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Why Are Children Still Working?, Heri Sandra, Taufiq Carnegie Dawood, M. Shabri Abd. Majid

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

This study aims to determine the effect of household characteristics and children's living environment on child labor to reduce the likelihood of child labor occurrence. The data source of this research is Sakernas (Indonesian National Labor Force Survey) of August 2018, including school accreditation, household head gender, age, working sector, employment status, household size, dependency ratio, location, and school quality, towards the probability of child labor occurrence in Indonesia. Results suggest that the government must prioritize welfare programs for women household heads, asses the minimum age for marriage, improve education facilities, and increase parental awareness to eliminate child labor. The …

Indonesia's Agriculture Tax: An Approach To The Gtap Model, Diah Setyawati Dewanti, Fitra Prasapawidya Purna

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

Tax is a policy tool to control the market. As Indonesia implied an agriculture tax of about 10% in 2014, it is worthy of capturing how it affects the market. This paper aims to find the effect of the implied tax on the market by seeing the country's sales, demand, imports, exports, and welfare. The method used is GTAP model simulation with the base of GTAP9 and aggregated based on the case applied. The result shows that the tax implied makes the demand, import, and export decrease even for the country that implements it. However, the sale and welfare gained …

Comparative Development Of Indonesia And Nigeria In The First Two Decades Of Democracy: Divergence Or Convergence?, Adamu Waziri Babagana

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

Indonesia and Nigeria are considered suitable candidates for comparative analysis because of their similarities in natural endowments and geographical attributes, demography, economic structure, sociocultural diversity, and political history. Indonesia began to achieve rapid growth in the 1980s while Nigeria did not. During that period, economic policies in the two countries diverged, and this led to sustained economic growth in Indonesia and prolonged economic decline in Nigeria. However, as the countries transitioned to democratic rule in 1999 following the collapse of authoritarian regimes, some aspects of their political and economic trajectories revealed a trend towards convergence. Using the descriptive comparison of …

Fiscal Cyclicality Under State Finances Law In Indonesia, Mirzalina Zainal, Insukindro Insukindro, Akhmad Makhfatih

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

This study aims to analyze the cyclicality of fiscal policy under state finances law in Indonesia. The Indonesian government officially enacted the 2003 and 2004 Laws on State Finances, and it regulates fiscal rules covering the amount of the budget deficit and balanced budget rules. This fiscal rule is expected to encourage fiscal cyclicality to become countercyclical and provide buffering to deal with various economic shocks. This study uses quarterly time-series data from 2001 to 2019. The years 2001-2004 are used as the years prior to implementing the State Finance Law. Moreover, 2005 – 2019 is the time to capture …

Studies Of Cross-Cultural Dissemination Of Chinese Internet Literature: An Overview Of The Southeast Asia Forum On The Internationalization Of Chinese Internet Literature, Ting Ouyang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

No abstract provided.

Paul De Man's Criticism Of Lyric From The Perspective Of Modernity, Jinhong Zhang, Yuetong Wang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Since the twentieth century, lyric theory has undergone a resurgence in modern Western criticism. Viewing lyric through the lens of modernity, Paul de Man redefines its characteristics by navigating the paradox between historical and modern elements, and the dialectic between grammar and rhetoric. By deconstructing traditional academic perceptions of lyric in terms of the lyric subject, genres, and rhetorics, de Man presents lyric as an allegorical form of rhetoric that rejects a purely empirical subject, transcends temporal constraints, and eludes historical specificity. Although de Man's critical perspective has drawn skepticism, particularly concerning its apparent evasion of history, it nonetheless offers …

How Is The Hero Of Modern Life Possible?: Revisiting Charles Baudelaire's Thoughts On The Aestheticization Of Daily Life, Jianqing Tuo

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

It is generally acknowledged in academic circles that Charles Baudelaire, as a representative of aestheticism, advocated the idea of “art for art's sake”. Baudelaire's theory of correspondence inherits the concept of Universalpoesie from early German Romanticism, emphasizing the role of imagination. As the essence of poetry, imagination unifies all aspects of existence, including art and life. Baudelaire examined the dimension of time and space in modernity, regarded the dandy as the hero of modern life, and saw the artificial beauty of surprise as a symbol of modern life's meaning. In doing so, he embraced truth and goodness through beauty within …

The Manufactured Mainstream: The Emergence And Commercial Orientation Of Genre Fiction Mode In Chinese Internet Literature, Wei Sun, Huanjiang Qiao

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The genre fiction mode represents the primary form of Chinese Internet literature at its current stage. Although this form embodies the collective labor of mass authors and readers in the Internet age, it is not a result of the autonomous production of Internet literature. Instead, it is deeply rooted in the history of literary commercialization propelled by publishing capitalism and serves as a new tool for capitalist expansion into the literary and cultural domains. From the early publication of physical books through forums and literary websites to the establishment of the “Qidian” model on literary websites, there is a continuous …

The Neurosis And The Split Between The French Symbolism And Decadentism, Guohui Li

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

French symbolism and decadentism were not one unified literary school, but two different schools that opposed each other. Decadentism focused on the depiction of pathological feelings represented by the neurosis, and the invention of delicate phrasing following with it. In the process of the formation of decadent school, the neurosis always occupied an important position; it was not only a paradigm of decadent feelings, but also a microcosm of decadent aesthetics. In order to get rid of the morally and aesthetically shameful impression of the neurosis, Jean Moréas advocated a new school which was called symbolism. Moréas and his symbolist …

Anti-Neo-Confucianism In The Ming And Qing Dynasties And The Birth Of Lu Xun's A Madman's Diary, Wei Sun

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The emergence of A Madman's Diary resulted from the full integration of reformative forces within traditional Chinese culture and the influences of modern Western culture. In particular, the tradition of anti-Neo-Confucianism during the Ming and Qing Dynasties provided a crucial internal impetus for the birth of a new culture. The rich and complex intellectual resources surrounding the figure of madman in the anti-Neo-Confucian thought contributed to the creation of modern madman. Despite the restrictive literary form imposed by Neo-Confucian orthodoxy, the diary became an important vehicle for the gentry to develop personal spiritual space and new modes of cognition. As …

The Conceptualization Of “Naturalism” In China In The 1920s: The Interaction Between Gerog Brandes, Hougetsu Shimamura And Mao Dun, Meng Luo

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

In the 1920s, Chinese scholars, represented by Mao Dun, analyzed through reconstructive interpretation and extracted the referential value components via different routes of “naturalism”, ultimately shaping a more idealized literary model. This article examines a typical case of China's absorption of foreign literary concepts in the early twentieth century. Positioned retrospectively, Chinese scholars dynamically synthesized the theoretical resources and practical experiences of European and Japanese scholars, allowing the concept of naturalism to evolve and become a driving force for the development of local literary history. In conclusion, through the process of translation, citation, reference and restatement, the Chinese literary field …

The Literature Series Of The Tianma Bookstore And The Revolutionary Tradition Of New Literature, Jianzhou Fu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

As a peripheral organization of the League of Leftist Writers and a small private bookstore, the Tianma Bookstore made a significant contribution to the development of new literature by publishing various literary series, particularly left-wing works on literature and art during the Anticultural Encirclement Movement in the 1930s. The struggle for cultural hegemony was intense between the organic intellectuals of the emerging social class and the official intellectuals of the ruling class in civil society, as opposed to political society. As members of Tianma, Lu Xun, three editors and two bookstore managers were such organic intellectuals with a strong revolutionary …

Construction Of Masculinity And Gender Narratives In Ming And Qing Fiction, Chen Chen

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Gender traits result from the interweaving and co-construction of physiological attributes and social consciousness of gender groups. Masculinity, in particular, represents the transference, extension, or distorted expression of male traits. In the gender narratives of Ming and Qing fiction, there is an implicit intention to construct masculinity. In these works, real and fictional female figures serve as critical mediators for highlighting masculinity, while misogynistic tendencies manifest in various forms throughout the narratives. Fortitude and bravery are fundamental categories of masculinity, but in certain contexts, these traits are prone to transforming into violence, characterized by strong aggressiveness, which leads to moral …

The Debate Between Modern-Text Confucianism And Ancient-Text Confucianism And The Modern Transformation Of Chinese Literature, Ronggang Jiang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The revival of modern-text Confucianism laid a solid ideological and theoretical foundation for the emergence and development of the “literary revolution” in the late Qing dynasty. In response to the challenges posed by scholars of modern-text Confucianism, scholars of ancient-text Confucianism also put forward a confrontational approach to the literary revolution. This not only created a unique landscape of two competing forces in the modern transformation of Chinese literature but also provoked diverse thoughts and practices regarding the nature and revolution of literature among contemporary scholars. The debate between modern-text and ancient-text Confucianism continued until the May Fourth New Literature …

“Achieving A Formal Style And Distinguishing The Ode From Poetry”: Liu Xie's Argument On The Ode, Jianbo Luo, Hanqing Yong

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

By “investigating the origin and explaining the development” and “interpreting the definition to illustrate the meaning”, Liu Xie (ca.465—522) traced the evolution of the ode in the chapter “An Interpretation of the Ode” in Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons. He asserted that “Xun Kuang's “Ritual” and “Intellect”, Song Yu's “Ode of Wind” and “Ode of Fishing” achieved a formal style and distinguished the ode from poetry”, identifying these works as the origin of the ode and the marker of its distinction from poetry. Their characteristics aligned with Liu Xie's theory of literature's function and closely tied to …

The Debate On “Seven-Syllable Verse As The Most Difficult Form” And Its Poetic Connotations In The Ming And Qing Dynasties, Hao Feng

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The discussion on the difficulty of different poetic forms is a result of the deepening of stylistic criticism, with scholars holding diverse opinions. Since Yan Yu proposed a systematic ranking of the difficulty of various poetic forms, this debate persisted throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties. However, influenced by internal shifts within the style school and motivated by the desire to elevate certain forms and articulate poetics, theorists in these periods often “took it out of context,” focusing exclusively on the notion that regulated verse is more challenging than archaic forms. The idea that seven-syllable verse is the most difficult …

Fengge Or Wenbi?: An Interpretation Of Fan Xiheng's Translation Of Buffon's Discourse On Style And Reflection On The Theory Of Modern Literary Style, Yue Ren, Aibin Yao

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

For a long time, the academic community has regarded Fan Xiheng's “On Fengge” (published in the September 1957 issue of The Translation) as the authoritative translation of Buffon's “Discours Sur Le Style” (Discourse on Style). However, in the 1958 edition of Selected Works of Comte de Buffon, also translated by Fan, the speech appears under a different title, “On Wenbi”. Based on Fan's other translated works, it can be inferred that “On Wenbi” is the original version endorsed by the translator, while “On Fengge” is highly likely a version revised by the editors of The …

Art As “Installation-Event”: A Benjaminian Reading Of Kafka's “A Hunger Artist”, Han Chen

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Franz Kafka's late short story “A Hunger Artist” depicts an artist who performs the act of hunger within the confines of an iron cage. The figure's self-referential reflexivity, a hallmark of modernity, along with the story's dual dimensions of “testimony” and “prophecy,” has inspired creative interpretations from theorists including Walter Benjamin and Giorgio Agamben. These interpretations encompass perspectives including theological allegory, corporeal apparatus, historical consciousness, and testimonial writing. Together, they illuminate the core theme of “art as installation-event.” By undertaking a comparative reading of the story and its critical interpretations, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the “dialectical …

Narrative, Type And Emotion: Middle-Level Approach In Noel Carroll's Philosophy Of Art, Youxiang Gong

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Noel Carroll's multidisciplinary research on philosophy of film, aesthetics and philosophy of art combines philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, ethics, cognitive science and biology, revealing the new trend of analytical aesthetics and philosophy of art in the late twentieth century. Carroll adopts an eclectic strategy in his middle-level approach to the philosophy of art. His method of historical narrative incorporates historical and narrative dimensions, complementing the history-intention theory and the institutional theory of art. He examines the traditional concept of mass art from a neutral position, attempting to construct the philosophy of mass art. He also relies on the …

The Spectrum Of “Pleasure”: From Le Plaisir To La Jouissance, Bingqing Li

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The shift from le plaisir to la jouissance represents a significant transformation within French theory, reshaping traditional philosophy. Sigmund Freud's pleasure theory in the nineteenth century was rooted in Gustav Theodor Fechner's physiological research, which framed pleasure as a form of pleasure pedagogy involving domestication and manipulation. In the twentieth century, among the shift of thought in the cultural era, French theorists’ focus on la jouissance introduced a critical deconstruction of Freud and Fechner's frameworks. While engaging with the concept of pleasure, it turns to the unsatisfied and the lack of pleasure. La jouissance emphasizes dissatisfaction and the absence of …

“Representation”: An Analysis Of Its Basic Meanings And Chinese Translation Options, Jianzeng Zhou

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The concept of “representation” involves a lexical genealogy of multi-ethnic languages. At the core of this semantic spectrum is substitution that engages both the self and the other, thus demonstrating an oscillating character in terms of its presence. In this regard, “zaixian”, despite its connotation of otherness, is often seen as an alternative expression of imitation, which is also used to translate the concept of “reproduction”, a synonym of imitation. Although “biaozheng” breaks away from the idea of imitation and attempts to cover both the self-oriented and other-oriented aspects of representation, its classical Chinese connotation and …

Reexamining “Metalepsis”: The Natural And The Unnatural, Changcai Wang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

This article reviews the controversies surrounding “metalepsis,” and attempts to propose a relatively more inclusive definition, which takes into account the nature, scope, degree and effect of metalepsis, reality and fictionality, authorial intention and reader interpretation, as well as the characteristics of different media, etc. Metalepsis exists not only within textual boundaries but may also occur in the connections between the text and the real-world author, reader, and context. Furthermore, it transcends narrative levels to encompass different representational worlds, story worlds, real-world contexts, and discursive worlds. By engaging with unnatural narrative theory, this paper further explores the issues of “natural …

Ethical Relationships And Moral Values In Semiosis: The Core Ideas Of Semioethics, Xiaolin Tang, Ziran Yu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The primary aim of semioethics is to explore the ethical issues that have been overlooked by previous semiotic theories. Semioethics holds that the ethical relationship in semiosis is a dialogical relationship between the self and the Other, and views listening to the Other as the moral value to be pursued in semiosis. Deeply influenced by Mikhail Bakhtin, semioethics views dialogue as the most fundamental form of semiosis and emphasizes the inescapable alterity inherent in dialogue. In its conception of the self, semioethics incorporates Charles Peirce's ideas, highlighting the sign-based nature of the self and the inseparability of the sign …

Learning Ci-Poetry And Ci-Poetry Studies: An Analysis Of Zhou Ji And Wang Guowei's Development Of Ci-Poetry, Bai Hei

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

By situating Zhou Ji and Wang Guowei within the historical context of learning ci-poetry and ci-poetry studies, this article reexamines the interactions between ci-poetry and its theoretical development. First, they demonstrate different approaches to incorporating authorial intention into the “awakening structure” and the “arousing structure.” Secondly, they inherit and refine the traditional poetics of experiencing objects and emotions by shaping the impassioning process through the centripetal style of the “immersion structure” and the centrifugal style of the “nomadic structure.” Thirdly, they construct the structure of ci-poetry through the duration-oriented “superimposition structure” and the punctum style of “explosion …

Acceptance And Rejection Of “Delicate Beauty, Fittingly Adorned” (Yao Miao Yi Xiu): A New Perspective On Wang Guowei's Ci-Poetry Studies, Keqiang Sun

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

In the original manuscript of Wang Guowei's Poetic Remarks in the Human World, the phrase ‘yao miao yi xiu’ (delicate beauty, fittingly adorned), used to describe the characteristics of ci poetry, has been widely praised by scholars. However, this particular passage was omitted from the officially published version. Researchers have either overlooked this omission or expressed doubts about it. This paper argues that the discussion of ‘delicate beauty, fittingly adorned’ and the distinction between shi poetry and ci poetry reflects Wang Guowei's early views on ci poetry, which differ from the newer ideas presented in this book. The …

Tracing Textual Discontinuity In Wang Guowei's Criticism On A Dream Of Red Mansions, Wei Si

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Wang Guowei's Criticism on A Dream of Red Mansions is acclaimed as a groundbreaking work in the history of Chinese literary criticism for its “organized and systematic” approach. However, a notable textual discontinuity exists between the Chapter III and IV, revealing ideological shifts and editorial interventions by Wang himself. He openly acknowledged that Chapter IV abandoned Schopenhauer's theory of the will, which formed the philosophical foundation of Chapter III. A close examination of Wang’ s editorial practices as the chief editor of World of Education revealed a striking anomaly: while articles marked with “to be printed in the next issue” …

Assessment Of Peripheral Neuropathy In Hypothyroidism In Relation To Serum Neurofilament Light Chain, Arwa Raid Hammodat, Hanan Luay Al-Omary, Omar Farooq Nafea Al-Azzawi

Al-Farahidi Biomedical Journal

Background: Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by reduced thyroid hormone production. Beyond its systemic effects, it can involve the peripheral nervous system. This can be assessed through electrodiagnostic testing and by measuring serum neurofilament light chain (NfL), a marker of neuronal damage.

Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate peripheral neuropathy in patients with hypothyroidism and to examine its relationship with serum NfL concentrations.

Materials and Methods: A case–control study was carried out at Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital, Baghdad, between September 2024 and May 2025. It included 40 patients with hypothyroidism and 40 healthy controls. All subjects underwent sensory and …

Synopsis Of The 12Th Youth Forum Of China Association For Theory Of Literature And Art On “National Memory And Artistic Imagination”, Dong Yan

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

No abstract provided.

Artwork As Monad: Theodor Adorno's Interpretation And Reconstruction Of Walter Benjamin, Ruoyu Li

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The aesthetic proposition of “Artwork as Monad” expresses a special conceptualization of art works. This notion took shape at the turn of the 19^th and 20^th centuries, during a period when transformation of the relationship between man and the universe reconstructed the empirical world. Walter Benjamin, through his critique of modern mechanical cosmology and Kantian empiricism, proposed a new cosmic empirical theory, thus constructing a world of Konstellation that laid an experiential foundation for knowledge. Theodor W. Adorno dynamically remolded it via negative dialectics. From the micro to the macro, the artwork-as-monad structure includes Machtfeld of art, consciousness …

Skull Or Angel: A “Dynamogram” Of “Auffahrt”: On Aby Warburg And Walter Benjamin's Baroque, Hongkai Qiao

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

In his personal letters from the 1920s, Walter Benjamin expressed his desire to join Aby Warburg's circle. Compared with the epistemological resonance of their “Final Plans”, the connection between Benjamin and Warburg during this period was more essential. Warburg described the kinetic form of the inversion and repolarization of history energy as the “Dynamogram,” emphasizing its vertical operation. Similarly, Benjamin proposed a spatialized historical dynamic in The Origin of German Tragic Drama.Both the allegory and “Dynamogram” provided a similar historical Structure, the spatialization of time in allegory corresponded to the naturalization of Baroque history structure. The allegorical antinomy signified …