scott and colleagues, there are ten likely reasons for a couple to get divorced (Scott et al., 2013). By understanding these ten reasons, one may better conceptualize the overall factors that contribute to divorce.

Metabolic Theories Of Aging, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Metabolic theories of aging postulate that aging is due to energy expenditure, which ultimately results in the breakdown and eventual death of cells. Historically, within the realm of metabolic theories of aging, there have been three models: The Rate-of-Living theory, The Oxidative Damage/Free Radical theory, and the Metabolic Stability theory. All three theories maintain that aging is directly related to metabolic rate, but the theories differ in how they arrive at that conclusion.

Maria Montessori, Vanessa Braun, Donna Devaughn Kreskey

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori (born August 31, 1870, Chiaravalle, near Ancona, Italy – died May 6, 1952, Noordwijk aan Zee, Netherlands) was an Italian educator.  She is commonly remembered for the many schools around the globe that bear her name and implement her educational methods, the Montessori system. Maria Montessori was a scientist, educator, activist, and advocate for children.

Optimizing Hydrogel Performance Composed Of Japanese Pagoda Tree Extract Loaded-Gelatin-Sodium Alginate-Polyethylene Oxide For Biomedical Applications: Influence Incorporated Calcium-Based Metal Organic Frameworks And Zinc Oxide Nps, Reham A. Shams-Eldin, Tasneem Abed, Shaza H. Aly, Rana Haikal, Rana R. Haikal, Shahira Elmosalamy, Esraa Abdelaziz, Mohamed Helmy, Ahmed Ali, Noura Eissa, Yasser Elnakady, Mahmoud Elsabahy, Elbadawy Kamoun

Nanotechnology Research Centre

No abstract provided.

Ai-Generated Content And Copyright Infringement: Analyzing Corporate Liability In The Era Of Artificial Intelligence, Gloria Domingos, Dr. Daria Koucherets

Seattle University Law Review Online

Recent lawsuits by major content creators against artificial intelligence companies have brought a critical legal question to the forefront: Under current U.S. copyright law, can AI companies be held liable for direct copyright infringement when their systems generate outputs that substantially mirror protected works? This question has gained particular urgency as AI systems like ChatGPT and DALL-E demonstrate increasingly sophisticated capabilities to generate content that may replicate elements of copyrighted materials.

The answer, based on current legal precedent and statutory frameworks, is that AI companies can likely be held liable for direct copyright infringement. However, traditional tests for establishing such …

Friendship Among Children, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Friendships in childhood are essential to overall development, beyond having someone to socialize with. Research suggests that friendships in children can help mitigate psychopathology, can be considered protective factors against being bullied and acting as a bully, and help with developing strong cultural competence. Aspects of friendships such as quality and intimacy of the relationship, as well as quantity of friends have been investigated for their importance in moderating many of these factors. Lack of friendships can lead to both short-term and long-term challenges for children, such as loneliness and feeling isolated from peers, anxiety and other internalizing disorders, and …

Emotional Expression In Children, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The development of emotional expression begins from the time an infant bonds with his or her caregiver. Establishing this bond occurs through both the caregiver expressing her feelings to the child and understanding the emotions expressed by the infant. This communication is almost exclusively non-verbal for a long period of time, which requires understanding of and ability to express emotions via facial expressions and vocal inflections. Infants use non-verbal communication to express needs and wants, and the caregiver’s ability to respond to these expressions appropriately is essential to establishing emotional bonds and a confidence in the ability to have one’s …

James Mark Baldwin, Scott Harcourt

Essays in Developmental Psychology

James Baldwin was born on January 12, 1861 in Columbia, South Carolina. He attended secondary school in New Jersey. He initially planned on a life in the ministry, but in his first year at Princeton (then the College of New Jersey), he fell under the tutelage of the Scottish Realist James McCosh, and studied empirical psychology instead, graduating as valedictorian in 1894. He spent a fellowship year in Germany and France, studying with Wundt in Leipzig, before returning to Princeton for his Ph.D. He then taught at Lake Forest University for two years, during which time he married.

Ecological Systems Approach In Sociology, Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Sociology as a philosophy is highly concerned with the collaboration of the environment and how the environment’s transactions with the individual affect one another. The Ecological Systems theory, as it is known today, speaks on the interaction between different sociological environments and how it affects the developing individual. Thanks to the work of Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree, in the United Kingdom, alongside Paul Kellogg in the United States, there is a better understanding about how an individual affects their environment and vice versa. Their work, specifically their research in assessing the needs of low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals in …

The Conservative Approach To Informed Consent: The Evidentiary Model And An Antidote To The Problem Of Framing Effects In Medical Decision-Making, James D. Polk

Honors Theses

Since the latter part of the 20th century, there has been a gradual but significant shift of the doctor-patient relation from paternalism to a more patient-centric approach. As such, informed consent – the legal and moral requirement that a physician fully disclose relevant details to their patient and gain their consent – is a central doctrine to patient-centric care. Gone are the days of the doctor governing the patient: the patient is now considered a valuable and important decision-maker. Achieving informed consent is the foundation of patient centric medicine. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance that philosophical consideration be …

Drag Attack, Chase Jones

College of Computing and Digital Media Dissertations

Drag Attack is a single-player beat 'em up game built for PC. Players take on the role of Chicago drag artist Molly Jolly Christmas, as she fights to stop the evil president Billy the Bigot from passing HB69, a bill that will ban drag once and for all. With mechanics inspired by classic games in the genre, and the addition of drag-inspired actions like purse smacking and gown spinning, the game provides a cathartic outlet for queer gamers who are ready to fight back against hateful rhetoric and legislature. Enemies are based on proponents of anti-drag legislation, such as conservative-leaning …

Perspective Taking Stages, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Perspective taking is the ability to gain an understanding of how another person is thinking or feeling about an event based on the information which is available. Learning to understand the perspective of another person is an ability that develops over childhood through many stages. Typically, this concept is first grasped by school age, or around 6 to 7 years of age. There are multiple types of perspectives that can be taken as well, including physical or visual perspective, affective perspective, cognitive perspective, or perspective of communication. Each of these types is important for social behaviors and the ability to …

Mamie P. Clark, Jayla Hill, Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Mamie Phipps Clark (born July 14, 1914 Hot Springs, Arkansas – August 11, 1983, New York City, New York) was an American developmental psychologist best known for her work on the development of African American children’s sense of self, specifically through a series of experiments conducted with her husband Kenneth Clark known as the “Doll Studies.” These studies would be instrumental in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education court decision in which school segregation was declared unconstitutional.

James Marcia - Identity Status, L. Nicole Hammons

Essays in Developmental Psychology

James E. Marcia is known for his research on identity development in late adolescence, specifically his identification of four identity statuses.  He was born on February 10, 1937 in Cleveland Ohio.  He was an only child and describes his family as to a stable, lower middle- to middle-class family.  Spending his childhood in Columbus, Ohio, Marcia enjoyed tennis, drama, speech, and music (he played both piano and trombone).  After exploring history, English, and philosophy, Marcia earned his undergraduate degree in psychology from Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio.  He also received master’s and doctoral degrees from Ohio State University, both in …

Content Analysis Of Food Items In Youtube Videos Viewed By Children, Julie M. Zaituna, Tiffany Munzer, Sarah Morris, Jane Harness, Megan H. Pesch

Conference Presentation Abstracts

Background: Children have historically been a target of the food advertising industry because their preferences for certain foods are known to be shaped by food portrayals in digital media. In the most popular YouTube videos with child influencers, 90% featured ultra-processed and branded food products. Given the algorithmic specificity in YouTube, some children may be differentially exposed to more ultra-processed or branded food content; however, no studies have examined YouTube video characteristics or family characteristics associated with such food content.

Objective: To examine YouTube video characteristics and child and caregiver characteristics associated with greater exposures to ultra-processed or branded food …

Grandparenthood, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The transition from parenthood into grandparenthood is a normative experience for a majority of individuals and typically occurs in middle age. However, this transition is not uncommon for individuals over 65 or under 55. An individual’s first experience with grandparenthood generally occurs in childhood, when they interact with their grandparents as grandchildren. Initially, the bond between grandparents and grandchildren is mediated by the parents. However, over time the relationship between the two becomes more direct.

Preoperational Period, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The preoperational period is part of Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget was a cognitive psychology, who in 1936 created a model to explain how children understand the world and develop cognitively. While other contemporary theorists believed that intelligence was a fixed trait, Piaget believed that cognitive development was a process that occurred in distinct stages, and that maturation brings about changes and growth in development, rather than training (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget posited that each stage occurred at a specific time and in a specific sequential order, such every child goes through …

Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Stem cell research is a controversial issue that has received considerable attention over the last three decades. Stem cell research began in the early 1980’s, when stem cells were obtained from mice embryos and utilized to understand the functioning of stem cells (Grivennikov, 2008). In 1998, researchers discovered techniques for obtaining embryonic stem cells from human and growing them in laboratories. Since them, substantial research has been conducted on stem cells and their potential uses, which includes increasing our understanding of diseases and how they occur, treating various diseases, and testing new medications for safety and efficacy (Taylor, 2005).

From Student-Athlete To Working Professional: Career Readiness For College Athletes, Elizabeth M. Gibbs

Masters Projects

College student-athletes face unique challenges in preparing for life and work after graduation. With a significant amount of time dedicated to their athletic career, many student-athletes have limited opportunities to explore potential careers, participate in internships, or get involved in activities or work on or off campus. The number of student-athletes has continued to increase, and it is important for student-athletes to utilize career resources available to them. Research has shown that student-athletes struggle with career readiness and lack of confidence in transitioning out of their athletic career. It is important to adequately prepare them for the workforce, as very …

Sustainability Recognition Program: A Gamified Approach To Student Engagement On Campus, Sydney K. Gandolfi

Masters Projects

This project explores how gamification can be used to increase student engagement in sustainable practices on college campuses by creating a Sustainability Recognition Program. College students, though aware of environmental issues, may struggle to connect individual actions with meaningful change. By introducing a point-based system with digital badges, milestone rewards, and leaderboards, this recognition program is designed to make sustainability more accessible, visible, and motivating for students living in residence halls. Guided by Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the program is designed to support students’ intrinsic motivation (autonomy), competence, and relatedness. By aligning sustainability goals with positive reinforcement and SDT, the overall …

Standardizing Support: Creating A Digital Guidebook For College Access Professionals, Darci L. Vanwormer

Masters Projects

Despite the expansion of college access programs across the United States, a streamlined, comprehensive resource for college access professionals remains to be found. This gap disproportionately impacts first-generation, low-income, and racially minoritized students who may not have the knowledge and support systems necessary to navigate the realm of postsecondary education. Recent literature on college advising, college access, and diverse student needs was collected and analyzed to best inform the intervention. The purpose of this project is to provide an accessible, centralized guidebook via a user-friendly website that serves as a foundational resource for college access professionals and is supported by …

Rachel Barr, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Dr. Rachel Barr is a developmental and clinical psychologist, and a leading expert on early learning and memory. She has published and presented on over 200 articles, encyclopedia entries, book chapters, and poster presentations on subjects related to child development and psychology and continues to do research in these fields (Rachel Barr, 2019).

Robert Stoller, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Robert Stoller was an American psychiatrist who studied gender identity and sexuality. Stoller was born in 1924 and died in 1991 (Green, 1992). He died in a car accident near his home, at the age of 66 (Cook, 1992). Stoller received his bachelor’s degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and received his medical degree in 1948 from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (Goleman, 1991). Stoller also completed psychoanalytic training at the Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, where he worked under psychoanalyst Hanna Fenichel.

The George-Anne Inkwell Edition, Georgia Southern University

The Inkwell

No abstract provided.

Volume Cxliv, Number 19, April 25, 2025, Lawrence University

The Lawrentian

No abstract provided.

Fracture Initiation Pressure As A Measure Of Cemented Paste Backfill Strength, James A. Frimpong, Basel Ahmad Shabab, Rohit Pandey, Snehamoy Chatterjee, Gabriel Walton, Alexander S. Brand

Michigan Tech Publications

This laboratory-scale study presents the development and validation of a hydraulic fracturing technique to directly measure the tensile strength of cemented paste backfill (CPB), providing an alternative to traditional strength testing methods. Fracture initiation pressure (FIP) was used as the primary measure of CPB strength. Experimental results were compared with traditional benchmark measures such as uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), and critical Mode-I fracture toughness (KIc). Regression analysis of experimental results revealed a strong linear relationship between FIP and these benchmark strength measures, indicating that FIP can be used as a reliable predictor of CPB strength. However, …

The Determination Of Effort During The Evaluation Of The Injured Worker, Madison Davisson

Graduate Student Scholarship

For occupational therapists to obtain accurate pictures of clients and how they perform during assessments utilized within their scope of practice, full motivation and effort are needed for any result to be precise. When these two factors are not completely present, the dependability of performance measures is interrogated, with coefficients of variance (CVs) being one of them. This study aimed to establish an overall cutoff CV that could be used as a guide to determine if individuals were providing full effort during therapeutic evaluations. This was done through isometric strength testing in healthy college-aged individuals through maximal and submaximal effort …

Psychological Development: Cognition, Emotions, Personality, Anita Knight Kuhnley, Kelly Carapezza, Gary Sibcy

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Adolescence is considered the age that bridges childhood and adulthood, Erik Erikson, who has contributed much to our understanding of the developmental stages described adolescence as, “the age mediating between childhood and adulthood (Erikson, 1997, p.xi).” Adolescence includes the sometimes tumultuous years between the ages of 11 and 21, and the Eriksons addressed this as one stage (Newman and Newman, 2013). Some authors attribute the fact that adolescence is such a trying time to the fact that adolescents lose synapses in the brain specifically in the primary visual cortex at a rate of 5,000 per second (Bears, Connor, and Paradiso, …