Round Baling From Field Practices Through Storage And Feeding,
2026
The Pennsylvania State University
Round Baling From Field Practices Through Storage And Feeding, W L. Kjelgaard, P M. Anderson, L D. Hoffman, L L. Wilson, H W. Harpster
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A model analysis compared labor and fuel requirements for round and rectangular bale systems. Round baling reduced harvesting, transport, and handling labor by one-half but increased fuel use by a factor of 1.6. When data from field studies of all dry matter (DM) losses were included, round baling required 80 % as much labor and 200 % as much fuel as did rectangular baling. Baling losses for round balers and stackers averaged 10 % compared with 3 % for rectangular balers. ·Dry-matter losses from mowing through feeding of field-cured round bales, including 6 months of outdoor storage, totaled 41 % …
Harvesting And Processing Effects On Alfalfa Protein Utilization By Ruminants,
2026
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Harvesting And Processing Effects On Alfalfa Protein Utilization By Ruminants, R Britton, D Rock, T Klopfenstein, J Ward, J Merrill
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is an efficient and important means of producing supplemental protein for ruminants. This research was undertaken to characterize the value of alfalfa protein for ruminants and to show how the protein is affected by different harvesting or processing regimens. The effects of maturity (prebloom, one-tenth, one half, and full bloom) and processing method (freeze dried [FD], sun cured [SC], and oven heated [HJ), on percentage of nitrogen (N), acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN), in-vitro rumen ammonia release (NH3), and in-situ rumen protein degradation, using dacron bags (BAG), were studied on irrigated alfalfa harvested over 2 years. …
Comparison Of Conservation Methods Under Controlled Practical Conditions,
2026
Federal Research Center of Agriculture
Comparison Of Conservation Methods Under Controlled Practical Conditions, H Honig, K Rohr, E Zimmer
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The most common forage conservation methods (direct-cut and low-moisture silage, barn,dried hay, and dehydration) have been compared under practical, but strictly controlled, conditions to determine their relative value for meeting the increasing demands of high-yielding ruminants. A grass mixture was used as forage, at different stages of maturity in different experiments. Parameters determined were changes of nutrient content; losses of DM and net energy; and, in three experiments, forage intake by dairy cows. From the results of the experiments, the following conclusions could be drawn: (1) roughage quality is influenced more by cuttng time than by preservation methods; (2) low-moisture …
Wet Fractionation Of Alfalfa: A Direct Forage-Harvesting System,
2026
University of Wisconsin
Wet Fractionation Of Alfalfa: A Direct Forage-Harvesting System, M Collins, R G. Koegel, N A. Jorgensen, H W. Ream
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In this systm, termed wet fractionation, fresh forage is macerated and pressed to remove approximately 50 % of the moisture. The result is a forage product containing 32 %-38 % dry matter (DM) that can be ensiled directly. In addition, the protein contained in the plant juice can be coagulated and removed. The remaining deproteinized juice contains large quantities of mineral nutrients that can be returned to the soil. This process has several potential advantages: (1) less weather-dependent harvesting, which minimizes harvest losses; (2) reduced harvesting time; (3) reduced fertilizer requirements; and (4) ability to harvest protein from land unsuited …
Hastening Hay Drying,
2026
Michigan State University
Hastening Hay Drying, J W. Thomas, T R. Johnson, M A. Wieghart, C M. Hansen, M B. Tesar, Z Helsel
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The objectives of these studies were to increase the drying rate of cut alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by treating with chemical solutions and to examine factors that influence drying. Time to dry and drying rate of cut alfalfa were studied under laboratory and field conditions. Treatment consisted of spraying the cut alfalfa with methyl esters of long-chain fatty acids, an emulsifier alone, or a combination of an emulsifier and a potassium carbonate solution. Alfalfa sprayed with solutions of each chemical under specified conditions increased drying rate and decreased drying time to 60% or 75 % dry matter (DM) or …
Alternative Treatment Systems To Increase The Drying Rates Of Green Forage Crops,
2026
National Institue of Agricultural Engineering, UK
Alternative Treatment Systems To Increase The Drying Rates Of Green Forage Crops, W E. Klinner, O D. Hale
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Forms of conditioning treatment are being developed that aim to minimize the barrier effect of the crop cuticle without sacrificing too much of the structural strength of the herbage. Effective surface abrasion and favorable windrow structure can be achieved with steel-spoked rotors, which are now beginning to be offered commercially. More recently, plastic brushes have been developed because the higher population density and yielding ability of the crop-engaging elements, plus the absence of metal components, appeared to offer additional advantages. Four different brush conditioner systems have been evaluated in the laboratory and in replicated field experiments. Tufted brushes using trilobar …
Effects Of Microwave Treatment On Drying And Respiration In Cut Alfalfa,
2026
Purdue University
Effects Of Microwave Treatment On Drying And Respiration In Cut Alfalfa, S A. Seif, D A. Holt, V L. Lechtenberg, R J. Vetter
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
After forage crops are cut mechanically, they usually undergo some degree of natural drying before being stored or further processed. During early stages of drying, plant respiration continues. Treatments or management practices that hasten drying and reduce postharvest respiration are desirable, because they minimize quantity and quality losses. Our objective was to determine the effects of brief microwave treatment on subsequent natural drying rate and respiration of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ). Duplicate samples of field grown Apollo alfalfa were subjected to focused microwave energy (2,450 MHz) generated at 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0 kilowatt of power for 3, 6, …
Effect Of Formic Acid- Formaldehyde Treatments On The Nitrogenous Constituents In Annual Ryegrass Silage,
2026
USDA-SEA-AR
Effect Of Formic Acid- Formaldehyde Treatments On The Nitrogenous Constituents In Annual Ryegrass Silage, M L. Fishman, F Mchan, D Burdick
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Prevention of proteolysis during ensiling is important in preserving the nutritive value of silage. Hence, the mechanism by which silage protein is protected against degradation was studied in wilted annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorium Lam.) silage pretreated with formic acid, formaldehyde, and a formic acid-formaldehyde mixture. Raw-wilted ryegrass, control ryegrass silage, and treated ryegrass silage were extracted and fractionated under conditions previously found to maximize yield of nitrogenous constituents and minimize proteolysis during the extraction of fresh grass. Extractions were by boric acid-borate buffer at pH 8.0 with and without detergent (1 % sodium dodecyl sulfate). Sodium metabisulfite, an antioxidant, was …
Addition Of Lactobacillus Sp. To Aid The Fermentation Of Alfalfa, Corn, Sorghum, And Wheat Forages,
2026
University of Georgia
Addition Of Lactobacillus Sp. To Aid The Fermentation Of Alfalfa, Corn, Sorghum, And Wheat Forages, N J. Moon, L O. Ely
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
As preservation of forage by ensiling has increased, so has the use of additives to enhance acid fermentation. Many of the fermentation aids currently on the market contain microflora to insure a lactic acid fermentation. The objectives of this study were to characterize the basic patterns of fermentation in a variety of crops and to evaluate the effects of adding selected microflora to forages to enhance the fermentation. Four crops were ensiled in each of three seasons. Alfalfa was harvested at 20 %-40 % bloom, second cut; wheat was cut in the early dough stage; corn was cut in the …
Interrelationships Between Pattern Of Fermentation During Ensilage And Initial Crop Composition,
2026
Grassland Research Institute
Interrelationships Between Pattern Of Fermentation During Ensilage And Initial Crop Composition, J M. Wilkinson, P F. Chapman, R J. Wilkins, R F. Wilson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Relationships between crop composition and silage composition were examined for 231 silages made at the Grassland Research Institute from 1968 to 1978 without additives. A test was made of the model of Weissbach et al. (1974) in which silage characteristics were related to the percentage of dry matter in the crop (OM) and the ratio of sugar (Z) to buffering capacity (PK). Although these factors accounted for significant variance, the percentage accounted for was low at 36 % for lactic acid (percentage of total acids), 26 % for Flieg's score, 22 % for ammonia N (percentage of total N), and …
Effect Of Delayed Sealing During Ensiling On Fermentation And Dry-Matter Loss,
2026
National Grassland Research Institute
Effect Of Delayed Sealing During Ensiling On Fermentation And Dry-Matter Loss, N Takano, Y Masaoka, T Manda
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Two experiments were carried out from 1976 to 1980 to ascertain the effect of delayed sealing of silo on fermentation, dry· matter (DM) loss, digestibility, and silage intake. The effect of delayed sealing (up to 72 hours) of grass and corn silage was tested in laboratory silos on fermentation quality with storage temperatures at 15°C and 30°C, moisture content from 49% to 85 % , water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content ranging from 11.1 % to 17.5%, and with and without an addition of 0.25% formic acid. In all cases, delayed sealing resulted in poor-quality silage with high pH values and low …
Improving Hay Quality By Ammoniation,
2026
Purdue University
Improving Hay Quality By Ammoniation, K J. Moore, V L. Lechtenberg, K S. Hendrix, J M. Hertel
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of hay ammoniation on hay consumption and weight gain by steers when the hay was fed unsupplemented and supplemented with energy and protein. Mature orchardgrass (Dacrylis glomerata L.) hay was baled in early June 1979 and treated with anhydrous ammonia at 30 g/kg of hay. Seven weeks after treatment the hay was uncovered and allowed to aerate for 3 days. It was then fed to weanling steer calves weighing approximately 225 kg each. Similar hay baled from the same field but not ammoniated was fed to separate groups of steers. Both the treated …
Evaluations Of Low-Quality Roughages And Fibrous Cereal Grains Treated With Various Chemicals,
2026
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Evaluations Of Low-Quality Roughages And Fibrous Cereal Grains Treated With Various Chemicals, G C. Fahey Jr, L L. Berger, M I. Mora, P J. Van Der Aar
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Large improvements in the feeding value of low-quality roughages have resulted from treatment of them with various chemicals. Chemical treatment of grains may also be a potentially useful practice. The research reported here was designed (1) to determine how Chelating Metal Caustic Swelling (CMCS), a nontoxic, alkaline, aqueous reagent, compares with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in enhancing in-vitro cellulose digestion (IVCD) of cornstalks (CS) (Zea mays) and soybean residues (SBR) (G!),cine max.), and (2) to evaluate the effects of NaOH and CMCS treatments of fibrous grains using in-situ techniques. CMCS or 7.5% NaOH solutions were added to CS or SBR at …
Effect Of Solvent Treatments On Intake And Digestibility Of Corn Stover,
2026
Purdue University
Effect Of Solvent Treatments On Intake And Digestibility Of Corn Stover, D M. Schaefer, M R. Ladisch, C H. Noller, V L. Lechtenberg
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Treatment of crop residues with low levels of sodium hydroxide has been shown to improve organic-matter digestibility and animal performance. One objective of these experiments was to evaluate the effects of three treatments -water, sodium hydroxide, and chelating metal cellulose-swelling solution-on solubilization of cell-wall components in corn (Zea m£rys) stover. The two latter treatments were balanced for level of sodium hydroxide application, which was .3 .2 % of stover dry matter. The second objective was to determine the effects of these treatments on in-vitro and in-vivo digestibility as well as on consumption of corn stover. Twelve growing ram lambs were …
Factors Causing Greater In-Vitro Than In-Vivo Digestibility Of Sodium Hydroxide - Treated Roughages,
2026
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Factors Causing Greater In-Vitro Than In-Vivo Digestibility Of Sodium Hydroxide - Treated Roughages, L L. Berger, T J. Klopfenstein, R A. Britton
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Research on sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment oflow-quality roughages generally indicates that in-vivo digestion is lower than in-vitro digestion. The purpose of this research was to identify factors that may cause less of the potentially digestible fiber to be digested in vivo than in vitro. Corn (Zea mays) cobs were raised to 60% moisture and treated to contain 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5 % , and 10.0% NaOH. Lambs were fed diets containing 80% cobs and 20% supplement, giving a complete mixed diet con· taining 0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, and 8.0% NaOH. Five abomasally cannulated lambs were assigned to a 5 x …
Relationship Between Silage Quality And 15 N-Nitrate Reduction During Ensilage,
2026
The College of Dairying, Japan
Relationship Between Silage Quality And 15 N-Nitrate Reduction During Ensilage, K Ataku, M Horiguchi, T Matsumoto
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Nitrate in forage has been proven to occasionally poison ruminants. Our recent studies, however, have shown that a high concentration of nitrate inhibits butyric acid fermentation to the advantage of the silage quality. This work was undertaken to see the relationship between silage quality and the pattern of nitrate reduction during ensilage.
How Quickly Do Eastern Floodplains Store Carbon? Quantifying Reference Carbon Flux On The Dead Diamond River,
2026
Dartmouth College
How Quickly Do Eastern Floodplains Store Carbon? Quantifying Reference Carbon Flux On The Dead Diamond River, Jacob Schnell
Earth Sciences Undergraduate Senior Theses
Terrestrial Earth systems sequester an estimated 30% of annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The largest share is stored in global soils which collectively store more than 3 times the amount of carbon as the atmosphere. Floodplains and river systems, while covering only 5–8% of land area, store 20–30% of the global soil organic carbon (SOC), yet, the rate at which floodplains sequester carbon remains highly uncertain. Here I constrain floodplain carbon sequestration rates for a model northeastern river that has not been impacted by development or significant human activity. I calculate carbon stock using total organic carbon and derive carbon flux …
Fate Of Nitrogen Applied To Grassland In Animal Wastes,
2026
Johnstown Castle Research Centre
Fate Of Nitrogen Applied To Grassland In Animal Wastes, M Sherwood
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The experiment was designed to determine the effects of land spreading of animal manures on the nutrient content of surface runoff water and infiltrating soil water. This report deals only with nitrogen (N) and attempts to quantify the losses through runoff, leaching, and volatilization of ammonia (NH3) as well as N uptake in the grass over a 3-year period. Experimental plots sited on grassland, on two soil types (a moderately drained loam and an impermeable gley), were equipped to collect surface runoff water. Ceramic probes were installed in each plot at 15-, 30-, 60-, and 100-cm depths to extract infiltrating …
Annual Losses Of Ammonia From A Grazed Pasture Fertilized With Urea,
2026
CSIRO
Annual Losses Of Ammonia From A Grazed Pasture Fertilized With Urea, V R. Catchpoole, L A. Harper, R J.K Keyers
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Nitrogen-balance studies have shown losses of applied nitrogen (N) from grazed pastures in southeastern Queensland. Losses as high as 80% have been observed from urea N broadcast at 376 kg N/ha/yr over 8 years on a Setaria sp1uu:elata cv. Nandi pasture. Management techniques aimed at reducing this loss and thereby increasing the efficiency of use of N by pastures cannot be devised until the pathways of loss are known. The objective of this research was to estimate the annual ammonia (NH3) loss by convective transport from a urea-fertilized pasture at Samford Pasture Research Station in southeastern Queensland. Urea was broadcast …
Nitrogen Losses From Urine-Affected Areas Of A New Zealand Pasture, Under Contrasting Seasonal Conditions, P R. Ball, D R. Keeney
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grazing ruminants aggregate large quantities of forage nitrogen (N) into urine patches. Pasture plots treated with urine N were studied to assess its fate under contrasting seasonal conditions: cool-moist (representing winter-spring); warm-moist (late spring-early summer), and warm-dry (late summer-autumn). A permanent ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) sward on free-draining alluvial soil was studied. 'freatments were replicated in randomized blocks. Urine N was applied at 30 or 60 g N/m2• Relevant measurements were then continued until treatment differences disappeared. Apparent N balances for urine treatments were compiled. Fixation by white clover was always greatly reduced in …
