Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons^™

Implications Of The Plastid Genome Sequence Of Typha (Typhaceae, Poales) For Understanding Genome Evolution In Poaceae, Mary M. Guisinger, Timothy W. Chumley, Jennifer V. Kuehl, Jeffrey L. Boore, Robert K. Jansen

All Faculty Scholarship for the College of the Sciences

Plastid genomes of the grasses (Poaceae) are unusual in their organization and rates of sequence evolution. There has been a recent surge in the availability of grass plastid genome sequences, but a comprehensive comparative analysis of genome evolution has not been performed that includes any related families in the Poales. We report on the plastid genome of Typha latifolia, the first non-grass Poales sequenced to date, and we present comparisons of genome organization and sequence evolution within Poales. Our results confirm that grass plastid genomes exhibit acceleration in both genomic rearrangements and nucleotide substitutions. Poaceae have multiple structural rearrangements, including …

Turnover Of Mature Mirnas And Sirnas In Plants And Algae, Heriberto Cerutti, Fadia Ibrahim

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

rnicroRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) play important roles in gene regulation and defense responses against transposons and viruses in eukaryotes. These small RNAs generally trigger the silencing of cognate sequences through a variety of mechanisms, including RNA degradation, translational inhibition, and transcriptional repression. In the past few years, the synthesis and the mode of action of miRNAs and siRNAs have attracted great attention. However, relatively little is known about mechanisms of quality control during small RNA biogenesis as well as those that regulate mature small RNA stability. Recent studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhahditis elegans have implicated 3′-to-5′ …

Translational Inhibition By Micrornas In Plants, Bin Yu, Hai Wang

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 21–24 nucleotide riboregulators, which selectively repress gene expression through transcript cleavage and/or translational inhibition. It was thought that most plant miRNAs act through target transcript cleavage due to the high degree of complementarity between miRNAs and their targets. However, recent studies have suggested widespread translational inhibition by miRNAs in plants. The mechanisms underlining translational inhibition by plant miRNAs are largely unknown, but existing evidence has indicated that plants and animals share some mechanistic similarity of translational inhibition. Translational inhibition by miRNAs has been shown to regulate floral patterning, floral timing, and stress responses. This chapter covers recent …

Production Of Premium Waxflowers, Kevin Seaton, Nikki Poulish

Bulletins 4000 -

The cut flower trade is a highly competitive global market. Waxflowers are grown around the world—often in countries with lower cost structures or closer proximity to our main markets. Western Australian producers can only compete if their product stands out from the crowd in terms of quality, presentation and uniqueness, however, it still has to represent good value for money.

Assessing Genetic Differentiation Among Populations Of The Invasive Plant Impatiens Glandulifera In Maine, Jordan R. Schoonover

Honors Theses

The annual herbaceous plant Impatiens glandulifera Royle is native to the Himalayas and is a significant invasive species in Europe. In the past century, it was introduced to the United States, where it has become established in 12 states. This study evaluated genetic differentiation among four Maine populations, to address a theory that posits hybridization of distinct lineages as a trigger for invasiveness. Regions of microsatellite repeats were evaluated at two polymorphic loci for 41 plants sampled from the four populations. A striking finding was that the observed heterozygosity was substantially higher than the heterozygosity expected from random combination of …

Genetic Diversity Of Wheat Cultivars From Turkey And U. S. Great Plains, Anyamanee Auvuchanon

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Genetic diversity of wheat cultivars from Turkey and the Great Plains was studied under the hypothesis ‘Turkey’ wheat originated from Turkey and is the original hard red winter wheat landrace in the Great Plains. Wheat cultivars in Turkey and the Great Plains were selected for adaptation in two countries which were similar in climate. Twenty-two Turkish and twenty-three Great Plains wheat cultivars were selected for this study using SSR markers, agronomic, and end-use quality traits data. Wheat cultivars were clustered into five groups based on SSR markers and the clustering largely followed their countries of origin and pedigree. Modern Great …

Characterization And Inheritance Assessment Of Fruit And Leaf Shape In Unique Vitis Seedlings, Paul J. Sandefur, John R. Clark, Douglas Karcher

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

From August to October of 2009, two separate studies were conducted to assess fruit shape of Vitis section Euvitis hybrid bunch grapes using digital photography (Study 1) and evaluate inheritance of leaf shape in unique populations of V. rotundifolia hybrids (Vitis section Muscadinia) (Study 2). All vines studied were located at the University of Arkansas Fruit Research Station, Clarksville. Study 1 used SigmaScan® digital photography analysis software to calculate shape factor, major:minor axis ratio, and compactness of highly variable, unique-shaped fruit from a population of 182 Euvitis seedlings. SigmaScan® accurately characterized fruit shape elongation as had been recorded in previous …

Insights Into The World Of Pea Nodulation Using The Low Nodulator R50, Scott Clemow

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Cytokinin oxidase (CKX) is the enzyme responsible for the degradation of cytokinin, a class of adenine-based plant hormones that stimulate cell division, among other physiological processes. The pea mutant R50 is characterized by having a pale leaf phenotype, dwarf stature, few lateral roots, low nodule formation, and elevated levels of endogenous cytokinins in its shoots, roots and nodules. When compared to that of the wild-type Sparkle, total CKX activity is low but the transcript levels of PsCKX1 are significantly higher. In this study, I investigated the expression of PsCKX1 throughout the development of a nodule and the localization of PsCKX1 …

The Pleiotropic Mutant R50 (Sym16): A Link Between Cytokinin And Starch Metabolism May Explain Its Seed Phenotype, Chengli Long

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Cytokinins are a class of adenine-based plant hormones that stimulate cell divisions and are therefore essential for organ growth and development. The role that cytokinin plays in nodulation and that of R50 (syml6) in particular is very complex. In this study, a cytokinin antagonist and a cytokinin oxidase (CKX) inhibitor were used as tools to study the effects of cytokinin perception or cytokinin degradation on nodulation in pea, the cytokinin transduction pathway, especially that induced by CRE1/AHK4, and CKX play a significant role in pea nodulation. Comparison of the full length sequences PsCKX2 cDNAs from Sparkle and R50 …

Morphogenesis And Tissue Culture Studies Of Gerbera Jamesonii Bolus Ex. Hook F., Nor Azlina Hasbullah

Student Works (2010-2019)

In vitro regeneration of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f. was successfully carried out in this study. Petiole and leaf explants from 8-week-old aseptic seedlings were used as source of explants. Different response was observed when different explants were cultured on the culture media. MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA was identified as the optimum medium for shoot regeneration, while petiole explant was identified as the most responsive explant in this study. Petiole explants regenerated shoots (94.3 } 2.5 %) and produced 9.3 } 0.6 shoots per explant. MS basal medium was …

Molecular Characterization And Expression Analysis Of Putative Rpk1 And Putative Clv1 In Malaysian Indica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Cv.Mr219 And Malaysian Wild Rice (Oryza Rufipogon) Irgc105491., Law Yee Song

Student Works (2010-2019)

Two candidate yield-related genes, putative Receptor-like Protein Kinase 1 (putative RPK1) and putative CLAVATA1 Receptor Kinase (putative CLV1), were selected for molecular characterization and expression analysis. This was carried out using in four rice lines comprising the parents and two BC₂F₇ lines from a local rice breeding program, with Malaysian rice variety, Oryza sativa ssp. indica cv. MR219 as recurrent parent, and Oryza rufipogon (IRGC105491) as donor parent. Approximately 2.8 kb and 2.6 kb putative RPK1 cDNA nucleotide sequences were obtained from Oryza rufipogon and Oryza sativa ssp. indica cv. MR219 respectively. However, only 402 …

Biolistic Transformation Of Oil Palm Using The Phosphomannose Isomerase (Pmi) Gene As The Positive Selectable Marker., Bahariah Bohari

Student Works (2010-2019)

The selectable marker system based on the Escherichia coli phosphomannose isomerase (pmi) gene was adapted for genetic transformation of oil palm. This system makes use of the pmi gene that encodes phosphomannose isomerase, which converts mannose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate and uses mannose as the selection agent. This is to anticipate the future requirement of using non-antibiotic resistance genes for the commercialization of transgenic oil palm. The use of antibiotic or herbicide-based selection systems has caused much public concern due to inadequate knowledge of the agents’ impact on the environment and on human health. In this study, four transformation vectors, namely pMI3, …

Computational Identification Of Micro Rna In Musa Sp Est Sequences., Tan Yew Seong

Student Works (2010-2019)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded non-protein-coding RNAs of about 22 nucleotides that play an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation in animals and plants by targeting mRNAs for direct cleavage of mRNAs or repression of mRNA translation. In this study, a homology search based approach has been used for identifying the novel miRNA genes of Musa sp. using the BLAST program with a total of 42,978 Musa sp. expressed sequence tags (EST) were compared to a total of 959 previously known plant miRNA sequences. Forty-seven candidate miRNA with homology to previously known miRNAs were identified. By using the mFold3.1 program, …

Spring Seed Guide 2010: Nebraska Variety And Hybrid Tests -- Soybeans, Teshome Regassa, Robert N. Klein, Bruce Anderson, Charles A. Shapiro, Jim Krall

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

NEBRASKA SOYBEAN VARIETY TESTS 2009

Crop Production Summary: The November 2009 estimated soybean yield for Nebraska was 52 bushels per acre from 4.800 million harvested acres. The total production of soybeans for the state was forecasted at 247 million bushels. These estimates are from the November National Agricultural Statistics Service.

Studies On Ecophysiological Responses Of Durum Wheat Genotypes Under Water Deficit Conditions., Ali Akbar Moayedi

Student Works (2010-2019)

Water is the main component in the make-up of plants and serves as the solvent, which transports minerals and dissolved carbohydrates throughout the plant. However, the ecological and physiological responses of plants to water limitation vary at different developmental stages and limits crop production and yield in crops. Therefore, investigation of the plant response to drought at its different developmental stages can be useful to overcome the negative effects of water stress in different plant growth stages. In addition, although, drought stress has been well documented as an effective parameter in decreasing crop production in arid and semi arid regions, …

Vitisnet: ‘‘Omics’’ Integration Through Grapevine Molecular Networks, Jerome Grimplet, Grant R. Cramer, Julie A. Dickerson, Kathy Mathiason, John Van Hemert, Anne Y. Fennell Dr

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

Background: Genomic data release for the grapevine has increased exponentially in the last five years. The Vitis vinifera genome has been sequenced and Vitis EST, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic tools and data sets continue to be developed. The next critical challenge is to provide biological meaning to this tremendous amount of data by annotating genes and integrating them within their biological context. We have developed and validated a system of Grapevine Molecular Networks (VitisNet). Methodology/Principal Findings: The sequences from the Vitis vinifera (cv. Pinot Noir PN40024) genome sequencing project and ESTs from the Vitis genus have been paired and the …

Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Nam Proteins Regulate The Translocation Of Iron, Zinc, And Nitrogen Compounds From Vegetative Tissues To Grain, Brian M. Waters, Cristobal Uauy, Jorge Dubcovsky, Michael A. Grusak

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

The NAM-B1 gene is a NAC transcription factor that affects grain nutrient concentrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum). An RNAi line with reduced expression of NAM genes has lower grain protein, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) concentrations. To determine whether decreased remobilization, lower plant uptake, or decreased partitioning to grain are responsible for this phenotype, mineral dynamics were quantified in wheat tissues throughout grain development. Control and RNAi wheat were grown in potting mix and hydroponics. Mineral (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, and Zn) and nitrogen (N) contents of organs were determined at regular intervals to …

Evaluating Hazelnut Cultivars For Yield, Quality And Disease Resistance, Sam Tobin

Department of Environmental Studies: Undergraduate Student Theses

ABSTRACT This long term study focuses on testing various hazelnut cultivars for yield, nut quality and disease resistance. There are various cultivars that are being tested for these desired traits but only the Grand Traverse and Skinner will be applicable for the results of this localized study. The desired traits of commercial nut production are best matched by these two cultivars. Results from previous harvests will be used to draw trends to recommend commercially functional cultivars in Eastern Nebraska.

Crop Updates - 2009 Katanning, Murray Scholz, Peter Newman, Glenn Adam, Trevor Bell, Michael Whitehead, W. K. Anderson, Chris Gazey, J. Andrew, R. Pearce, Bill Bowden, Wayne Pluske, Jeremy Lemon, D. C. Edmeades, J. J. Russell, Blakely H. Paynter, David Ferris, Abul Hashen, Catherine Borger, Stephen B. Powels, Qin Yu, Mechelle Owen, Roberto Busi, Sudheesh Manalil, Sally Peltzer, David Minkey, Raj Malik

Crop Updates

This session covers seventeen papers from different authors

1. GM canola – How will it affect the way I farm? Murray Scholz, 2008 Nuffield scholar, Southern NSW

2. Eight years of IWM smashes tyegrass seed banks by 98% over 31 focus paddocks, Peter Newman, Glenn Adam & Trevor Bell, Department of Agriculture and Food

3. The global economic climate and impacts on agriculture, profile on Michael Whitehead Rabobank New York

4. Lessons from five years of cropping systems research, W.K. Anderson, Department of Agriculture and Food

5. Case study of a 17year old agricultural lime trial, C. Gazey, Department of Agriculture …

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Crop Updates 2009 - Cereals, Jeff Baldock, Doug Edmeades, Mark Seymour, Paul Carmody, Ian Pritchard, Alan Meldrum, Michael Robertson, Roger Lawes, Rob Sands, Peter White, Felicity Byrne, Andrew Bathgate, Kedar Adhikari, Tanveer Khan, Stuart Morgan, Alan Harris, P. Gaur, K. M. H. Siddique, H. Clarke, N. C. Turner, W. Macleod, S. Morgan, Chris Veitch, Tony Leonforte, Kithsiri Jayasena, Geoff J. Thomas, Rob Loughman, Kazue Tanaka, Ravjit Khangura, Mohammad Amjad, Richard Oliver, Dusty Severtson, Peter Mangano, John Botha, Brenda A. Coutts, Manisha Shankar, Kasia Rybak, Michael Baker, Andrea Hills, Shahajahan Miyan, Peter Portmann, Nicole Rice, Robert Henry, Jeff Russell, Blakely H. Paynter, Linda Price, Brenda Shackley, Vicki Scanlan, Darshan Sharma, Christine M. Zaicou-Kunesch

Crop Updates

This session covers twenty seven papers from different authors:

PLENARY

1. Building soil carbon for productivity and implications for carbon accounting, Jeff Baldock, CSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide, SA

2. Fact or Fiction: Who is telling the truth and how to tell the difference, Doug Edmeades, agKnowledge Ltd, Hamilton

3. Four decades of crop sequence trials in Western Australia, Mark Seymour,Department of Agriculture and Food

BREAK CROPS

4. 2008 Break Crops survey Report, Paul Carmody,Development Officer, Department of Agriculture and Food

5. Attitudes of Western Australian wheatbelt growers to ‘Break Crops’, Paul Carmody and Ian …

Crop Updates 2009 - Genetically Modified Crops, Nutrition, Soils, & Others, Wallace Cowling, Art Diggle, Caroline Peek, Frank D'Emden, Fiona Evans, Bob French, Rob Grima, Sam Harburg, Abul Hashem, John Holmes, Jeromy Lemon, Peter Newman, Janet Paterson, Steve Penny, Peter Portman, Mark Slatter, Angus Maclennan, Andrew Wells, Bill Bowden, Wayne Pluske, Wen Chen, Geoff Anderson, Ross Brennan, Richard Bell, Hannah Rigby, Deborah Pritchard, David Collins, Katrina Walton, David Allen, Nancy Penney, Michael Robertson, Roger Lawes, Stephen Davies, Chris Gazey, Breanne Best, David Gartner, Quenten Knight, Joel Andrew, Ryan Pearce, F. C. Hoyle, A. Bennett, Rick Llewellyn, Ken Flower, Julian Krieg, Owen Catto, Cindy Parsons

Crop Updates

This session covers fifteen papers from different authors:

1. Performance of Canola Breeders Roundup Ready^® canola hybrid CHYB-166 in 2008, Wallace Cowling, Canola Breeders Western Australia Pty Ltd

2. The implications of GM glyphosate resistant lupin, Art Diggle, Caroline Peek, Frank D’Emden, Fiona Evans, Bob French, Rob Grima, Sam Harburg, Abul Hashem,, John Holmes, Jeremy Lemon, Peter Newman, Janet Paterson, Steve Penny,Department of Agriculture and Food, Peter Portmann, Agriconnect

3. Nufarm Roundup Ready® Canola Systems Trials— 2008 Mark Slatter, Research and Development …

Genetic Control Of Sorghum Grain Color, René Clará Valencia, William L. Rooney

INTSORMIL Presentations

Today there is a real interest in the utilization of sorghum grain as a substitute for wheat in baked goods and as a substitute for yellow maize in animal feed. Sorghum grain color and quality are important characteristics in the baking and livestock feed industries. For that reason it is necessary to develop varieties that are suitable for the food and feed industries.

The purpose of this bulletin is to briefly describe the main genetic characteristics that objectively affect sorghum grain appearance and quality.

The pericarp and glume color affect the color of the finished products made with sorghum grain. …

Control Genético Del Color Del Grano De Sorgo, René Clará Valencia, William L. Rooney

INTSORMIL Presentations

Actualmente existe un gran interés en la utilización del grano de sorgo como fuente de energía en la elaboración de alimentos para el consumo humano y/o animal, sustituyendo al trigo en la panificación y al maíz amarillo en la elaboración de alimentos concentrados; para tal efecto es necesario conocer el control genético del color del grano para mejorar su calidad.

El objetivo de esta información es describir brevemente las características genéticas principales, actualmente conocidas y que afectan objetivamente la apariencia del grano de sorgo.

El color del pericarpio y la gluma de la flor afectan la coloración de los productos …

Current And Potential Distributions Of Three Non-Native Invasive Plants In The Contiguous Usa, Chad C. Jones, Sarah Reichard

Botany Faculty Publications

Biological invasions pose a serious threat to biodiversity, but monitoring for invasive species is time consuming and costly. Understanding where species have the potential to invade enables land managers to focus monitoring efforts. In this paper, we compared two simple types of models to predict the potential distributions of three non-native invasive plants (Geranium robertianum, Hedera spp., and Ilex aquifolium) in the contiguous USA. We developed models based on the climatic requirements of the species as reported in the literature (literature-based) and simple climate envelope models based on the climate where the species already occur (observation-based). We then compared the …

Roadmap For Future Research On Plant Pathogen Effectors, James R. Alfano

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Bacterial and eukaryotic plant pathogens deliver effector proteins into plant cells to promote pathogenesis. Bacterial pathogens containing type III protein secretion systems are known to inject many of these effectors into plant cells. More recently, oomycete pathogens have been shown to possess a large family of effectors containing the RXLR motif, and many effectors are also being discovered in fungal pathogens. Although effector activities are largely unknown, at least a subset suppress plant immunity. A plethora of new plant pathogen genomes that will soon be available thanks to next-generation sequencing technologies will allow the identification of many more effectors. This …

Histone H3 Phosphorylation: Universal Code Or Lineage Specific Dialects?, Heriberto Cerutti, J. Armando Casas-Mollano

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Post-translational modifications of histones modulate the functional landscape of chromatin and impinge on many DNA-mediated processes. Phosphorylation of histone H3 plays a role in the regulation of gene expression and in chromosome condensation/segregation. Certain evolutionarily conserved residues on histone H3—namely Thr3, Ser10, Thr11, and Ser28—are phosphorylated during interphase or mitosis in both metazoa and plants. However, many of the kinases involved in these events appear to have evolved independently in different lineages. Likewise, the mechanistic function of specific phosphorylated amino acids, although poorly understood, also seems to differ among eukaryotes. Moreover, some modifications, such as phosphorylation of histone H3 Ser10, …

Protein-Protein Interactions Of Tandem Affinity Purified Protein Kinases From Rice, Jai S. Rohila, Mei Chen, Shuo Chen, Johann Chen, Ronald L. Cerny, Christopher Dardick, Patrick Canlas, Hiroaki Fujii, Michael Gribskov, Siddhartha Kanrar, Lucas Knoflicek, Becky Stevenson, Mingtang Xie, Xia Xu, Xianwu Zheng, Jing-Kang Zhu, Pamela Ronald, Michael E. Fromm

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Eighty-eight rice (Oryza sativa) cDNAs encoding rice leaf expressed protein kinases (PKs) were fused to a Tandem Affinity Purification tag (TAP-tag) and expressed in transgenic rice plants. The TAP-tagged PKs and interacting proteins were purified from the T1 progeny of the transgenic rice plants and identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Forty-five TAPtagged PKs were recovered in this study and thirteen of these were found to interact with other rice proteins with a high probability score. In vivo phosphorylated sites were found for three of the PKs. A comparison of the TAP-tagged data from a combined analysis of 129 …

Participation Of Leaky Ribosome Scanning In Protein Dual Targeting By Alternative Translation Initiation In Higher Plants, Yashitola Wamboldt, Saleem Mohammed, Christian Elowsky, Chris Wittgren, Wilson B. M. De Paula, Sally Ann Mackenzie

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Postendosymbiotic evolution has given rise to proteins that are multiply targeted within the cell. Various mechanisms have been identified to permit the expression of proteins encoding distinct N termini from a single gene. One mechanism involves alternative translation initiation (aTI). We previously showed evidence of aTI activity within the Arabidopsis thaliana organellar DNA polymerase gene POLg2. Translation initiates at four distinct sites within this gene, two non-AUG, to produce distinct plastid and mitochondrially targeted forms of the protein. To understand the regulation of aTI in higher plants, we used Polg2 as a model to investigate both cis- and trans …

Intergenic Transcription By Rna Polymerase Ii Coordinates Pol Iv And Pol V In Sirna-Directed Transcriptional Gene Silencing In Arabidopsis, Binglian Zheng, Zhengming Wang, Shengben Li, Bin Yu, Jin -Yuan Liu, Xuemei Chen

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Intergenic transcription by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) is widespread in plant and animal genomes, but the functions of intergenic transcription or the resulting noncoding transcripts are poorly understood. Here, we show that Arabidopsis Pol II is indispensable for endogenous siRNA-mediated transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) at intergenic low-copy-number loci, despite the presence of two other polymerases—Pol IV and Pol V—that specialize in TGS through siRNAs. We show that Pol II produces noncoding scaffold transcripts that originate outside of heterochromatic, siRNA-generating loci. Through these transcripts and physical interactions with the siRNA effector protein ARGONAUTE4 (AGO4), Pol II recruits AGO4/siRNAs to homologous …

Letter From The Dean, Lalit Verma

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.