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Enhancing The Teaching And Learning Process Using Video Streaming Servers And Forecasting Techniques, Raza Hasan, Sellappan Palaniappan, Salman Mahmood, Babar Shah, Ali Abbas, Kamal Uddin Sarker Apr 2019

Enhancing The Teaching And Learning Process Using Video Streaming Servers And Forecasting Techniques, Raza Hasan, Sellappan Palaniappan, Salman Mahmood, Babar Shah, Ali Abbas, Kamal Uddin Sarker

All Works

© 2019 by the authors. Higher educational institutes (HEI) are adopting ubiquitous and smart equipment such as mobile devices or digital gadgets to deliver educational content in a more effective manner than the traditional approaches. In present works, a lot of smart classroom approaches have been developed, however, the student learning experience is not yet fully explored. Moreover, module historical data over time is not considered which could provide insight into the possible outcomes in the future, leading new improvements and working as an early detection method for the future results within the module. This paper proposes a framework by …


Once More Unto The Breach: Confronting The Standard Of Review (Again) And The Imperative Of Correctness Review When Interpreting The Scope Of Refugee Protection, Gerald Heckman, Amar Khoday Apr 2019

Once More Unto The Breach: Confronting The Standard Of Review (Again) And The Imperative Of Correctness Review When Interpreting The Scope Of Refugee Protection, Gerald Heckman, Amar Khoday

Dalhousie Law Journal

The Supreme Court of Canada’s standard of review jurisprudence has been marked by the ascendancy of reasonableness as the presumptive standard of review of decisions involving an administrative tribunal’s interpretation and application of its home statute. To the extent that this approach would lead to the reasonableness review of administrative decision-makers’ interpretation of the scope and meaning of provisions of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act that implement the basic human rights conferred in international conventions to which Canada is a party, it must be changed. Interpretations of the scope of the Refugee Convention and Convention Against Torture raise questions …


The Battle For The Wrong Mistake: Risk Salience In Canadian Refugee Status Decision-Making, Hilary Evans Cameron Apr 2019

The Battle For The Wrong Mistake: Risk Salience In Canadian Refugee Status Decision-Making, Hilary Evans Cameron

Dalhousie Law Journal

Canadian refugee status adjudicators must choose between two opposing bodies of law, one of which resolves doubt in the claimant’s favour and the other at the claimant’s expense. How do they decide which to prefer? How do they decide whether it would be better to risk accepting an unfounded claim or to risk rejecting a well-founded one? This paper explores one potentially relevant factor: the salience of the harms that decision-makers associate with potential risk outcomes. A brief account of recent events in Canadian refugee law history, beginning with the refugee law reforms of former Conservative Immigration Minister Jason Kenney, …


Do The Means Change The Ends? Express Entry And Economic Immigration In Canada, Asha Kaushal Apr 2019

Do The Means Change The Ends? Express Entry And Economic Immigration In Canada, Asha Kaushal

Dalhousie Law Journal

The relationship between economy and community is a constitutive tension in the Canadian immigration state. With the rise of the knowledge economy, Canada mediated this tension through the concept of human capital, internalized in the points system. Introduced in 2015, Express Entry transformed the landscape of economic immigration in Canada. Express Entry is an online permanent residence application system. In this article, I argue that Express Entry is more than a change in form and process; it is a change in substance that shifts Canada’s skilled immigration regime toward a neo-corporatist model. By shifting partial decision-making authority to the provinces …


Highly Accurate Fragment Library For Protein Fold Recognition, Wessam Elhefnawy Apr 2019

Highly Accurate Fragment Library For Protein Fold Recognition, Wessam Elhefnawy

Computer Science Theses & Dissertations

Proteins play a crucial role in living organisms as they perform many vital tasks in every living cell. Knowledge of protein folding has a deep impact on understanding the heterogeneity and molecular functions of proteins. Such information leads to crucial advances in drug design and disease understanding. Fold recognition is a key step in the protein structure discovery process, especially when traditional computational methods fail to yield convincing structural homologies. In this work, we present a new protein fold recognition approach using machine learning and data mining methodologies.

First, we identify a protein structural fragment library (Frag-K) composed of a …


Networkings Role In The Informal Learning Of Elementary Principals, Joshua J. Ringling Apr 2019

Networkings Role In The Informal Learning Of Elementary Principals, Joshua J. Ringling

Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Theses & Dissertations

Formal learning is an important aspect for school principals in the era of federal and state accountability. These formal learning opportunities provide the conditions for leadership development and personal growth. Although formal learning has been a consistent focus of educational leadership research, informal learning has not. The purpose of this study was to use qualitative case study methodology to gain a better understanding of in depth Social Networking amongst school principals with varying levels of experience, as well as capturing the what and how of knowledge transfer amongst principals. This study found that a principal’s informal learning opportunities are just …


Arthropod Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides In Tick-Borne Bacterial And Viral Infections, Vikas Kumar Taank Apr 2019

Arthropod Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides In Tick-Borne Bacterial And Viral Infections, Vikas Kumar Taank

Biomedical Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are human illness transmitted by an arthropod vector. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that VBD has a huge impact worldwide that is responsible for affecting a billion people and causes 700,000 deaths annually. In recent years, there has been a continuous increase in the incidences of tick-borne diseases such as Lyme diseases and human anaplasmosis as reported by Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Very few reliable VBD control strategies have emerged till now. Transmission-blocking vaccines can provide effective management of VBDs but requires identification and characterization of novel vector-pathogen conserved molecules that play a significant role …


Submarine Groundwater Discharge In The Southern Chesapeake Bay: Constraints From Numerical Models, Charles Louis Carlson Apr 2019

Submarine Groundwater Discharge In The Southern Chesapeake Bay: Constraints From Numerical Models, Charles Louis Carlson

OES Theses and Dissertations

Terrestrial and oceanic forces drive fluid flow within the coastal zone to produce submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Groundwater flowing from the seabed serves as a significant pathway for contaminants and nutrients, producing an active biogeochemical reaction zone. In order to quantify the importance of SGD in geochemical and hydrologic budgets for the lower Chesapeake Bay, three coastal Virginia transects (southern Eastern Shore, Lafayette River, and Ocean View beach) with different topographic gradients were modeled using similar boundary conditions and consistent treatment of hydrogeologic layers. A sensitivity study was performed on the variables of recharge rate, seawater density, and hydraulic permeability. …


Relationship Of Mastication Rate And Body Length In West Indian Manatees, Adam Weir Apr 2019

Relationship Of Mastication Rate And Body Length In West Indian Manatees, Adam Weir

Honors Theses

This study investigates the intraspecific relationship between body length and chewing cycle duration (CCD) among West Indian manatees (Trichechus  manatus).  We recorded 18 captive manatees of varying body lengths consuming two food types.  Additionally, nine of these manatees were recorded on two separate occasions, six years apart, allowing us to control for individual variation to test whether CCD increases as the manatees grow.  CCD was determined from the recordings using Raven Pro 1.5 bioacoustic analysis software.  Food type (r=0.78, p=6.8x10-5, n=17) and body length (r=0.53, p=0.033, n=17) significantly affected CCD.  Manatees chew at a consistent rate, so it may be …


Cross-Day Influences Between Couple Closeness And Coparenting Support Among New Parents., Yunying Le, Steffany J Fredman, Brandon T. Mcdaniel Phd, Jean-Philippe Laurenceau, Mark E Feinberg Apr 2019

Cross-Day Influences Between Couple Closeness And Coparenting Support Among New Parents., Yunying Le, Steffany J Fredman, Brandon T. Mcdaniel Phd, Jean-Philippe Laurenceau, Mark E Feinberg

Health Services and Informatics Research

The couple and coparenting relationships are demonstrated to be prospectively and bidirectionally associated over months to years during the early parenting years. However, little is known about these associations at the daily level within the first year of parenthood, when coparenting first emerges. The goal of the current study was to examine the association between couples' daily feelings of relationship closeness and coparenting support in first-time parents and determine directionality of these effects using a dyadic daily diary design. At 10 months postpartum, heterosexual couples (


On Ink Painting 关于水墨绘画, Yi Bing (Bing-Yi Huang) 黄冰逸 Apr 2019

On Ink Painting 关于水墨绘画, Yi Bing (Bing-Yi Huang) 黄冰逸

Zhou Documents

This document shows the artist’s three arguments on ink painting: the determinative role of natural gravity over human gesture; the redefinition of "expression"; and the brush's irreplaceable role (Angela Tan '28).


Determination Of Constructed Pavement Layer Thicknesses Using Nondestructive Testing (Ndt), Brad W. Rister, Jamie Creech, Kean H. Ashurst Jr. Apr 2019

Determination Of Constructed Pavement Layer Thicknesses Using Nondestructive Testing (Ndt), Brad W. Rister, Jamie Creech, Kean H. Ashurst Jr.

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Using nondestructive testing (NDT) to measure the thickness of pavement layers can improve the overall life of a new concrete and/or asphalt pavement. Conventional test methods require the extraction of a core from the pavement section to verify its thickness. Currently, two NDT technologies are commercially available which eliminate or reduce the need to core the existing pavement for thickness verification. The MIT-Scan-T2 (T2) utilizes magnetic pulse induction coupled with preset metal plates to obtain a thickness value. Measurements can be obtained quickly to an accuracy of +/– 2 mm. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) uses electromagnetic radiation to determine pavement …


Multistage Tree Model For Crime Dataset In Iraq, Reem Razzaq, Dr.Muayad Sadik, Dr Salih Mahdi Al-Qaraawi Apr 2019

Multistage Tree Model For Crime Dataset In Iraq, Reem Razzaq, Dr.Muayad Sadik, Dr Salih Mahdi Al-Qaraawi

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

This research deals with the using of correlation measurement that leads to describing the degree of relationship between variables, quantities or qualities. Therefore, we implement a simple correlation coefficient and conditional correlation to introduce a regular vine copula, which gives different tree structures. Two methods to select tree structures are introduced. The first one adopts the Partial Correlation Constant (PCC) with constant, while the second method depends on the estimation of summation pathway. The proposed method makes modification on Diβmann’s algorithm to increase the dependency on each level of the tree using rank correlation measurement. Both methods are adopted to …


Comparative Study Of Pulse Shaping Filters In Fbmc, Mohammed Kasim, Hadi T. Apr 2019

Comparative Study Of Pulse Shaping Filters In Fbmc, Mohammed Kasim, Hadi T.

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) is a multitone modulation technique that is expected to replace the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) due to its inherent characteristics that makes it immune to channel dispersive effect on the transmitted signal in both time and frequency. The most effective ingredient in the FBMC is the pulse shaping that the OFDM symbol lacks. In this paper, a comparative study is presented between different pulse shapes used in the FBMC like the RRC, PHYDIAS, IOTA and Hermite function alongside the conventional OFDM


Impact Of Fiber Nonlinearity On The Performance Of Mode Division Multiplexing Systems, Esraa K., Mohammed A., Jassim K. Hmood Apr 2019

Impact Of Fiber Nonlinearity On The Performance Of Mode Division Multiplexing Systems, Esraa K., Mohammed A., Jassim K. Hmood

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

in this paper, an analytical model is developed to estimate a nonlinear phase noise (NPN) due to Kerr fiber nonlinearity and its interaction with amplifier noise in mode division multiplexing (MDM) systems. Our analysis uses generalized coupled multimode nonlinear Schrödinger equations (MM- NLSE) that describe the propagation of the mode superimposing in the optical fiber. The nonlinear phase noise versus channel power and transmission distance is evaluated by implementing our analytical model for LP01, LP11a, and LP11b spatial modes. Each mode carries a 4-QAM signal at a symbol rate of 20 Gsymbol/s. The results reveal that LP11 mode has a …


Performance Of Solar Module With Presence Of Two Types Of Reflectors In Concentrator System, Naseer K., Ahmed F., Fadhil Mahmood Oleiwi Apr 2019

Performance Of Solar Module With Presence Of Two Types Of Reflectors In Concentrator System, Naseer K., Ahmed F., Fadhil Mahmood Oleiwi

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

Any work to improve the performance of the solar modules could add to their economic competitiveness against fossil fuels. In the present work the performance of PV solar module was improved by using V-Trough concentrator system (CPV) which moved by two axis tracking system. The concentrator consists of two flat reflectors of area 2 m2 for each one with geometric concentration ratio of 2X. To optimize the performance of the V-Trough CPV systems, two types of reflector material, Aluminum and mirror (glass coated by silver nitrate) were used. The results indicated that the temperature of PV reference module was higher …


A Comparative Study Of Pi And Ip Controllers For Field Oriented Control Of Three Phase Induction Motor, Fatma H., Abdulrahim Thiab, Mohammad Najm Abdullah Apr 2019

A Comparative Study Of Pi And Ip Controllers For Field Oriented Control Of Three Phase Induction Motor, Fatma H., Abdulrahim Thiab, Mohammad Najm Abdullah

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

In this paper, Field Oriented Control (FOC) of 3-phase induction motor is controlled by using (PI) and (I-P). These controllers are established with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK. The gains value obtained by the trial and error method of PIcontroller and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is used in this paper for designing I-P controllers that give better performance. PSO technique was proposed to tune the optimal gains of I-P controller and state feedback gains. A comparison between two controllers is presented. From simulation results, the advantages and disadvantages of both controllers are investigated to explain the characteristic of the two …


Indoor Localization System Using Wi-Fi Technology, Noor Abdul Khaleq, Muayad Sadik, Ali Abdul Razzaq Taresh Apr 2019

Indoor Localization System Using Wi-Fi Technology, Noor Abdul Khaleq, Muayad Sadik, Ali Abdul Razzaq Taresh

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

Recently, indoor localization has witnessed an increase in interest, due to the potential wide range of using in different applications, such as Internet of Things (IoT). It is also providing a solution for the absence of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals inside buildings. Different techniques have been used for performing the indoor localization, such as sensors and wireless technologies. In this paper, an indoor localization and object tracking system is proposed based on WiFi transmission technique. It is done by distributing different WiFi sources around the building to read the data of the tracked objects. This is to measure the …


Bandwidth Utilization Prediction In Lan Network Using Time Series Modeling, Ammar T., Mouayad A., Shatha M. Hasan Apr 2019

Bandwidth Utilization Prediction In Lan Network Using Time Series Modeling, Ammar T., Mouayad A., Shatha M. Hasan

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

monitoring the behavior of computer networks is essential for problem identification and optimal management. Part of this behavior to be monitored is the utilization of the network bandwidth. Several techniques are used to model and forecast network traffic such as time series models, modern data mining techniques, soft computing approaches, and neural networks are used for network traffic analysis and prediction. Efficient bandwidth utilization and optimization are very interesting research Issues in effective networks because bandwidth is one of the most required and expensive Internet components needed today. It is generally known that the higher the bandwidth available, the better …


Clinical And Cost-Effectiveness Of The Managing Agitation And Raising Quality Of Life (Marque) Intervention For Agitation In People With Dementia In Care Homes: A Single-Blind, Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial, G Livingston, J Barber, L Marston, A Stringer, Et Al Apr 2019

Clinical And Cost-Effectiveness Of The Managing Agitation And Raising Quality Of Life (Marque) Intervention For Agitation In People With Dementia In Care Homes: A Single-Blind, Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial, G Livingston, J Barber, L Marston, A Stringer, Et Al

School of Psychology

BACKGROUND: Many people with dementia living in care homes have distressing and costly agitation symptoms. Interventions should be efficacious, scalable, and feasible. METHODS: We did a parallel-group, cluster-randomised controlled trial in 20 care homes across England. Care homes were eligible if they had 17 residents or more with dementia, agreed to mandatory training for all eligible staff and the implementation of plans, and more than 60% of eligible staff agreed to participate. Staff were eligible if they worked during the day providing face-to-face care for residents with dementia. Residents were eligible if they had a known dementia diagnosis or scored …


Sustainable Public Procurement In The Kuwait Public Sector, Fatimah M A Ai Maraghi Apr 2019

Sustainable Public Procurement In The Kuwait Public Sector, Fatimah M A Ai Maraghi

Business Administration Dissertations

Sustainable Public Procurement (SPP) is the act of integrating the sustainable development concept into the procurement operations undertaken by the government. The extension of sustainability to public procurement is an emerging area of research; the literature provides little evidence on how to address SPP in general, and specifically in a developing country context. This thesis aims to bridge this gap by investigating the practices of SPP in a developing country such as Kuwait. The primary objective of this doctoral thesis is to assess the current SPP policies and practices in the Kuwait public sector organizations and to identify the main …


The Role Of Socialization Factors And Social Capital In Newcomer Socialization Outcomes In Uae Organizations, Yasmin Juma Sabt Almehairi Apr 2019

The Role Of Socialization Factors And Social Capital In Newcomer Socialization Outcomes In Uae Organizations, Yasmin Juma Sabt Almehairi

Business Administration Dissertations

The process through which new employees acquire the knowledge, skills, and values important for becoming active organizational members is called organizational socialization. Scholars of organizational socialization believe that newcomers can learn about their organizational roles and achieve successful socialization by interacting with more experienced members in the organization.

This study explores the relationship between socialization factors in the organizational context and newcomer socialization outcomes, and how social capital impacts this relationship. We analyze how effective the socialization process is in building a social network. We develop an integrated social capital model of the organizational socialization process that throws light on …


The Impact Of Economic Diplomacy Of The Uae Foreign Policy On Bilateral Foreign Investment And Trade: An Empirical Approach, Fahad Obaid Mohamed Al Taffaq Apr 2019

The Impact Of Economic Diplomacy Of The Uae Foreign Policy On Bilateral Foreign Investment And Trade: An Empirical Approach, Fahad Obaid Mohamed Al Taffaq

Business Administration Dissertations

Economic diplomacy is a political approach regarding how a country seeks to deal with other countries to maximize their national gains in various areas through obtaining a comparative advantage against others that do not use such political practices. This study examines the potential role of economic diplomacy in the foreign policy of the UAE and its impact on the trade and investment flows for 18 years (1999-2016). The study objective is to assess the effectiveness of diplomatic entities, such as embassies and consulates, and signed legal agreements on delivering the desired trade and investment outcomes. The research method is a …


The Impact Of Management Control Systems On Innovation Performance In Healthcare Organizations, Abdel-Haleem Iyad Al-Kade Apr 2019

The Impact Of Management Control Systems On Innovation Performance In Healthcare Organizations, Abdel-Haleem Iyad Al-Kade

Business Administration Dissertations

The healthcare sector is one of the largest industries in the world, at close to 10 percent of global GDP. Healthcare providers are facing complex challenges arising from advances in medical treatment, an increase in patients’ demands and decreasing resources to fund and support their activities. Healthcare organizations have resorted to innovation as a means to achieving a balance between cost containment and healthcare quality. While innovation is believed to be a critical element of business productivity and competitive survival, its implementation comes with risk. A systematic approach to managing and controlling the innovation process is therefore required in order …


The Antecedents Of Individuals’ Creative Behaviour In Government Organisations: Exploring The Roles Of Personality, Educational Background, Social Networks And Organisational Culture, Adel Rashed Yousef Soufa Al Zaabi Apr 2019

The Antecedents Of Individuals’ Creative Behaviour In Government Organisations: Exploring The Roles Of Personality, Educational Background, Social Networks And Organisational Culture, Adel Rashed Yousef Soufa Al Zaabi

Dissertations

Employees’ creativity in any organization is vital to its successful performance and growth. Most researchers have studied creativity using a uni-dimensional approach like work culture, and leadership support. With the new vision of the UAE and its strategy of development in the coming years, more studies about creativity and creative behavior are needed in this region. This research is unique as it studies the creative behavior of government employees from a holistic view within work and outwork factors.

Accordingly, this research identifies and examines the impact of four antecedents on the government employee’s creative behavior. It examines out work antecedents …


Using Personal-Type Relationships (Guanxi) To Attract And Retain Customers In Small Business Enterprise (Sbe): An Empirical Study In Uae, Abu Dhabi, Hadi Saif Albadi Apr 2019

Using Personal-Type Relationships (Guanxi) To Attract And Retain Customers In Small Business Enterprise (Sbe): An Empirical Study In Uae, Abu Dhabi, Hadi Saif Albadi

Dissertations

Very few researchers have investigated the underlying socio-cultural formulas in the aspects of culture that affect relationships around the globe. Middle Eastern cultures give great importance to personal-type relationships (akin to the Chinese concept of Guanxi), in many different spheres of life. This research identifies the factors composing the unique forms of such relationships that are found in the context of Abu Dhabi city. The research focuses on the significant role and the effect of the cultivation in business contexts of personal-type relationships, characterized by the presence of personal trust, empathy, reciprocity, bonding, face, and affection. The aim of this …


The Impact Of Push & Pull Factors And Political Stability On Destination Image, Tourist Satisfaction And The Intention To Re-Visit: The Case Of Abu Dhabi In The Uae, Muzoun Ali Darwish Almulla Al Ansaari Apr 2019

The Impact Of Push & Pull Factors And Political Stability On Destination Image, Tourist Satisfaction And The Intention To Re-Visit: The Case Of Abu Dhabi In The Uae, Muzoun Ali Darwish Almulla Al Ansaari

Dissertations

Taking into consideration Abu Dhabi 2030 vision, the tourism sector is considered to be a significant sector in its contribution to the long-term economic growth of the UAE. Abu Dhabi has many of the push and pulls factors that attract tourists. By illuminating tourists’ behaviors, the results of this study will enable decision-makers to understand why tourists choose Abu Dhabi over other destinations, what type of experience they are looking for, and the variety of activities that they want. Meanwhile, taking into account the political stability of the UAE in general and Abu Dhabi in particular, insufficient attention has hitherto …


Exploring Critical Reading Experience In English Of Emirati 11th Grade Students, Maryam Ali Salem Alsereidi Apr 2019

Exploring Critical Reading Experience In English Of Emirati 11th Grade Students, Maryam Ali Salem Alsereidi

Dissertations

This study aimed at exploring the critical reading experiences of Emirati 11th-grade students in public high schools. A sequential explanatory mixed-method design was used to answer the five research questions posed in this study. In this study, data were collected in two consecutive phases and used different instruments including a questionnaire, classroom observation, and a semi-structured interview. In the first phase of the study, a total number of 11th-grade students (n=645) participated by filling a questionnaire about their critical reading experiences. The second phase of the study featured an in-depth investigation of the teachers’ and students’ views about …


The Impact Of Management Control Systems On Innovation Performance In Healthcare Organizations, Abdel-Haleem Iyad Al-Kade Apr 2019

The Impact Of Management Control Systems On Innovation Performance In Healthcare Organizations, Abdel-Haleem Iyad Al-Kade

Dissertations

The healthcare sector is one of the largest industries in the world, at close to 10 percent of global GDP. Healthcare providers are facing complex challenges arising from advances in medical treatment, an increase in patients’ demands, and decreasing resources to fund and support their activities. Healthcare organizations have resorted to innovation as a means to achieving a balance between cost containment and healthcare quality. While innovation is believed to be a critical element of business productivity and competitive survival, its implementation comes with risk. A systematic approach to managing and controlling the innovation process is therefore required in order …


Investigating Green Inhibitors For Acidic Corrosion Of Carbon Steel, Osama Abu-Alyosr Kamal Ibrahim Apr 2019

Investigating Green Inhibitors For Acidic Corrosion Of Carbon Steel, Osama Abu-Alyosr Kamal Ibrahim

Theses

This study is intended to investigate Khalas palm date pits extract as a green corrosion inhibitor alternative to commercial inhibitors. Inhibition efficiency of the obtained extract was investigated on carbon steel grade S355JR immersed in different corrosive mediums of 2 molarity hydrochloric acid (������) solution and seawater solution. Along with other ingredients in palm date pits, Polyphenolic compounds have a significant anti-oxidation property and were found effective in reducing corrosion rate.

Due to its common industrial applications, Carbon steel was used in this investigation as the corroding medium, while 2M ������ and seawater solutions were used separately as the corrosive …