Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (657752)
- Arts and Humanities (572461)
- Law (543196)
- Education (382166)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (324828)
-
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (292418)
- Life Sciences (256125)
- Engineering (195884)
- History (181386)
- Business (148903)
- Higher Education (142724)
- Anthropology (115944)
- Religion (109818)
- Archaeological Anthropology (96468)
- Communication (89136)
- Sociology (86276)
- Library and Information Science (80020)
- United States History (77491)
- Medical Specialties (76823)
- Psychology (73554)
- Computer Sciences (62980)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (62261)
- Earth Sciences (59325)
- Creative Writing (57900)
- Public Health (55587)
- Environmental Sciences (52339)
- English Language and Literature (47468)
- Economics (46744)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (46475)
- Music (45876)
- Institution
-
- University of South Florida (163039)
- University of New Mexico (139183)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (114004)
- Kenyon College (112916)
- University of Montana (98218)
-
- University of Mississippi (94144)
- University of New Hampshire (79651)
- Brigham Young University (72148)
- Georgia Southern University (61489)
- Eastern Illinois University (57888)
- Utah State University (57345)
- Mississippi State University (54509)
- Western Michigan University (52950)
- University of Kentucky (52306)
- Murray State University (50468)
- Purdue University (50070)
- University of Colorado Law School (47444)
- Louisiana State University (45136)
- Brigham Young University Law School (43600)
- University of Dayton (43228)
- Western Kentucky University (43085)
- Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law (42711)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (42483)
- University of Central Florida (41626)
- Chulalongkorn University (37308)
- San Jose State University (36963)
- University of Northern Iowa (35955)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (35953)
- Yale University (33787)
- Missouri University of Science and Technology (33636)
- Keyword
-
- Newspaper (47336)
- Latin America (31531)
- Press release; media release; press statement; news media information (30839)
- Spanish (30833)
- History (30077)
-
- University of New Mexico (29735)
- UNM (29638)
- LADB (29608)
- LAII (29608)
- Latin American and Iberian Institute (29608)
- Humans (29417)
- Education (28964)
- United States (21352)
- Student newspaper (19995)
- Newsletter (19706)
- EIU (19627)
- Georgia Southern University (18903)
- Newspapers (18264)
- Deaf culture (17102)
- Hearing impaired (17091)
- Pastoral care of people with disabilities (17060)
- Church work with the deaf -- Catholic Church (17052)
- Deaf -- Periodicals (17043)
- Athletics (16848)
- Marriage (16178)
- Poetry (15532)
- Students (15114)
- Higher education (14577)
- COVID-19 (14393)
- Female (14228)
- Publication Year
-
- 2026 (101790)
- 2025 (156212)
- 2024 (192567)
- 2023 (162670)
- 2022 (167711)
-
- 2021 (195848)
- 2020 (169191)
- 2019 (165324)
- 2018 (169464)
- 2017 (160783)
- 2016 (159508)
- 2015 (146215)
- 2014 (135641)
- 2013 (129957)
- 2012 (124593)
- 2011 (108179)
- 2010 (103550)
- 2009 (95644)
- 2008 (92722)
- 2007 (79191)
- 2006 (74512)
- 2005 (70123)
- 2004 (71231)
- 2003 (58612)
- 2002 (64460)
- 2001 (55054)
- 2000 (58451)
- 1996 (62277)
- 1992 (52971)
- 1990 (53641)
- Publication
-
- Four Valleys Archive (90475)
- Theses and Dissertations (74007)
- Faculty Publications (45624)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (35895)
- University of Montana News Releases, 1928, 1956-present (30910)
-
- Faculty Scholarship (25294)
- Dissertations (23675)
- The Auk (22791)
- Documents (21830)
- Theses (21682)
- Articles (20011)
- Browse All News (19555)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (19539)
- Masters Theses (18625)
- Master's Theses (18420)
- Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD) (15281)
- Session Laws 1951-2000 (15051)
- NotiSur (13785)
- Faculty, Staff and Student Publications (13688)
- Hillsborough County Marriage Records (13681)
- University of Mississippi News (13497)
- Obituaries (13320)
- The Murray Ledger & Times (13003)
- Sheet Music Collection (12976)
- Michigan Law Review (12806)
- University of Montana Course Syllabi (12469)
- Honors Theses (12162)
- Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD) (11863)
- Condor (11821)
- Defensive Publications Series (11696)
- Publication Type
Articles 1531 - 1560 of 5150765
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Book Review: Nostalgic Virility As A Cause Of War: How Leaders Of Great Powers Cope With Status Decline, Christine C. Cook
Book Review: Nostalgic Virility As A Cause Of War: How Leaders Of Great Powers Cope With Status Decline, Christine C. Cook
Parameters Bookshelf – Online Book Reviews
Author: Matthieu Grandpierron
Reviewed by: Dr. Christine C. Cook, (colonel, US Army Reserve, retired), adjunct professor, US Naval War College
What happens when powerful nations feel their global status slipping away? In Nostalgic Virility as a Cause of War, Matthieu Grandpierron explores how emotional responses—rooted in pride, identity, and historical memory—can drive leaders of great powers toward conflict. This provocative study blends psychology, international relations, and strategic leadership to reveal how nostalgia can become a dangerous force in global politics.
©2026 Christine C. Cook
Book Review: Security In The 21st Century Europe, Ionut Popescu
Book Review: Security In The 21st Century Europe, Ionut Popescu
Parameters Bookshelf – Online Book Reviews
Author: Andrew Cottey
Reviewed by: Ionut Popescu, associate professor of political science, Texas State University
Europe’s security landscape has shifted dramatically, shaped by new threats like terrorism, energy dependence, and climate change. Security in the 21st Century Europe by Andrew Cottey offers a comprehensive analysis of how traditional interstate conflict has given way to complex policy dilemmas on the continent’s periphery. With a blend of theory and real-world case studies, this essential text explores how NATO, the EU, and national governments are adapting to a transformed strategic environment.
©2026 Ionut Popescu
Book Review: The Coming Storm: Power, Conflict, And Warnings From History, Jadwiga Biskupska
Book Review: The Coming Storm: Power, Conflict, And Warnings From History, Jadwiga Biskupska
Parameters Bookshelf – Online Book Reviews
Author: Odd Arne Westad
Reviewed by: Jadwiga Biskupska, Harold K. Johnson Chair of Military History, US Army War College
A historian’s warning on how great powers stumble into war, this study draws sharp lessons from the past for today’s fragile global order. As rival powers rise and tensions mount, it reveals how missteps and misperceptions can turn regional crises into global catastrophe—and how leaders might navigate a shifting balance of power without repeating the failures that once reshaped the world.
©2026 Jadwiga Biskupska
Spartan Daily, September 16, 2026, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, September 16, 2026, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, 2026
Volume 167, Issue 11
Click, Listen, Reflect: Implementing Discord In Critical Listening Courses, Kenny Shania Lestari R, Metaria Metaria, Siti Nurhalimah
Click, Listen, Reflect: Implementing Discord In Critical Listening Courses, Kenny Shania Lestari R, Metaria Metaria, Siti Nurhalimah
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
Critical listening requires learners not only to comprehend spoken information but also to interpret and evaluate its meaning. Digital learning environments may support these processes by providing opportunities for repeated access to spoken input, interaction, and collaborative discussion. This study explored how Discord was implemented in a Critical Listening course and how students perceived and experienced its use in supporting their critical listening learning. The study employed a qualitative descriptive design involving 20 students from the International Class Program at Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang. Data were collected through classroom observation checklists, field notes, and focus group …
Zoonotic Fish Parasites That Pose Risks To Human Health In Türkiye, Ahmet Özer
Zoonotic Fish Parasites That Pose Risks To Human Health In Türkiye, Ahmet Özer
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Fish-borne zoonotic diseases have been documented as the causative agents of considerable problems for humans on a global scale. This paper, for the first time, reveals the current zoonotic parasites of fish from wild and cultured hosts in marine, freshwater, and aquarium environments, as well as in native, endemic, and introduced hosts across different geographical areas and seas in Türkiye, based on published data to date. According to the latest global reports, zoonotic fish parasites in Türkiye are dominated by nematodes (17 species), trematodes (11 species), and cestodes (four species), followed by acanthocephalans (two species) and myxozoans (two species). The …
Revealing Cryptic Lineage Diversity In The Persian Gulf And Oman Sea Groupers (Perciformes: Epinephelidae): Phylogenetic And Species Delimitation Insights, Ehsan Damadi, Faezeh Yazdani Moghaddam, Masoumeh Gholipour Cheshm Gilak, Mehdi Ghanbarifardi
Revealing Cryptic Lineage Diversity In The Persian Gulf And Oman Sea Groupers (Perciformes: Epinephelidae): Phylogenetic And Species Delimitation Insights, Ehsan Damadi, Faezeh Yazdani Moghaddam, Masoumeh Gholipour Cheshm Gilak, Mehdi Ghanbarifardi
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Groupers (Epinephelidae) are a taxon of great commercial interest due to their large body size and high market value, and are also an important ecological species for biodiversity conservation in coral reef ecosystems. Despite their importance, phenotypic convergence among species generally leads to incorrect taxonomic identification, an issue enhanced by molecular studies revealing the presence of a high cryptic diversity and complicating conventional systematic frameworks. Herein, grouper species diversity in the ecologically heterogeneous Persian Gulf and Oman Sea was investigated to resolve taxonomic ambiguities and assess patterns of cryptic diversity. Mitochondrial COI gene sequencing was used in conjunction with integrative …
Otolith Morphological Variations Reveal Intraspecific Diversity In Two-Spot Barb, Pethia Ticto (Hamilton, 1822), Inhabiting The Riverine Ecosystem, Insha Hassan, Lubna Yasmeen, Mohd Sadiq, Ameer Hamza, Mohammad Afzal Khan
Otolith Morphological Variations Reveal Intraspecific Diversity In Two-Spot Barb, Pethia Ticto (Hamilton, 1822), Inhabiting The Riverine Ecosystem, Insha Hassan, Lubna Yasmeen, Mohd Sadiq, Ameer Hamza, Mohammad Afzal Khan
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The intraspecific variation in otolith wavelet coefficients, contours, and morphometric variables (six size and nine shape indices) was analyzed to discriminate stock variation in Pethia ticto collected from four selected sites along the River Ganga (Narora, Kanpur, Varanasi, and Bhagalpur). The wavelet coefficients extracted revealed symmetrical yet site-specific contour variations, particularly along the rostral, dorsal, and posterior margins, with the fourth-level wavelet explaining 98% of the cumulative accuracy and being selected for contour analysis. Permutational analysis of multivariate dispersion (PERMDISP) (F = 6.11, p = 0.002) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) (F = 8.42, R2 = 0.179, p …
Toxicokinetics And Multibiomarker Assessment Of Coexposure To Sulfamethoxazole And Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles In Cyprinus Carpio, Nazish Iftikhar, Rabeea Zafar, Imran Hashmi, Asma Jamil, Christopher Joseph Martyniuk, Munib Ahmed Shafique
Toxicokinetics And Multibiomarker Assessment Of Coexposure To Sulfamethoxazole And Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles In Cyprinus Carpio, Nazish Iftikhar, Rabeea Zafar, Imran Hashmi, Asma Jamil, Christopher Joseph Martyniuk, Munib Ahmed Shafique
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The combined effects of pharmaceuticals and nanoparticles (NPs) on aquatic organisms remain insufficiently characterized. The present study examined toxicokinetics and multibiomarker responses of Cyprinus carpio (common carp) following exposure to sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) NPs. Juvenile fish were treated with SMX (25, 50, and 100 μg/L) alone and in combination with 1.5 mg/L TiO₂ NPs (96 h). TiO₂ NPs had a significant effect on the bioaccumulation of SMX in muscle tissues, with SMX reaching peak concentrations of 2286.54 ng/g in the 100 μg/L SMX + 1.5 mg/L TiO₂ NPs group after 72 h, compared to 1477.2 ng/g with …
Cuip-X25: A Real-World Network Intrusion Dataset For Next-Generation Ai-Driven Security, Arshad Iqbal, Sohail Asghar
Cuip-X25: A Real-World Network Intrusion Dataset For Next-Generation Ai-Driven Security, Arshad Iqbal, Sohail Asghar
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
The efficacy of artificial intelligence (AI) in intrusion detection systems (IDS) is critically dependent on high-fidelity training data. However, as detailed in the manuscript's literature review, existing benchmark datasets are predominantly synthetic, outdated, or imbalanced and fail to capture the complexity of the contemporary threat landscape. To bridge this gap, this study introduces CUIP-X25, a novel real-world cyber-attack dataset captured over a four-month period using a dionaea honeypot deployed on a public network. Unlike synthetic alternatives, this dataset provides an authentic representation of modern adversarial tactics, techniques, and procedures, encompassing 3.16 million real events across ten distinct attack categories, including …
Boundary Layer Sliding Mode Control Strategy For Variable-Speed Compressor In Deep Freezers: Experimental Validation Of Energy Efficiency And Freezing Capacity, Sertan Aksoy, Kami̇l Çeti̇n, Sezai̇ Taşkin
Boundary Layer Sliding Mode Control Strategy For Variable-Speed Compressor In Deep Freezers: Experimental Validation Of Energy Efficiency And Freezing Capacity, Sertan Aksoy, Kami̇l Çeti̇n, Sezai̇ Taşkin
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
This study presents the design and experimental validation of a nonlinear sliding mode controller developed for a deep freezer equipped with a variable-speed compressor. The proposed control strategy aims to minimize energy consumption while maintaining rapid and stable cooling performance under varying ambient conditions. A detailed thermal model of the deep freezer was established using an equivalent resistance–capacitance network representation, enabling precise analysis of temperature dynamics. The sliding mode-based control algorithm dynamically adjusts the compressor’s operating frequency according to temperature deviation, ambient conditions, and time-dependent factors, providing robust performance without requiring parameter retuning for different models. Beyond theoretical-based analysis, a …
Artificial Intelligence Use Disclosure Student Rubric, Maxwell Gray, Nicole Bungert
Artificial Intelligence Use Disclosure Student Rubric, Maxwell Gray, Nicole Bungert
Library Tools and Learning Resources
No abstract provided.
Artificial Intelligence Use Disclosure Student Log, Maxwell Gray, Nicole Bungert
Artificial Intelligence Use Disclosure Student Log, Maxwell Gray, Nicole Bungert
Library Tools and Learning Resources
No abstract provided.
Artificial Intelligence Use Guidelines, Maxwell Gray, Nicole Bungert
Artificial Intelligence Use Guidelines, Maxwell Gray, Nicole Bungert
Library Tools and Learning Resources
No abstract provided.
Cv: Martha Wilkins (Elementary Education), Martha Wilkins
Cv: Martha Wilkins (Elementary Education), Martha Wilkins
Education Department Faculty Curricula Vitae
No abstract provided.
Predictors Of Psychological Strain In College Students In The Context Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Randy M. Ludwig
Predictors Of Psychological Strain In College Students In The Context Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Randy M. Ludwig
Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated the traditional challenges of being a college student. This study examined the factors associated with the mental health difficulties many college students faced during the pandemic. Factor analysis was used to uncover a latent variable called psychological strain, which was composed of mental instability, mental health strain, sadness, anxiety, and unhappiness. An exploratory path model was created to determine which factors most closely related to psychological strain. Of the 14 factors considered, 11 were significant predictors. Overall, the most important risk factor was found to be social isolation (total effects = .437), while …
Lindenwood Digest, September 16, 2026, Lindenwood University
Lindenwood Digest, September 16, 2026, Lindenwood University
Lindenwood Digest
-
Event & Date: The Lindenwood University Employee Digest was published on September 16, 2026, announcing the President's Town Hall on September 16, 2026, and the Fall Business Ethics Panel on October 1, 2026.
-
Geographic Grounding: Documented events take place at Scheidegger Theater and Dunseth Auditorium in Harmon Hall, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri.
-
Key Honorees/Awards: Director of Operations and Engineering of Mane Media Productions Brandon McKinney received Q2 recognition for broadcast engineering support; Senior Professor of Psychology Dr. Rebecca Foushee received Q2 recognition for providing independent research materials to biology students; Associate Professor of Art and Design Joe Weber received …
Virtual Lunch And Learn: Efficient Database Translation, Stefanie Lapka
Virtual Lunch And Learn: Efficient Database Translation, Stefanie Lapka
TMC Library Newsletter (2015-)
Searching across multiple databases is an important part of a comprehensive literature search—but translating a search strategy from one database to another takes more than simply copying and pasting.
Join us for September's Lunch & Learn to explore database translation. Register to attend this virtual session.
Resources Feature: Explore Public Opinion Data With Roper Ipoll, Joanne Romano
Resources Feature: Explore Public Opinion Data With Roper Ipoll, Joanne Romano
TMC Library Newsletter (2015-)
Looking for public opinion or survey data? Roper iPoll, available through the TMC Library, provides access to nearly one million survey and poll questions and responses covering decades of public opinion research.
Explore Roper iPoll through the TMC Library’s A–Z Databases: https://bit.ly/4rixZFk
History Of Medicine Seminar Returns For Fall 2026, Alice Sherwood
History Of Medicine Seminar Returns For Fall 2026, Alice Sherwood
TMC Library Newsletter (2015-)
The History of Medicine Seminar is back for the Fall 2026 semester! This longstanding collaborative series brings together the TMC community for conversations exploring the history of medicine, archival collections, philosophy, and morally relevant questions in medicine.
View the Fall 2026 History of Medicine Seminar schedule
Black Existential–Spiritual Counseling: A Content Analysis, Miles Matise
Black Existential–Spiritual Counseling: A Content Analysis, Miles Matise
Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences
Black American existential–spiritual counseling integrates existential philosophy with the unique cultural, historical, and spiritual contexts of Black Americans to address their psychological and spiritual needs. Rooted in the lived experience of systemic oppression, alienation, and the quest for identity and freedom, this counseling approach emphasizes meaning-making, personal responsibility, and authentic living. It acknowledges the interconnectedness of spirituality and psychology, recognizing the importance of the Black church, music, and communal values in fostering resilience and empowerment. Drawing on existential themes, such as mortality, freedom, loneliness, and purpose, this approach supports clients in navigating sociocultural stressors and generational trauma through a spiritually …
Una Magazine, Office Of Alumni Relations- University Of North Alabama
Una Magazine, Office Of Alumni Relations- University Of North Alabama
Documents
"50 Golden Years"-UNA Magazine, Spring 1999
Data For Advocacy Intention Using Pmt, Alice Ann Crandall
Data For Advocacy Intention Using Pmt, Alice Ann Crandall
ScholarsArchive Data
This includes the deidentified data and code for the article Advocacy Intention Across Politically Sensitive Health Issues: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Protection Motivation Theory
Welcome To Our Charity Bazaar, Leslee Thorne-Murphy, Maggie Kopp
Welcome To Our Charity Bazaar, Leslee Thorne-Murphy, Maggie Kopp
Faculty Publications
Catalog for the 2017-2018 exhibit at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, BYU Library. Charity bazaars were a product of a massive nineteenth-century philanthropic undertaking in the United Kingdom, as private citizens attempted to respond to the social ills created by a rapidly industrializing economy. Bazaars combined the entertainment value of a social gathering and the fun of a town fair, with the moral earnestness of philanthropic work. Typically organized by women, these bazaars offered handmade goods for sale, raising funds for numerous local and national charitable causes. The exhibit showcases the history and print culture of the charity bazaar, from …
Cover And Contents
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
No abstract provided.
Challenges, Trends, And The Role Of Lstm In Ai-Based Predictive Maintenance Of Electrolyzers For Solar Hydrogen Systems: A Review, Yani Koerniawan Kuatno, Muhamad Zahim Sujod
Challenges, Trends, And The Role Of Lstm In Ai-Based Predictive Maintenance Of Electrolyzers For Solar Hydrogen Systems: A Review, Yani Koerniawan Kuatno, Muhamad Zahim Sujod
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
The transition toward low-carbon energy systems has increased interest in hydrogen as a clean energy carrier, with solar-driven water electrolysis emerging as a promising technology due to its high efficiency and compatibility with renewable energy sources. However, dynamic operating conditions and intermittent renewable input accelerate electrolyzer degradation, reducing reliability and system lifespan. Predictive maintenance (PdM), supported by artificial intelligence (AI), offers a data-driven approach to anticipate failures and improve operational durability. This review systematically investigates AI-based PdM approaches for electrolyzers, with an emphasis on long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and Internet of things (IoT) integration. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 35 …
Empowering Edge Intelligence Through Reparameterized Lightweight Transformers And Distributed Inference, Hosein Esmaeili, Mohammad Ali Afshar Kazemi, Reza Radfar, Nazanin Pilevari
Empowering Edge Intelligence Through Reparameterized Lightweight Transformers And Distributed Inference, Hosein Esmaeili, Mohammad Ali Afshar Kazemi, Reza Radfar, Nazanin Pilevari
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Deploying advanced transformer-based models on resource-constrained edge devices remains a significant challenge due to their high memory footprint and substantial compute requirements. In this paper, we propose a reparameterized transformer framework that integrates High-Rank Factorization (HRF) during training, layer merging at inference, and dynamic, load-balanced distributed inference across multiple devices. To further reduce resource usage, our framework supports mixed-precision quantization down to 4-bit, enabling flexible accuracy–latency–energy trade-offs. Experimental evaluations on the ESC-50 environmental sound dataset demonstrate that our method matches or exceeds the performance of larger baseline models while using 20–30% fewer parameters, achieving up to 48% latency reduction in …
Dynamic Focal Loss Adjustment For Railway Defect Detection, Mehmet Koç, Ridvan Özdemi̇r, Ömer Gerek
Dynamic Focal Loss Adjustment For Railway Defect Detection, Mehmet Koç, Ridvan Özdemi̇r, Ömer Gerek
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Railway infrastructure is critical to the safe and efficient operation of transportation systems, and the early detection of defects is essential for preventing catastrophic failures. Automated defect detection methods are therefore crucial for maintaining continuous safety while reducing maintenance costs. Although Focal Loss is widely used in object detection under class-imbalanced conditions, its fixed α parameter may limit its effectiveness in detecting rare defects. In this study, we propose an adaptive α-tuned Focal Loss approach that dynamically adjusts class weights based on average precision (AP) values. By iteratively optimizing α without relying on gradient-based optimization, the proposed method improves the …
Relative Rate Observer-Based Online Tuning Mechanism For Single-Input Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Pid Controllers, Oqba Aldreiei, Cenk Ulu, Mert Can Kurucu, Müjde Güzelkaya
Relative Rate Observer-Based Online Tuning Mechanism For Single-Input Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Pid Controllers, Oqba Aldreiei, Cenk Ulu, Mert Can Kurucu, Müjde Güzelkaya
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
The characteristics of the footprint of uncertainty (FOU) in interval type-2 membership functions (IT2-MFs) are crucial to the performance and robustness of interval type-2 fuzzy controllers (IT2-FCs). However, existing IT2-FC design approaches mostly use fixed FOU structures. This study proposes an online membership function (MF) adjustment mechanism for a single-input interval type-2 fuzzy PID controller (SIT2-FPID) that adjusts the FOU of the antecedent MFs and weights of the consequent MFs, respectively, to achieve high performance and robustness. The proposed online adjustment mechanism consists of a relative rate observer (RRO), a two-input rule-base adjustment system, and a first-order smoothing filter. The …