Finland: Government Guarantee Fund, Blanket Guarantee, 1992,
2022
Yale School of Management
Finland: Government Guarantee Fund, Blanket Guarantee, 1992, Anmol Makhija
Journal of Financial Crises
Following a period of rapid financial liberalization and a record credit boom in the 1980s, Finland’s financial system suffered steadily increasing loan losses and falling earnings beginning in 1990. The Finnish Parliament created the Government Guarantee Fund (GGF) in April 1992 to support banks with loans, capital, and guarantees. In a press release issued on August 6, 1992, the government said the GGF would “secure the stable functioning of the banking system under any circumstances [emphasis added]”. Six months later, the Parliament of Finland specifically required the GGF to guarantee that all Finnish banks could meet their commitments. The government …
Ecuador: Blanket Guarantee, 1998,
2022
Yale School of Management
Ecuador: Blanket Guarantee, 1998, Bailey Decker
Journal of Financial Crises
After a series of exogenous shocks hit the Ecuadorian economy in 1997–1998, foreign creditors reassessed their emerging-market risk and reduced external credit lines to Ecuador, thus draining liquidity. The closure of a small bank called Solbanco in April 1998 triggered deposit runs at other banks. Banks sought assistance from the Central Bank of Ecuador (Banco Central del Ecuador, or BCE). By the end of September 1998, the BCE had issued emergency loans to 11 financial institutions, totaling nearly 30% of the money base. The crisis accelerated in August 1998 when Banco de Prestamos, the sixth-largest bank, was closed; the existing …
Denmark: General Guarantee Scheme, 2008,
2022
Yale School of Management
Denmark: General Guarantee Scheme, 2008, Benjamin Hoffner
Journal of Financial Crises
As foreign credit in Denmark dried up during the summer of 2008, Danish banks became increasingly reliant on short-term borrowing. The government took over the failing Roskilde Bank, the country’s eighth-largest bank, in late August. On October 5, 2008, the government announced a voluntary General Guarantee Scheme to fully insure deposits and other senior liabilities of participating banks. Banks could participate in the scheme by becoming members of the financial sector’s banking consortium, Det Private Beredskab, or in English, the Private Contingency Association (PCA), before October 13, 2008. The General Guarantee Scheme fully insured all depositors and senior unsecured creditors …
Reserve Requirements Survey,
2022
Yale School of Management
Reserve Requirements Survey, June Rhee, Carey K. Mott, Greg Feldberg, Andrew Metrick
Journal of Financial Crises
Banks have a private motive to hold some level of cash and liquid reserves, but the negative externalities of bank runs create a public interest in setting a regulatory level higher than the privately optimal level. We can think of such reserve requirements (RRs) as the original form of liquidity regulation. In this paper, we focus on 14 cases in which central banks adjusted RRs after crises hit, typically to deal with liquidity shortages in the banking system. We observe that RR adjustments have several advantages in a crisis: (1) such changes require little process, and the change for banks …
Blanket Guarantees Survey,
2022
Yale School of Management
Blanket Guarantees Survey, Christian M. Mcnamara, Carey K. Mott, Greg Feldberg, Andrew Metrick
Journal of Financial Crises
This paper surveys 10 blanket guarantee (BG) programs across 13 Key Design Decisions. The defining characteristics of these programs in terms of their inclusion in our BG series are (a) that they guaranteed a broader range of liabilities beyond deposit accounts and (b) that the guarantees covered existing liabilities in addition to newly issued ones. Each case represents an effort to eliminate creditors’ incentive to withdraw funding from institutions by guaranteeing that the funding will be paid back even if the institutions are unable to do so themselves. The main themes that emerge are: (a) the inability of blanket guarantees …
The Financialization Of Recession Response,
2022
Economic Studies, the Brookings Institution
The Financialization Of Recession Response, Aaron Klein
Journal of Financial Crises
This paper analyzes economic policy responses to the COVID-19-induced recession, focusing on the American policy response. Despite widespread political distrust between the two parties sharing control of the government and the timing of the upcoming presidential election, America’s political system was able to enact a massive policy response that reduced the severity of the recession. This political response happened faster than any automatic policy response would have, based on the delays in data reporting. The economic policies enacted continued America’s trend toward financialization of fiscal policy. The Federal Reserve and America’s private banking and financial systems were heavily relied upon …
The Federal Reserve System: Diversity And Governance,
2022
University of Pennsylvania
The Federal Reserve System: Diversity And Governance, Kaleb Nygaard, Peter Conti-Brown
Journal of Financial Crises
A growing chorus has called on the Federal Reserve System to diversify its ranks at all levels to reflect better the heterogeneity of the United States. So far, most of these efforts speak to the diversity of the Fed’s principals, namely, the members of the Fed’s Board of Governors and the presidents of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks, who together form the Federal Open Market Committee. In this study, we look instead at a vital part of Federal Reserve governance that has so far not received the same sustained attention: the directors of the Federal Reserve Banks, those private citizens …
Strengthen Fundamental Role Of Data Element Governance In National Governance Modernization,
2022
School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Strengthen Fundamental Role Of Data Element Governance In National Governance Modernization, Kaihua Chen, Zhuo Feng, Rui Guo, Yue Hao, Jin Kang, Xiaoguang Yang, Chao Zhang, Binbin Zhao
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Data element governance is a key factor to promote the modernization of national governance in the digital era. By strengthening the deep integration of data factors and national governance, a new model of data-driven national governance can be formed, and the national governance can be made more scientific, refined, intelligent, and efficient. The US and European countries have continuously strengthened the top-level system design, technological innovation application, collaborative governance mechanism, and global governance cooperation of data element governance, which has effectively improved the level of data element governance and provided experience for China. Nevertheless, due to the virtuality of data …
Digital Technology Enables Construction Of National Governance Modernization,
2022
Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China
Digital Technology Enables Construction Of National Governance Modernization, Yue Hao, Kaihua Chen, Jin Kang, Xiaoguang Yang, Chao Zhang, Xiaolong Zheng
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
As digital technologies continue to be integrated into the whole process of economic and social development, promoting the modernization of digital technology-enabled national governance systems and capabilities has become an important way to seize the strategic initiative in the future world competitive landscape, and has attracted the attention of countries around the world. The rapid development of digital technologies such as big data collection, storage, processing, and analysis is constantly optimizing the organizational system structure of national governance, upgrading and perfecting the quality and methods of national governance personnel, and accelerating the process of making national governance efficient, scientific, intelligent …
Deepening Digital Technologies To Enable Modernization Of China’S Governance Of Health,
2022
School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, Chin
Deepening Digital Technologies To Enable Modernization Of China’S Governance Of Health, Tara Qia Sun, Xia Feng, Yuntao Long, Zongben Xu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
One significant goal of science and technology innovation is to set our sights on the health and safety of the people. The rapid development of digital technologies provides multiple potentials and path to achieve the modernization of China's health governance. the role of digital technologies on enabling multiple stakeholders (i.e., hospitals, doctors, government, and social groups) to improve the supply capacity, the inclusiveness, fairness, friendliness, and convenience of health service. Second, we explore the four key issues of using digital technologies to enable the governance of health construction of digital health infrastructures, the factors affecting the adoption of digital technologies, …
Digital Technology Enables Modernization Of National Statistics,
2022
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
Digital Technology Enables Modernization Of National Statistics, Zongben Xu, Yanyun Zhao, Liping Zhu, Guang Chen, Hongyun Zhang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The modernization of national statistics is part of the modernization of national governance. Digital technology has provided power for the transformation of statistical production mode, the improvement of statistical productivity, and the reconstruction of statistical production relations. Digital technology has become an important prerequisite for the promotion of statistical modernization reform. This study summarizes the international experience of digital technology enabling government statistics, the top-level design of national statistical legal system, and the importance of digital technology in promoting the modernization of statistics. This study also analyzes the main challenges existing in the current national statistics and data work. Finally, …
Leveraging System Context To Understand Collaborative Systems In Modern Public Management,
2022
Syracuse University
Leveraging System Context To Understand Collaborative Systems In Modern Public Management, Catherine Annis
Dissertations - ALL
Complex and boundary-spanning problems like overpopulation, hunger, pandemics, homelessness, and environmental degradation occur more frequently now than ever (Bynander & Nohrstedt, 2019; Criado & Guevara-Gómez, 2021; Huang, 2020; Kapucu, 2015; Getha-Taylor, 2007; Jayasinghe et al., 2022). Policymakers increasingly address these challenges through interorganizational collaboration (Isett et al., 2011). Countries worldwide now use collaborative governance to respond to such wicked problems (Jayasinghe et al., 2022; Huang, 2020; Megawati et al., 2020). Despite growing in popularity, gaps remain in understanding collaborative governance at scale. In this dissertation, I present research on the interconnected nature of collaborative governance initiatives in the United States …
Foundational Support Through Professional Sport: A Case Study On The Chicago Bulls Charities,
2022
Northern Illinois University
Foundational Support Through Professional Sport: A Case Study On The Chicago Bulls Charities, Austin Schroeder
Student Capstone Projects
This case study on the Chicago Bulls Charities (CBC) offers praise as well as criticism into the professional sport organization (PSO) as a whole along with their corresponding foundation. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities are developed and provided by the Chicago Bulls PSO and is not an element of the CBCs mission, justifying a deep dive into the PSO and their CSR activities along with the foundation, the original focus of this study. With limited literature on the topic of corporate philanthropy in professional sports, and with more research in CSR in this field, CSR was added to the research …
The U.S. Endangered Species Act And Agency Discretion: The Role Of Public Commenting During The Rulemaking Process,
2022
Boise State University
The U.S. Endangered Species Act And Agency Discretion: The Role Of Public Commenting During The Rulemaking Process, Krista Helmstadter Lyons
Boise State University Theses and Dissertations
The most recent International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List classifies 40,084 out of the 142,577 evaluated species as threatened with extinction, with 1,962 of those species identified in the United States. The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) was enacted in 1973 to protect and recover threatened and endangered species from extinction. The ESA federal listing process can be lengthy and arduous, taking years for a species to be proposed for listing. During the process the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) seeks comments from the public and peer reviewers on the proposed rule. Previous research debates the …
Maladies Of Public Administration: Factors That Exacerbate Corruption In Kenya,
2022
University of Missouri-St. Louis
Maladies Of Public Administration: Factors That Exacerbate Corruption In Kenya, Moses Waithaka
Dissertations
This study examines factors that exacerbate corruption in Kenya, focusing on institutional weakness as a key factor that fosters corruption in government institutions. Thus, the study examines difficulty in accessing public services, lack of availability of the broadest and most straightforward access to information, and electoral manipulation -voter intimidation, and inability to remove elected leader through the ballot. The study uses Afrobarometer round 8 dataset collected between November and December 2019. This data set was collected under the guidance of the University of Nairobi Institute for Development Studies IDS. Additionally, the study considers a comprehensive literature review to assess and …
Realistic Logic And Realization Path Of Popularizing Science And Technology Resources From Perspective Of Innovation Chain,
2022
Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, Shanghai 200127, China
Realistic Logic And Realization Path Of Popularizing Science And Technology Resources From Perspective Of Innovation Chain, Xian Song, Wenwen Zhu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The essence of popularizing scientific and technological resources is to make knowledge flow from within the academic community to the whole society through integration and re-development of scientific and technological resources, so as to improve the innovation efficiency of the whole society. It is a key path to break through the chain of "science research-science popularization" and to realize the "two wings" of innovation development. In recent years, China has issued a series of policies to promote the transformation of scientific research and popular science, but there are still many complicated problems in practice. From the perspective of innovation chain, …
Exploration Of Theory And Method Of Studying Digital Governance Pattern,
2022
National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data Analysis and Applications, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Center for Digital Governance Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Exploration Of Theory And Method Of Studying Digital Governance Pattern, Tianyu Qiao, Youjun Li, Yue Zhao, Cheng Tan, Pingwen Zhang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Under the background of increasingly fierce competition in the field of digital governance around the world, it is very urgent and important to make scientific research and judgment on the pattern of digital governance. The article first explains how to understand the concept of digital governance and the pattern of digital governance. After reviewing the existing two perspectives of studies on the pattern of digital governance, this article provides a digital ecological perspective for studying the pattern of digital governance. It is found that the ecological perspective pays more attention to relevance, stratification, holism, aggregation, and dynamics. Thus, it extends …
Comparative Study On Internal Digital Governance Patterns Of China, United States, And European Union,
2022
Law School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Comparative Study On Internal Digital Governance Patterns Of China, United States, And European Union, Haolin Li, Juan Wang, Zilong Xie, Zhuoming Wang, Jie Song
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
In order to better participate in the international digital development, it is crucial to investigate the internal digital governance pattern of various countries and clarify their internal generation logic on the basis of recognizing the current situation. This work makes a comparative study of the internal digital governance patterns in China, the United States and European Union from the perspective of digital ecology, attempts to clarify their respective digital ecological development models, and analyzes the relationship between the development models and their digital regulation systems. The study found that the United States has formed a development model taking the lead …
Comparative Study And Suggestions On International Digital Governance Pattern Among China, United States And European Union,
2022
Department of Sociology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Center for Sociological Research and Development Studies of China, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Comparative Study And Suggestions On International Digital Governance Pattern Among China, United States And European Union, Yunjie Zhang, Liyuan Feng, Zheng Li, Qiuyuan Ai, Zeqi Qiu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Digital technology and digital economy have increasingly become important indicators for the competitiveness of various economies. In order to vie for digital competitive advantages and seize the advantageous ecological niches in the international digital ecological development, major economies such as China, the United States, and European Union have launched extensive competition. Based on this background, the article first introduces the definition and characteristics of the international digital governance pattern, points out that the digital trade relationship and the comparison of digital power are the key factors to shape the international digital governance pattern, and then focuses on China, the US …
Aclp - Broadband Planning Tool Kit - October 2022,
2022
New York Law School
Aclp - Broadband Planning Tool Kit - October 2022, New York Law School
Reports and Resources
This Tool Kit provides state and local policymakers with a range of resources and analyses for use during broadband planning. The Tool Kit focuses on the array of grant and other funding opportunities available to states and localities as a result of the Infrastructure Investment & Jobs Act, as well as other pandemic-era stimulus programs. However, the Tool Kit is also useful for broadband planning outside of these specific funding programs. Indeed, the Tool Kit offers foundational planning resources that can be used now and in the future by officials, ISPs, and other stakeholders in the broadband space.
