The Quest To Identify A New Virus Disease Of Sunflower From Nebraska,
2022
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
The Quest To Identify A New Virus Disease Of Sunflower From Nebraska, Robert M. Harveson, Maher Al Rwahnih, California Department Of Food And Agriculture, Alex Karasev, Tom J. Gulya, Jeff Bradshaw
Panhandle Research and Extension Center
Between 2010 and 2018, sunflower plants exhibiting virus-like symptoms, including stunting, mottling, and chlorotic ringspots on leaves, were observed from commercial fields and research plots from four sites within three distinct counties of western Nebraska (Box Butte, Kimball, and Scotts Bluff). Near identical symptoms from field samples were reproduced on seedlings mechanically in the greenhouse on multiple occasions, confirming the presence of a sap-transmissible virus from each site. Symptomatic greenhouse-inoculated plants from the 2010 and 2011 Box Butte samples tested negative for sunflower mosaic virus (SuMV), sunflower chlorotic mottle virus (SuCMoV), and all potyviruses in general by ELISA and RT-PCR. …
Spatial Localization Of Markers And 3d-Cell Model For Study Of The Human Cytomegalovirus Cytoplasmic Virion Assembly Compartment,
2022
Wayne State University
Spatial Localization Of Markers And 3d-Cell Model For Study Of The Human Cytomegalovirus Cytoplasmic Virion Assembly Compartment, Taylor Alan Vensko
Wayne State University Theses
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes severe disease in immunocompromised individuals and is a leading cause of congenital disease. Efficient assembly of virions (viral particles) is an intricate process that requires modulation and modification of host systems. HCMV induces an extensive rearrangement of the cellular endocytic recycling compartment into the site of virion maturation and egress: the cytoplasmic virion assembly compartment (cVAC). The HCMV cVAC is a distinguishing characteristic of infection, although studies have only been performed in traditional cell culture with limited observations in infectedhuman tissues. To study the cVAC, viral and cellular markers that are discrete to their respective compartments …
Isolation And Characterization Of Novel B. Subtilis Bacteriophages,
2022
Teaching Center Faculty
Isolation And Characterization Of Novel B. Subtilis Bacteriophages, Johnson Phung, Rebecca Adams
Science University Research Symposium (SURS)
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria cells. Bacteria, being the most abundant form of life on the planet, have an estimated ten to a hundred different types of bacteriophages that infect each species. Bacteriophages are everywhere on Earth, but the number of phages that have been identified is only a fraction of what are thought to exist. This project focuses on isolating and identifying phages that infect the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. B subtilis is a decomposition microbe commonly found in the soil. Our first goal was to determine whether the 3 samples of Bacillus subtilis phages that were previously …
Bisacodyl Limits Chikungunya Virus In Vitro And Is Broadly Antiviral,
2022
Loyola University Chicago
Bisacodyl Limits Chikungunya Virus In Vitro And Is Broadly Antiviral, Natalie June Lomascolo
Master's Theses
Identifying novel antivirals requires significant time and resource investment, and the continuous threat of viruses to human health necessitates commitment to antiviral identification and development. Developing antivirals requires years of research and validation, and recent outbreaks have highlighted the need for preparedness in counteracting pandemics. One way to facilitate development is to repurpose molecules already used clinically. By screening such compounds, we can accelerate antiviral development. Here, we screened compounds from the National Institutes of Health’s Developmental Therapeutic Program for activity against chikungunya virus, an alphavirus that is responsible for a significant outbreak in the Americas in 2013. Using this …
Bioinformatic Pipeline For Determining Terminal Repeats In The Human Cytomegalovirus Genome Assembled With Pacbio Long Read Sequences,
2022
Virginia Commonwealth University
Bioinformatic Pipeline For Determining Terminal Repeats In The Human Cytomegalovirus Genome Assembled With Pacbio Long Read Sequences, Ahmed Al Qaffas
Theses and Dissertations
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a member of the betaherpesvirinae subfamily of the Herpesvirus family. HCMV infection is common among adults worldwide, with an estimated seroprevalence of 66 to 95%, depending on the geographic region (Zuhair et al., 2019). Although most of the virus genomic content has been studied extensively, the terminal repeating region sequences remain understudied. Two main challenges hindered the study of the region: a) limitations of sequencing technologies; and b) misassembly of the repeats due to its complex nature. Here I show a novel bioinformatics pipeline that takes advantage of PacBio's long reads to resolve the challenges mentioned …
The Isolation And Characterization Of Bacteriophage Hasitha,
2022
Western Kentucky University
The Isolation And Characterization Of Bacteriophage Hasitha, Gillian Brown
Mahurin Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects
Microbacteriophage Hasitha is a virus that infects Microbacterium foliorum, a bacterium associated with grasses that was first discovered in Germany. Hasitha was isolated from an enriched compost sample and is of particular interest due to its unusual growth pattern. Most bacteriophages require actively growing host cells to produce new phage progeny. However, Hasitha can infect and kill stationary (non-replicating) bacterial cells. We discovered this unusual characteristic through a fortuitous observation of infected lawns that were allowed to incubate in the lab workspace for approximately one month. During this time, a noticeable “halo” grew around the initial site of infection …
E7, Ptpn14, And Yap1: How Papillomaviruses Retain Cells In The Basal Epithelial Layer With Implications For Persistence And Carcinogenesis,
2022
University of Pennsylvania
E7, Ptpn14, And Yap1: How Papillomaviruses Retain Cells In The Basal Epithelial Layer With Implications For Persistence And Carcinogenesis, Joshua Hatterschide
Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections cause about 4.5% of the human cancer burden. The HPV E7 oncoprotein is one of the primary drivers of HPV-mediated carcinogenesis and facilitates HPV replication. The most well-studied HPV E7 activity is inactivation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB1), which dysregulates the cell cycle. However, there is substantial evidence to suggest that HPV E7 must have other activities in addition to RB1 inactivation. HPV E7 proteins from diverse HPV genotypes interact with the host cell tumor suppressor protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 14 (PTPN14). Many HPV E7 proteins also direct PTPN14 for proteosome-mediated degradation. Through my …
Evaluation Of Oasl And Herc5’S Role In The Non-Lytic Clearance Of Influenza A Virus From Club Cells,
2022
West Chester University
Evaluation Of Oasl And Herc5’S Role In The Non-Lytic Clearance Of Influenza A Virus From Club Cells, Steve Crisafulli
West Chester University Master’s Theses
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a highly infectious pathogen responsible for causing severe respiratory illness and death in humans and animals worldwide. Due to highly effective strategies to negate host antiviral defenses, IAV leads to the death of nearly all infected cells. Furthermore, IAV induces high levels of genome-damaging oxidative stress within infected cells and suppresses the cellular mismatch repair (MMR) mechanism, thereby inhibiting expression of key antiviral genes, which further contributes to cell death. However, recent studies have demonstrated that a subset of respiratory epithelial cells, called club cells, are able to non-lytically clear IAV and continue to survive …
A Deterministic Model For Understanding Nonlinear Viral Dynamics In Oysters,
2022
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
A Deterministic Model For Understanding Nonlinear Viral Dynamics In Oysters, Qubin Qin, Jian Shen, Kimberly S. Reece
VIMS Articles
Contamination of oysters with a variety of viruses is one key pathway to trigger outbreaks of massive oyster mortality as well as human illnesses, including gastroenteritis and hepatitis. Much effort has gone into examining the fate of viruses in contaminated oysters, yet the current state of knowledge of nonlinear virus-oyster interactions is not comprehensive because most studies have focused on a limited number of processes under a narrow range of experimental conditions. A framework is needed for describing the complex nonlinear virus-oyster interactions. Here, we introduce a mathematical model that includes key processes for viral dynamics in oysters, such as …
Alternative Splicing Regulates The Innate Immune Response To Viral Infection,
2022
University of Montana, Missoula
Alternative Splicing Regulates The Innate Immune Response To Viral Infection, Luke A. White
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus that infects humans and livestock in sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian peninsula, causing disease ranging from a mild flu-like illness to liver damage, blindness, hemorrhagic fever, death, and, especially in livestock animals, high rates of abortive pregnancies. There is no approved vaccine for RVFV, and as a disease with a high rate of spread that causes severe illness, it is listed as a Category A pathogen by the USA CDC. A better understanding of RVFV’s molecular virology will be instrumental to combating RVFV as climate change causes its mosquito host …
Tracking Cryptic Sars-Cov-2 Lineages Detected In Nyc Wastewater,
2022
Texas A & M University - San Antonio
Tracking Cryptic Sars-Cov-2 Lineages Detected In Nyc Wastewater, Davida S. Smyth, Monica Trujillo, Devon A. Gregory, Kristen Cheung, Anna Gao, Maddie Graham, Yue Guan, Caitlyn Guldenpfennig, Irene Hoxie, Sherin Kannoly, Nanami Kubota, Terri D. Lyddon, Michelle Markman, Clayton Rushford, Kaung Myat San, Geena Sompanya, Fabrizio Spagnolo, Reinier Suarez, Emma Teixeiro, Mark Daniels, Marc C. Johnson, John J. Dennehy
Publications and Research
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity is strongly indicated because diversifying selection may lead to the emergence of novel variants resistant to naturally acquired or vaccine-induced immunity. To monitor New York City (NYC) for the presence of novel variants, we deep sequence most of the receptor binding domain coding sequence of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from the New York City wastewater. Here we report detecting increasing frequencies of novel cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineages not recognized in GISAID’s EpiCoV database. These lineages contain mutations that had been rarely observed in clinical samples, including Q493K, Q498Y, E484A, and T572N and share many mutations …
Role Of Host Restriction Factors On Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Prrsv) Replication,
2022
South Dakota State University
Role Of Host Restriction Factors On Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Prrsv) Replication, Pratik Katwal
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In this study, the role of IFITM3 on PRRSV replication was studied in vitro by expressing exogenous IFITM3 in MARC-145 cells. An average of 31% reduction in PRRSV N protein expression and an average of 5.4 fold decrease in virus titer in the supernatant were observed in IFITM3 overexpressing cells as compared to vector control cells at 24 hours post infection (hpi). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between interferon- induced IFITM3 up-regulation and reduced PRRSV replication. To determine the role of endogenous IFITM3 in PRRSV replication, siRNA induced knockdown of IFITM3 was employed. RT-PCR validated the successful silencing of …
Characterization Of Porcine Respiratory Epithelial Cells And Their Innate Immune Responses To Bacterial And Viral Ligands,
2022
South Dakota State University
Characterization Of Porcine Respiratory Epithelial Cells And Their Innate Immune Responses To Bacterial And Viral Ligands, Yam Prasad Gautam
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In response to a pathogenic attack, the host produces a series of defense mechanisms through various intracellular signaling pathways. The byproduct of these signaling pathways helps tackle the invading pathogen and protects the body from getting into a diseased state. This system is called the immune system. The immune system can be divided into two branches namely the innate immune system and adaptive immune system. The groups of immune cells that provide protection regardless of the pathogen specificity constitute the innate immune system. The system that acts according to the pathogen specificity is called the adaptive immune response. The production …
Expanding Mouse-Adapted Yamagata-Like Influenza B Viruses
In Eggs Enhances In Vivo Lethality In Balb/C Mice,
2022
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Expanding Mouse-Adapted Yamagata-Like Influenza B Viruses In Eggs Enhances In Vivo Lethality In Balb/C Mice, Matthew J. Pekarek, Erika M. Petro-Turnquist, Adam Rubrum, Richard J. Webby, Eric A. Weaver
Virology Papers
Despite the yearly global impact of influenza B viruses (IBVs), limited host range has been a hurdle to developing a readily accessible small animal disease model for vaccine studies. Mouseadapting IBV can produce highly pathogenic viruses through serial lung passaging in mice. Previous studies have highlighted amino acid changes throughout the viral genome correlating with increased pathogenicity, but no consensus mutations have been determined. We aimed to show that growth system can play a role in mouse-adapted IBV lethality. Two Yamagata-lineage IBVs were serially passaged 10 times in mouse lungs before expansion in embryonated eggs or Madin–Darby canine kidney cells …
Immunogenicity And Protective Efficacy Of A Recombinant
Pichinde Viral-Vectored Vaccine Expressing Influenza Virus
Hemagglutinin Antigen In Pigs,
2022
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Immunogenicity And Protective Efficacy Of A Recombinant Pichinde Viral-Vectored Vaccine Expressing Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Antigen In Pigs, Sushmita Kumari, Jayeshbhai Chaudhari, Qinfeng Huang, Phillip Gauger, Marcelo Nunes De Almeida, Yuying Liang, Hinh Ly, Hiep Vu
Virology Papers
Influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S) is an economically important swine pathogen. The IAV-S hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein is the main target for vaccine development. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using the recombinant tri-segmented Pichinde virus (rPICV) as a viral vector to deliver HA antigen to protect pigs against IAV-S challenge. Four groups of weaned pigs (T01–T04) were included in the study. T01 was injected with PBS to serve as a non-vaccinated control. T02 was inoculated with rPICV expressing green fluorescence protein (rPICV-GFP). T03 was vaccinated with rPICV expressing the HA antigen of the IAV-S H3N2 strain …
Adenoviral-Vectored Centralized Consensus Hemagglutinin
Vaccine Provides Broad Protection Against H2 Influenza A Virus,
2022
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Adenoviral-Vectored Centralized Consensus Hemagglutinin Vaccine Provides Broad Protection Against H2 Influenza A Virus, Erika M. Petro-Turnquist, Brianna L. Bullard, Matthew J. Pekarek, Eric A. Weaver
Virology Papers
Several influenza pandemics have occurred in the past century, one of which emerged in 1957 from a zoonotic transmission of H2N2 from an avian reservoir into humans. This pandemic caused 2–4 million deaths and circulated until 1968. Since the disappearance of H2N2 from human populations, there has been waning immunity against H2, and this subtype is not currently incorporated into seasonal vaccines. However, H2 influenza remains a pandemic threat due to consistent circulation in avian reservoirs. Here, we describe a method of pandemic preparedness by creating an adenoviral-vectored centralized consensus vaccine design against human H2 influenza. We also assessed the …
The Application Of The Skin Virome For Human Identification,
2022
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
The Application Of The Skin Virome For Human Identification, Ema H. Graham, Jennifer Clarke, Samodha Fernando, Joshua Herr, Michael Adamowicz
Virology Papers
The use of skin virome offers a unique approach for human identification purposes in instances where a viable and statistically relevant human DNA profile is unavailable. The skin virome may act as an alternative DNA profile and/or an additional form of probative genetic material. To date, no study has attempted to investigate the human virome over a time series across various physical locations of the body to identify its diagnostic potential as a tool for human identification. For this study, we set out to evaluate the stability, diversity, and individualization of the human skin virome. An additional goal was to …
Determinants Of Virus Variation, Evolution, And Host Adaptation,
2022
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Determinants Of Virus Variation, Evolution, And Host Adaptation, Katherine Latourrette, Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
Virology Papers
Virus evolution is the change in the genetic structure of a viral population over time and results in the emergence of new viral variants, strains, and species with novel biological properties, including adaptation to new hosts. There are host, vector, environmental, and viral factors that contribute to virus evolution. To achieve or fine tune compatibility and successfully establish infection, viruses adapt to a particular host species or to a group of species. However, some viruses are better able to adapt to diverse hosts, vectors, and environments. Viruses generate genetic diversity through mutation, reassortment, and recombination. Plant viruses are exposed to …
Virology: Mutagenizing The Proteolytic Cleavage Site In The Major Capsid Protein In Ssv1,
2021
Portland State University
Virology: Mutagenizing The Proteolytic Cleavage Site In The Major Capsid Protein In Ssv1, Thejanee Liyanaarachchi
University Honors Theses
SSV1, spindle-shaped virus 1, is an archaeal virus with a unique shape that belongs to the family of fuselloviruses and infects hyperthermophilic archaea that thrive at 80°C and pH 3. SSV1 has two capsid proteins, VP1 and VP3, that presumably produce the lemon-shaped virion structure characteristic of fuselloviruses. The VP1 amino acid sequence is highly conserved among SSVs. Here, we investigate the importance of the proteolytic cleavage site in position E66 in VP1 by changing its glutamic acid to the other 19 amino acids. We have developed a new protocol for creating SSV1 mutants through HiFi Assembly (NEB) to increase …
Response Of Soil Viral And Microbial Functional Diversity To Long-Term Agricultural Management In Jackson, West Tennessee,
2021
Biosystem Engineering and Soil Science
Response Of Soil Viral And Microbial Functional Diversity To Long-Term Agricultural Management In Jackson, West Tennessee, Ning Duan
Doctoral Dissertations
Soil microbial communities are a critical component for ecosystem stability and function. Viruses, as an important biotic controller, have the potential to regulate the abundance and diversity of bacterial communities through infection. Soil is known to harbor abundant and diverse viral assemblages but their ecological role and influence on microbial processes has not been fully elucidated. Microbes can be influenced by viruses not only from infection but though biogeochemical feedbacks of the “microbial (bacterium–phage–DOC) loop” or “viral shunt”. However, we know relatively little about the microbial community and function under the regulation of viruses in soil and how they respond …
